What are the cultural characteristics of Guangzhou?

Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a long history of more than 2,000 years, the center and birthplace of Lingnan culture, and one of the first historical and cultural cities in China announced by the State Council.

These two thousand years of civilization have left many unknown and colorful folk customs, which are reflected in all aspects of social life. Including diet, residence, architecture, commerce, language, New Year season, marriage, ancestor worship, etiquette, entertainment and so on.

Guangzhou, a famous southern Guangdong city with strong folk customs. It combines the essence of Chinese and foreign cultures and forms a unique Lingnan culture. Lingnan School of Painting, Lingnan Architecture, Lingnan Garden, Lingnan Bonsai, Guangdong Music, Cantonese Opera, Cantonese Cuisine, Urban Landscape and Living Customs all reflect the features of Lingnan culture.

Overview of Guangzhou culture and art

Guangdong opera

Cantonese opera is the main local opera in China, rooted in Guangdong folk, and popular in Guangxi, parts of Hong Kong and Macao, Southeast Asia and Chinese communities, with a history of about 300 years.

Guangdong Cantonese Opera is developed on the basis of the continuous integration of various foreign operas, local operas and folk rap arts. At the same time, Cantonese Opera has absorbed local rap arts such as Nanyin, Cantonese Opera, Dragon Boat Song, Muyu Song, and popular Guangdong minor and ditty, forming a vocal system with local characteristics and rich and colorful features, with local vocals of Bangzi and Huang Er as the mainstay, supplemented by ditty.

Lingnan school of painting

Lingnan school of painting refers to the school of painting represented by Gao, Chen and Chen, which appeared around the Revolution of 1911. Influenced by the thought of democratic revolution, they advocated the revival of Chinese painting, opposed the imitation of conservatism by Chinese painting circles in the late Qing Dynasty, and advocated "Chinese and foreign acceptance, integration of ancient and modern times". Because they are all Cantonese, they are called Lingnan School of Painting.

Lingnan painting school is one of the outstanding cultures of the motherland with Lingnan culture, and its works are full of life, with equal emphasis on work and writing, color and ink. Lingnan School has made great contributions to the development of China painting, and it is a revolutionary school in China traditional painting. Together with Cantonese opera and Guangdong music, it is called "Lingnan Three Show".

Cantonese music

Guangdong music is a kind of instrumental music that originated in Guangzhou dialect area. It originated in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta at the beginning of this century. It is very popular at home and abroad, enjoying a high reputation and a large audience. Based on Guangdong folk tunes, some Cantonese opera music and Paizi music, it absorbs the nutrition of China ancient folk music, especially Jiangnan folk music, and is a kind of local folk music that has been perfected and developed after nearly 300 years of gestation.

Yuexiu

Guangdong embroidery, also known as Guangdong embroidery, is one of the famous embroideries in China and a kind of embroidery produced in Guangdong. It is said that it was founded by ethnic minorities and formed its own characteristics in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. country

The Palace Museum has the largest collection. It is famous for its full layout, lush patterns, warm scenes, rich colors, strong contrast and bright red and green. Its biggest feature is full layout, and there are often few gaps. Even if there is a gap, it should be supplemented by landscape and grassland roots, which is vivid and compact; Another unique phenomenon of Guangdong embroidery is that embroidery workers are mostly men, which is different from other regions where embroidery workers are all women. Embroiderers often stand with long needles in their hands when embroidering large pieces.

Guangdong embroidery uses all kinds of threads. In addition to silk thread and wool, peacock feathers are also used to make thread, or ponytails are used to make thread. There are many kinds of stitches, such as the rise and fall of needle and thread, the strength, the direction of silk, the density of arrangement, the curl form of silk knots, etc., which are used to enhance the expressive force of images.

Guangzhou enamel

extensive

Cai is the abbreviation of Guangzhou colored porcelain, also known as Guangzhou Zhijin colored porcelain. It is a kind of handicraft with rich oriental characteristics, painted on various white porcelain vessels. Most of them adopt China brocade patterns and are famous for their bright colors. This is a unique glazed porcelain in China.

