Etiquette and custom of Hezhe nationality

Before drinking the first sip of wine, Hezhe people should dip a little wine with chopsticks, throw it into the air and sprinkle it on the earth to show their respect for their ancestors and gods. But I don't like drinking tea. Sometimes I will fry millet and brew it with water, or collect wild roses and young leaves of small oak trees to dry and soak in water to make tea, but most people like to drink raw cold water all year round.

Etiquette: Hezhe people have a good habit of respecting the old and loving the young, but they were also bound by feudal ethics in the past. Unwritten family rules are so strict that no one can violate them. For example, a daughter-in-law can't eat at the same table as her in-laws. At dinner time, her daughter-in-law has gone to the door to wait for dinner. The old man didn't sleep at night, so the younger generation couldn't sleep first. When young people meet old people, the younger generation should bow to their elders, and the elders should kiss their cheeks. When young students return from a long journey, they should greet their parents, brothers and sisters in turn, and so on.

Hezhe women should eat millet porridge and rice porridge, crucian carp soup, tooth fish soup, rabbit meat soup and "Mo Wen ancient rice", noodles, noodle soup, eggs and other foods. Don't eat green vegetables within three days after delivery to avoid diarrhea between mother and baby. Eat hot meals during confinement to avoid cold affecting the body and milk.

Hezhe nationality is Manchu, which means "people from the East". Hezhe nationality is the least populated nationality in China. Hezhe people have always taken Sanjiang as their home, mainly fishing and hunting, and formed a unique lifestyle and customs. The folk literature is dominated by Imakan and Huli. Folk songs are married to Kuanling and Henina; Musical instruments include harpsichord and single-sided tambourine; There are all kinds of folk dances; The national sports mainly include grass ball insertion and horse riding. Ethnic favorite foods are raw fish, grilled Tallaha and fried fish hair (fish floss); There is a folk festival, Wurigong; Crafts colored bone products, woodcut, birch bark sewing products, etc.

Hezhe nationality is a descendant of Jurchen nationality in northern China in history, and its cultural landscape with national characteristics has been highly valued by all levels. Central, provincial and municipal leaders and foreign friends often come to inspect, inspect and visit.

1, clothing-wear fish clothes

Hezhe people have lived on both sides of Songhua River and Heilongjiang for generations, and they make a living by fishing all the year round. Fish plays a very important role in their lives. They use fish to satisfy their hunger and fish skin to make clothes.

Most Hezhe clothes are made of fish and animal skins. Fish fur clothing is sewn with fish skin thread. Animal skins and clothes are all used? Beef tendon, deer tendon and leather thread are sewn together. Men wear it in winter? Fur coat, big chest dress made of fur board in summer. The cuffs and front are edged or dyed in various colors, and the hem of the robe is decorated with two rows of buttons made of catfish bones. Women wear fish skin and deer skin and cut them into moire patterns for decoration.

Summer and autumn are the best time for fishing every year. Hezhe women peel fat heads, dry strips, grass roots, carp seeds, etc. Dry them with fish scales and soften them with the wooden pestle of cooked fish skin so that you can cut clothes and make fish with fur coats. If they want to choose a bigger one, they will usually choose a dozen kilograms or dozens of kilograms. Hezhe women cut the fat fish skin into thin strips, made it into fish skin lines, dyed it in various colors with wild flowers, and can cut and sew various clothes according to the needs of life.

2. Lose weight fish

Hezhe people live along the banks of Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River and make a living by fishing all the year round. So they not only have many ways to eat fish, but also are very particular about it. Hezhe people eat fish, mainly divided into raw food and cooked food. Raw foods are:

Sashimi, also called sashimi. Choose sturgeon, bighead carp and carp. Remove the head, skin and bone from live fish, cut into filaments, soak in rice vinegar, add salt, seasoning, shredded potatoes, spinach, coriander and bean sprouts, and mix well. It tastes fresh but not fishy, cool and refreshing, and tastes delicious. Sashimi is not only a dish that Hezhe people usually eat, but also an indispensable delicacy for entertaining guests.

