What is the significance of modern western literary thoughts and its influence on China literature?

Modernist literature is a new literary trend of thought in the west since the end of 19. The 20th century mainly prevailed in western countries, and its influence continues to this day. Its main characteristics are: anti-tradition, its content and artistic techniques are very different from western traditional literature, with modern consciousness and complexity, and modernist literature is composed of many schools.

symbolism

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1, symbolism is the earliest and most influential literary school in the western modernist literary movement, which is divided into two periods. The former symbolism was popular in France in the second half of the19th century. After World War I, the latter symbolism came into being and reached its climax in the 1920s.

2. Symbolism has distinct characteristics: creating morbid "beauty"; Express the inner "highest truth"

True "; Use symbolic hints; Construct images in hallucinations; Musicality is used to increase the effect of meditation. It developed the artistic characteristics of early symbolism, opposed superficial lyricism and straightforward preaching, advocated the unity of emotion and reason, and adopted

Symbolic suggestion, image metaphor, free association and musicality of language express the beauty and infinity of the conceptual world.

3. Representative writers: Valery, Rilke, Pound, Ye Zhi and T S Eliot.

Main work

1, T·S· Eliot, England: Wasteland (1922).

2. Valery, a French poet: The Graveyard on the Beach (1926) ponders the meaning of life, eulogizes the endless cosmic movement, and expresses the joy beyond the consciousness of death. Philosophical meditation and novelty, symbolic images are integrated, phonology is harmonious and artistic conception is far-reaching.

3. Irish poet and playwright Ye Zhi: Sailing to Byzantium, Ye Zhi won the Nobel Prize in Literature of 1923 for "expressing the whole national spirit".

4. maeterlinck: The Jade Bird (1908, Titil, Mitil, Bai), a representative writer of symbolic drama, symbolizes happiness, and its theme is to praise people's pursuit of happiness and light.

expressionism

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1, expressionism is an important modernist school that was popular in Europe and America in the 1920s and 1930s. It originated in Germany, starting with painting and then spreading to literature.

2. Walden, a German critic, first published a painting comment in the magazine Crazy Horse Song and Dance Show, stressing that it is necessary to break through the external appearance of things, show the inner world, and replace "performance" with "performance".

3. The characteristics of expressionism: abstraction; Deformation; Use of masks; The illusion of time and space; Pay attention to the sound

Lighting effect; Symbolism and absurdity. Its theoretical program is "art is expression, not reproduction", which advocates that literature should not reproduce objective reality, but should express people's subjective spirit and inner passion, and express what they grasp through appearances.

The essence of things is meaningless to accurately describe the external form of things. His poems are passionate, eloquent, ambitious and lyrical, and he often uses condensed poems. Dramas and novels often use abstract symbolism to express profound philosophies and themes.

Main work

1, in drama:

O 'Neill in America: Emperor Jones (1920), in which the author integrated expressionist artistic techniques into his own creation, forming a unique typical work of O 'Neill School's expressionist drama. Hairy Ape (192 1), subtitled "Eight Comedies of Ancient and Modern Life". Main character: Yankee.

Strasbourg, Sweden: Go to Damascus, Ghost Sonata.

2. In the novel:

Kafka in Austria: the representative of expressionist novels. Castle (19 15), deformation record (19 15).

stream-of-consciousness novel

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1, Stream-of-consciousness novel is a novel that rose in the west in the early 20th century (1920s), focusing on expressing people's stream of consciousness and showing the confused spiritual world. It is believed that literature should show people's stream of consciousness, especially subconscious activities, and people's stream of consciousness follows "psychological time" rather than physical time.

2. It is characterized by creative methods of stream of consciousness, such as symbolic suggestion, inner monologue and free association, and formed a spectacular modernist literary school in Britain, the United States, France and other countries in the 1920s and 1930s.

3. The artistic techniques used by stream-of-consciousness novelists are different, but the artistic features are the same: "The writer quits the novel"; The plot was diluted; A lot of inner monologues and free associations; Time-space alternation and psychological time; Symbolic suggestion and contrast association; Innovation and change in language use.

Representative writers are Joyce in Ireland and Woolf in Britain, Proust in France and Faulkner in the United States.

Main work

1, Joyce in Ireland: Dubliners, portraits of young artists.

2. British Wolff: Spots on the Wall, To the Lighthouse, and Mrs. Dalloway.

3, Proust of France:' Memories of the Past Years'.