Guangzhou colored porcelain began in Guangzhou tricolor in Ming dynasty, developed into multicolored in Qing dynasty, and gradually formed a unique artistic style during Qianlong period, which has a history of more than 300 years. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, in order to process painted porcelain for European countries, white porcelain from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province was transported to Guangzhou, painted in imitation of western paintings, and then sold to foreign businessmen. When the 13th merchants in Guangzhou started, they had established porcelain shops and foreign companies specializing in Guang Cai's export.

Lingnan bonsai

Lingnan bonsai is one of the five schools of bonsai art in China. Covering the Pearl River Delta and south-central Guangxi, Guangzhou is the most representative.

Amazing. Bonsai began in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and its unique style was formed after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

The characteristics of Lingnan bonsai are: tree embryo, such as Murraya murraya, Fujian Tea, Shuihengzhi, Pu Shu, Elm, Jinjin, etc. , mostly from Shan Ye. Unique shape, cut off branches to keep the shape natural, and the proportion between branches is appropriate; Moreover, he is good at pruning, paying attention to the use of pots and the questions.

Lingnan bonsai originated from nature, but it is higher than nature, and it is an organic combination of natural beauty and artificial beauty. Lingnan people, especially Guangzhou people love bonsai, and planting bonsai has become a part of people's lives. Every family plants bonsai on the roof and balcony to beautify the environment and adjust their life, which can not only relax their eyes, relax their mood, improve their health, but also cultivate their sentiments and bring fun.

Lingnan guqin

Lingnan Guqin developed gradually in the Han Dynasty at the latest. Many famous musicians appeared in the past dynasties, wrote many ancient books about Qin Xue, and created and preserved many famous guqin instruments and music scores.

The founder of Lingnan Qin School was Huang Jingxing, a native of Xinhui, Guangdong Province, who was in the light years of Qing Dynasty. In addition, there are influential Qin people: Yun, He Luoshu, He Yaokun, Yang Xiquan and others; As for Tibetan pianos, there are famous pianos such as Tian Kun, Song Xue, Zhen Yu and Narcissus. In piano music score and piano research works, there are Yun's Piano Music Score by Guo, Wu Xueshan's Piano Music Score by Wu Xueshan and He's Piano Music Score by Qin Xuehui City.

Guangdong opera

Guangdong Quyi is the first to promote Cantonese opera singing. Cantonese opera is the most popular opera in Guangzhou dialect area, with a history of about 150 years. Cantonese opera was originally the tune of Cantonese opera, and later formed an independent genre. Cantonese opera is musical, pays attention to the art of hearing, pays attention to singing, and doesn't read the table for a long time. Its aria belongs to the board cavity of the leather yellow system. Bangzi, Huang Er, Paizi, Xiaoqu and ballad constitute its whole, and it is divided into three main throat cavities: flat throat, secondary throat and big throat. Cantonese opera is popular in a wide area, with Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao as the main activity bases. Cantonese opera is widely sung all over the world. In these places, overseas Chinese in Guangdong live together.

Zengcheng blues

Zengcheng area in Guangzhou has been rich in black olives since ancient times. This kind of olive stone is large and small, which is suitable for carving, thus giving birth to the exquisite folk handicraft of Guangzhou olive carving. Its development history can be traced back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The representative figures are Chen Zuzhang, a court craftsman from Guangzhou during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, and Zhan Gusheng, a folk artist from Xintang, Zengcheng in the fourth year of Qing Xianfeng (1854).

Guangzhou olive carving technology inherits the style and characteristics of Lingnan culture, with beautiful and elegant shape, smooth lines, dynamic and static combination, delicate and subtle. Its overall artistic characteristics can be summarized as follows: exquisite carving, small and exquisite modeling, and relief, round carving and hollow carving are the main techniques.

Guangzhou Su Hui

Guangzhou grey plastic is mainly distributed in Guangzhou.

Guangzhou, Zengcheng and Conghua are all traditional architectural decoration techniques. According to the Records of Guangzhou, the Zhengguo Temple in Zengcheng, which was built in the third year of Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 197), has a gray sculpture-Dragon Boat Ridge. The grey sculptures in Guangzhou flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in ancestral halls, temples, shrines and big houses.