Fish shavings are a way for Hezhe people to eat raw fish in winter. First, peel off the skin of the frozen fish with a knife, then cut the fish into pieces with a knife or plane, and add some salt. It is said that this is a good dish to drink in winter.

"Talaha" is called "Talaha", in which the fish is sliced with skin, cut into pieces and roasted on a bonfire. Different firewood and spices can bake different flavors of "Talaha".

In the early years, Hezhe people lived on fish and animal meat. When entertaining guests at festivals, they use porridge made of hard-to-get millet, fish and animal meat to show their celebration and respect for the guests.

3. Accommodation-Rub your hands.

Do fixed houses have horse racks, pits, temporary houses have baskets or live outdoors? Leather tube, etc.

4. Transportation facilities

The main means of transportation used by Hezhe people are: dog sledge, horse-drawn sledge, snowboard, birch boat, fast horse boat and so on.

Hezhe people like to keep dogs and train dogs. A family ranges from a few to dozens. Before liberation, the Sanjiang area was extremely closed. In winter, ordinary vehicles could not pass at all, but the "drag on the sun" was unimpeded. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, in order to keep the post roads unblocked, more than 40 "dog stations" were set up here to provide the animal power needed for "dragging the sun". The number of sled dogs depends on the weight of the sled, ranging from two or three to a dozen. Sleigh can pull hundreds of pounds and run more than 200 miles a day. Dogs that pull sleds are specially trained, especially dogs. Whenever it is freezing and the mountains are closed by heavy snow, Hezhe people drive dogs to pull sleds and go hunting or hiking. They sat on the speeding sleigh, not afraid of the world of ice and snow in front of them.

5. Marriage and funeral

Hezhe people practice marriage outside the family. It is monogamy arranged by parents, and there are also polygamy. The criteria for parents to choose a spouse for their children are not based on suitable families, but mostly on good labor and expert fishing and hunting.

The funeral ceremony of Hezhe nationality varies with the cause of death. Those who died in the mountains were wrapped in birch bark or branches, put on trees and buried two or three years later. Buried at home three days after death; Sudden death, buried the next day; People who died of smallpox or lung disease were cremated on the same day. Burial method: First, dig the grave, make it into a wooden tomb frame, wrap it with bark, cover it with a wooden shed, and then cultivate the soil to form a mound.

6. fishing; catch fish

Fishing is a productive activity for Hezhe people to survive. Fishermen catch fish in different seasons according to the habits and activities of various fish and familiar fishing grounds. Fishing can be roughly divided into spring, autumn and winter, and the best fishing season is the autumn salmon season. Common fishing tools are: net, hook and fork boat. Net gear: hanging wire, pulling net, tripping net, turning net, etc. Hook includes: rolling hook, blunt hook and hook. There are two kinds of harpoons: harpoons with handles and harpoons with hand ropes. There are trefoil boats, birch boats, fast horse boats and so on.

Hezhe people live in the cold area north of 45 degrees north latitude, where there is an ice age of more than 7 months. Winter is full of ice and snow, and the river freezes to 1- 2 meters, which is a good season for Hezhe people to fish. Their methods of fishing under the ice include net fishing and hook fishing. Trawl is 100 meters long, and how to drill under the ice requires a set of skilled skills. It is very important to choose a place before getting off the net. Experienced Hezhe fishermen just need to look at the color of ice to know where and when to get off the net. After choosing the right position, make two rows of ice holes in the ice, cross the net under the ice, then gradually enclose it, and finally pull the fishing net under the ice to the ice at the net outlet. In winter, fish gather under the ice, and a large net can catch thousands of pounds of fish at a time. In winter, no matter what fishing methods are used, people like to carry harpoons with them. Harpoon fishing is a traditional skill. Hezhe people use harpoons, which can be divided into two types: non-stripping and stripping. They use different harpoons according to different situations. There are many ways to fork fish.