Guangzhou gray plastic has distinctive features and bright colors, mainly red and green. In the selection of materials, gray plastic artists adapt to local conditions and adopt lime materials suitable for Guangzhou's hot and humid climate-acid-resistant, alkali-resistant and temperature-resistant. In the production process, Guangzhou gray plastic must go to the sculpture building site and be produced at room temperature without firing. In the production process, the artist will skillfully leave decorative ventilation holes in the scenery or between each group of patterns according to the actual needs, thus reducing the violent impact of typhoon on the ridge decoration. From the perspective of inheritance, it takes about 10 years to learn grey plastic arts, that is, to build independently.

Guangzhou woodcarving

Guangzhou woodcarving has a history of more than 2000 years. According to "Han Tomb in Guangzhou", it appeared as a handicraft, and it first appeared among the warriors and horses unearthed from the Han Tomb in Mapenggang, Sanyuanli, Guangzhou in the early Western Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the developed foreign trade, precious timber from Southeast Asian countries entered Guangzhou, which stimulated the rise of wood carving industry in Guangzhou.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guangzhou woodcarving, as a kind of architectural decoration, was paid more attention, forming a unique artistic style and improving its skills. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the further development of foreign trade and the influence of foreign culture, the modeling structure and decorative patterns of western-style furniture were absorbed, and the local characteristics of Guangzhou woodcarving were formed.

Guangzhou brick carving

Brick carvings in Guangzhou are mainly distributed in Panyu District. As early as the early Han Dynasty, the prototype of brick carving appeared in the Royal Garden of the Ancient Nanyue Palace (now Zhongshan 4th Road in Guangzhou)? -Han bricks engraved with patterns. Brick carving in Guangzhou was widely used in Ming Dynasty, forming a unique style of folk architecture in Lingnan water town. As far as influence is concerned, it goes directly to all parts of Southeast Asia. In the Qing dynasty, it was appreciated by the court.

In the late Qing Dynasty, with the prosperity of modern architecture, brick carving art was gradually replaced by modern sculpture decoration. By the early years of the Republic of China, brick carvings were rarely used for decoration. Now there are not many brick sculptors in Shawan, and He Shiliang is the only one who is still pursuing it persistently.

Guangzhou jade carving

Guangzhou jade carving technology has a long history. Among the Neolithic human sites discovered in Fei 'eling, Guangzhou, there are 1 complete jade rings dating back about 4000 years, and 65438 jade rings remain. In the Han Dynasty, the official jade workshops in Guangzhou were directly controlled by government officials or workers and produced according to the emperor's preferences or the needs of the court. Jade carving crafts in Tang and Song Dynasties are mainly used for sacrificial objects, palace decoration, decorative playthings and treasures. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the jade carving industry gradually flourished. After the abolition of the "artisan registration" management system in the early Qing Dynasty, skilled craftsmen from all over the country gathered in Guangzhou, and the folk jade production flourished, with the emergence of guild organizations and strict rules and regulations.

Speak the ancients in Cantonese

"Telling the ancients" means telling books and stories. Cantonese storytelling is a language art form in which artists recreate novels or folk stories in Cantonese and give speeches. This folk art comes from the ancient rap art; Formally speaking, it directly inherited the storytelling and storytelling since Yuan and Ming Dynasties and combined with Cantonese dialect. According to legend, Liu Jingting (1587 ~ 1679), a storyteller in Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, was once a screen guest of Zuo Liangyu, an anti-Qing general, and introduced storytelling art to Guangdong when he went south with the army.

Shawan piaose

Floating colors are popular in Shawan.

A traditional folk art activity in Guangzhou has a history of more than 65,438+000 years. It is said that during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, vagrants from all over Guangdong dressed up as opera characters and performed modeling performances, which were called "competition" or "color". Later, it developed into "horse color" on horseback and "water color" on water, while "gone with the wind color" was mounted on a pedestal and paraded by many people. The floating colors in Shawanli are "boards", each board is played by 2-3 children, and each board has a story, mostly myths and historical stories. Structurally, it consists of three parts: one is the color cabinet, that is, the movable small stage; The second type is colored stalks, that is, steel branches for support; The third is the actor who plays the role of "color". The one sitting below is called "Screen", which is usually played by a little actor aged 10- 12, and the one flying above is called "Gone with the Wind", which is usually played by children over 3 years old.

Panyu shuise

Panyu Water Color is a kind of water performance activity with a raft as the carrier and drama or folklore as the main content, which is mainly spread in Fanfan.

In stonebridge, Shawan Town and other places. In ancient times, Qu Dajun's "Guangdong Xinyu" recorded the story of dragon boat playing on the mainland water; Tan Cui, a writer from A Qing, recorded the performance of Phoenix Boat in Chuting Stone Bridge in detail. When describing the situation of the phoenix boat, the Tongzhi edition of Panyu County in Qing Dynasty wrote: "There are colorful boats behind the boat, decorated with water, all of which take children as stories." This is the earliest document that clearly records the word "water color".

Panyu Water Color is a water cruise activity, mainly featuring water performances, which embodies the local characteristics of Lingnan Water Town. Its characters are fixed on the raft, standing upright, fluttering with the waves, as if unreal. Its form of expression is similar to Vietnam's water puppet art, and Panyu watercolor art integrates drama, painting, acrobatics, modeling and other arts, which has high aesthetic value.

Guangdong style furniture

Cantonese furniture technology is the representative of traditional folk handicrafts in Guangzhou. Its history can be traced back to the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when Guangdong furniture appeared in the court. In the early Qing Dynasty, the luxurious modeling of Cantonese furniture satisfied the rulers' pursuit of wealth and became the main source of court furniture in the Qing Dynasty. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, influenced by European Baroque and Rococo styles, Cantonese furniture reached its peak in modeling and decoration. The war in the late Republic of China depressed the furniture industry in Guangdong. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the furniture industry gradually recovered.

Chinese Time-honored Brand-"Chen Liji" Pharmaceutical Industry

Chen Liji was founded by Chen Tiquan and Li Shengzuo in 1600, with a history of more than 400 years. From the initial stage to the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, it was in a small-scale state of "front shop and back factory". However, its pharmaceutical tradition of "both fire and civil arts, medicine distinguishes monarch and minister to help the world" has been circulating. 1900, the British and French allied forces invaded, and the old Guangzhou store was destroyed by gunfire and temporarily moved to Foshan. After the war subsided, it resumed its factory in Guangzhou. Later, it successively opened branches in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Macao, and its scale continued to expand. After liberation, through "public-private partnership", "Guangzhou Chen Liji United Pharmaceutical Factory" was established. 1998 ex situ expansion, the new factory was completed in Haizhu District, Guangzhou.

Chinese Time-honored Brand-"Pan Gaoshou" Pharmaceutical Industry

As an outstanding representative of Lingnan medical culture, Pan Gaoshou's main characteristics are based on tradition and bold innovation. Pan Gaoshou pioneered the unique processing technology of Chuanbei loquat dew. At the same time, Pan Gaoshou, one of the "time-honored Chinese brands", is the representative of Lingnan commercial culture and the most prominent century-old intellectual property protection store in Lingnan.

Overview of Guangzhou folk customs

Spring Festival Flower Show

Flower Market in Spring Guangzhou has the custom of visiting the flower market during the Spring Festival. It gradually developed from the ancient flower market and night market. Guangzhou's New Year Fair was formed in19th century.

During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty. At that time, there were two flower markets, one in front of Fanqian (now at the junction of Zhongshan Road and Beijing Road) and the other in Shibafu. The New Year's Eve Flower Market, also known as the Spring Festival Flower Market, is held on the last three days of the Lunar New Year. During these three days, the flower market is open to the public from early morning to midnight, reaching its climax on New Year's Eve and ending at 2 am on the first day of the first month. During the flower market, along the Education Road, Duobao Road, Binjiang West Road, Dongchuan Road, Fangcun Road, Liwan Road, the long streets are like brocade, flowers are in full bloom, tourists flock, talking and laughing, and they are very lively. Branches, flowerpots and scattered flowers are generally sold in the market. The branches are mainly peach blossoms and plum blossoms, mostly bell flowers; There are many names on the head of the basin, such as kumquat, Four Seasons Orange, Scarlet Orange, Cinnabar Orange, Golden Egg Fruit, Daiguo, Camellia, Orchid, Peony, Rose, Smile, Narcissus, Peony, Begonia and so on. Scattered flowers include chrysanthemum, cockscomb, sword flower, silver willow and so on. ?