7. Hunting

Hunting is a productive activity for Hezhe people to survive. Its hunting tools mainly include: hounds, which are powerful assistants for hunters to catch animals, protect guards and pull sledges. They are indispensable tools for hunting. In history, Hezhe people were called "Dog Department". Haidong Qingying; It is a unique bird in Hezhe area. Because it comes from the eastern coast, it is named Haidong Qingying, and it is the hunter's assistant. Insert a gun; It is an ancient hunting tool and protective weapon, which has been used ever since. Bow and arrow; This is one of the oldest hunting tools. Later, it was invented by Fu Nu, also known as the ground arrow or hidden arrow. Snowboard; Also known as pedal, it is a sliding tool for hunters to chase wild animals in the snow-capped mountains.

8. Religious belief

Hezhe people believe in Shamanism, worship gods, and believe that "everything is animistic", and everything is dominated by God. The third day of March and the ninth day of September in the lunar calendar are the "Deer God" Festival (also called Taiping Dance) of Hezhe nationality, which means to pray for God to exorcise ghosts, eliminate disasters and seek happiness, protect the population of the village and pray for a bumper harvest in fishing and hunting. The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the "Five-Day Festival" of Hezhe people. They pray for the "River God" to bless the whole family for a bumper harvest.

Among the Hezhe people's beliefs, the gods are the most respected and belong to the gods.

Usually enshrined in the Hezhe leader's home, ordinary people can only worship, not their own worship. Whenever there are festive festivals or major events, clan leaders will pay homage to them, add incense, drive away disasters with the power of the gods, and pray for a bumper harvest of fishing and hunting and clan peace.

Nowadays, in ethnic areas, not only Hezhe people believe in gods, but also other local ethnic groups take gods as their sincere belief, and incense is added before and after major events such as weddings, funerals and official enrollment to show their respect and gratitude.

9. Culture and art

Hezhe people have created rich and colorful culture and art in their long-term production and life, enriching the treasure house of culture and art in China.

10, folk culture

Imakan is the most popular rap literature. Imakan is an epic passed down orally by Hezhe people from generation to generation. It has strict requirements, the content and text of each story are fixed, and the rapper can't change it at will. It takes several days or even dozens of days to finish a movie "One Horse". When you rap, you don't care about time, place or instrument accompaniment. There is also "Hu Shuo Li", which is the general name of fables, fairy tales, myths, legends and other genres. The content is rich and colorful, and the form is short and vivid, which is enlightening and instructive.

1 1, music and dance

Hezhe's musical instruments include round drum, round drum, harpsichord, etc. Men, women and children can sing the beautiful Wedding Pavilion according to their own feelings. Dance is closely related to religion, such as shaman dance, which serves the gods by singing and dancing.

12, sports

Hezhe people actively participate in sports activities, mainly including grass ball, playing with wooden wheels, wrestling, boat racing, skiing, harpoon, top bar and so on. Engaged in these sports activities not only exercise the body, but also cultivate a witty and brave character, thus improving the quality of the people.

13, Arts and Crafts

Sipai Hezhe Township Museum

Hezhe handicrafts include birch bark boxes, hats, boats, boxes and birch bark paintings. In the production process, some of these handicrafts do not need sewing, but are beautifully made. Eucalyptus is engraved on the outside, which is beautiful, compact and strong. There are all kinds of eucalyptus pictures on the clothes, such as moire, butterfly, flowers and plants. Some of these eucalyptus paintings are cut from colorful fish skins or animal skins, then sewn with needles, and some are painted on cloth, and then embroidered with various colored lines.

Carving art is also exquisite, and it can be carved with wood, such as pots, bowls, spoons, wine glasses, plates and so on. These articles are very strict in choosing wood grain, such as tree bags, wood softness, hardness and texture. Most statues are also made of wood, but they are also carved with birch bark. Unique arts and crafts have become a wonderful flower in the Hezhe traditional culture grand view garden.