Tea drinking custom in Guangzhou

Drinking tea in Guangzhou

Vulgar, centering on morning tea, combines tea drinking with Guangzhou specialty refreshments, including a series of tea ceremony, tea custom, folk custom and folk culture.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were written records of Guangzhou people offering tea to their guests. In the Qing Dynasty, various teahouses appeared, especially for the needs of social communication and business negotiation. A number of teahouses, such as Sanyuanlou and Taotaoju, emerged in the thirteen-line area where the export trade was prosperous, and assumed various functions such as diet, communication, leisure and entertainment. As the carrier of tea drinking custom, they became an important folk custom and lifestyle of Guangzhou people.

Lettuce party

Lettuce party is popular in Guangzhou, Nanhai and Shunde, and originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

The decline in the early days of liberation has a history of more than 300 years. Lettuce will eat lettuce, originally to "meet anger." "Guangzhou Fuzhi" records, "Spring Festival ... spit lettuce spring cakes to meet anger." Many people will also buy "a basket full of bright green lettuce" to go home after the meeting, "to gain its vitality" (see Dianshizhai Pictorial, founded on 1884). Later, lettuce was associated with Guanyin belief, which "developed in a pragmatic and business-oriented social atmosphere in the Pearl River Delta, with obvious utilitarian color" (Professor Ye Chunsheng of Sun Yat-sen University). The purpose of holding a lettuce party has become to ask for money and children. Lettuce Festival is scheduled for the 26th day of the first lunar month, near Kannonji. In addition to watching opera and listening to music, activities such as worshipping Guanyin, touching snails, begging for children and eating lettuce bags are essential activities.

Pangu's birthday

King Pangu is a mythical figure who created the world. Legend has it that he was born in the chaos of heaven and earth Later, the heavens and the earth opened, and the sky was ten feet high and the ground was ten feet thick. He has grown ten feet, so he is eighteen thousand years old, and his celestial heights are extremely low. All the sun, moon, stars, clouds, mountains and fields.

After his death, the earth, plants and stones were changed from all parts of his body. In order to commemorate him, later generations chose a treasure trove of geomantic omen, built a large-scale building, invited skilled craftsmen, painted the building, carved beams and painted buildings, and built the Pangu King Temple.

Pangu King Temple is famous for its endless incense. People from Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Guangzhou, Qingyuan, Sanshui and other places came to celebrate the birthday of King Pangu on August 12th of the lunar calendar. The scene was very lively. The worshippers climbed the steps along the mountain road behind Pangu King Temple, and there was a semi-mountain pavilion on the waist behind the temple. On its west side, there is a huge stone called Gankun Stone, commonly known as Pangu Wangwo Stone. Gankun stone is about 4 meters high and has a plane of more than 30 square meters. There is a crack in the middle, which is more than 30 cm wide and 10 m deep. There are several scattered stones nearby, and the bottom of the stone is a perennial spring, named Longkou Spring. People call this spring "holy water". Anyone who goes up the mountain to worship will bring water home to pray for evil spirits and eliminate disasters, and the family will be safe.

Boluo birthday

Polo's birthday began in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1370) and has a history of more than 600 years. Every year, February 1 1 day, 12 day and 13 day are the birthday dates of Polo. February 13 is the birthday. These days, it is very hot around Nanhai Temple, including water, land and neighboring villages.

Firehouse Dog

Legend has it

At the beginning of the establishment of Mache Village in Shitan Town, in order to pray for peace and eliminate disasters, every household set up draftsmen at the door, inserted incense and smoked cigarettes, praying for eliminating disasters and avoiding evil spirits. Since then, some people have used sweet potato vines, or "fire" vines and hemp ropes to simulate dragons, phoenixes and Kirin, inserted incense and danced in the streets of the village, wishing good luck. It is held in September every year and has been passed down to this day. Folk nursery rhymes say: "Fire dogs will add happiness and wealth when they come to the door." Form a unique fire parade.