4. Faulkner in America: The Sound and the Fury (1929) reflects the decline of Compson, a prominent family in the southern United States. The novel creates a composite stream of consciousness method, which makes the use of stream of consciousness to explore the inner life of characters reach a new height. The focus is Quentin's abnormal psychology and Bangui's unconscious activities of insanity. Characters (the eldest son Quentin, the second son Jason, the youngest son Bangui and daughter Katie)

existentialism

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1, which originated in France in 1930s, reached its peak after World War II. It is the most powerful literary trend in modernist literature and is popular all over the world.

2. Existentialism literature is produced on the basis of existentialism philosophy, which promotes existentialism philosophy in the form of literature. Its characteristic is that reason is more than image; The core is "existence precedes essence", "the world is absurd" and "life is painful and can be freely chosen". Only through free choice can we find a way to survive.

3. "Absurdity" and "pain" are the basic themes of existential literature. The world is absurd and life is painful. On the one hand, it describes the absurdity of the capitalist world, on the other hand, it shows people's misfortune and destruction, as well as loneliness, disappointment and fear.

4. As far as art is concerned, firstly, existential literature contains philosophy in its image. Secondly, it combines tradition with modernity by means of expression in an eclectic way.

5. Existentialist writers mainly include French Sartre, French Camus and Beauvoir.

Major literary works

1, French Camus: Outsider (1942), Plague (1947), the leader of existential literature, 1957 won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

2. French Sartre: Nausea (novel), The Road to Freedom (novel), The Wall (collection of short stories), come to a bad end (drama), The Fly (drama), Confinement (drama, indicating that others are hell), Respected Prostitute (etc.).

3, Beauvoir, France:' Female Guest',' The Second Sex'

Absurdistan

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1, Theatre of the Absurd is an anti-traditional drama school that rose in France in 1950s and then quickly became popular in other European and American countries.

2. The Absurd School was named after the Theatre of the Absurd written by Martin Esslin, a famous British drama theorist, in 1962.

3. The characteristics of absurd drama: the theme is absurd and abstract, the world is absurd and life is meaningless; Fragmented stage image; The bizarre prop function brings the intuitive artistic features of drama to the extreme, showing the irrationality of the world and the absurdity of life in content; In terms of artistic techniques, it broke the traditional dramatic structure, and highlighted the fundamental theme of the absurdity of the world as a whole with illogical plots, fragmented characters, mechanically repeated dramatic actions and boring language with a disjointed preface. There is no complete plot, no drama conflict, fragmented stage image and reversed character language. The world it represents is absurd, life is painful, and the relationship between people cannot be communicated.

4. France Younescu is the founder of the Theatre of the Absurd, and the performance of his one-act drama "The Bald Singing Girl" marks the birth of the Theatre of the Absurd.

Major literary works

1, Beckett, France: Waiting for Godot

2. Eunice, France: Bald singer (1949, Smith and Martin), chair (1959), rhinoceros (1958).

New novel school

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1, formed in France in 1950s, became one of the most important novel schools in France and the West after World War II, and was also called anti-fiction school or rejection school.

2. They think the world is absurd, nihilistic and unreal, and traditional novels fool and bully readers.

Cheating, the era when novels mainly describe characters' personalities and emotions has passed. Oppose the tendency of traditional novels, and advocate that writers copy the existence of the absurd world intact without giving it any meaning or emotional color. New novel screen

Abandon plots and characters, collage scattered fragments, replace people with things, create a pure writing style, advocate readers to participate in creation, and rebuild characters and plots of novels.

3. The representatives are Alain Robbe-Grillet, sallot, Simon and Duras.

Major literary works

Sallot: The first person to write a new novel.

2. French Simon: The Father of the New Fiction School, The Wind (won Nobel Prize in Literature in 1985), Flanders Highway.

3. France Rob-Geyer: Peeping Tom: won the French Critics Award 1955, Eraser (1953, DuPont, Granada, Varas, writing political murder).

black humor

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1, "black humor" is a modernist novel genre popular in the United States in the 1960s. It is named after a collection of black humor compiled by American writer Friedman.

2. "Black humor" is a literary method to express the tragic content in the form of comedy. Black refers to the terrible and funny objective reality, and "humor" refers to the mocking attitude of a purposeful and willed personality towards this reality. When humor is added with black, it becomes a kind of humor that shows despair. Western critics call it "humor under the gallows."

3. The artistic features of black humor:

It is a kind of humor in distress situation, a mixture of tragic content and comedy form, which shows the absurdity of the world, the alienation of society to people, the confusion after the rational principle is shattered, and the futility of self-struggle. In the face of all this, people cynically distance themselves from reality with a humorous attitude towards life, so as to safeguard the dignity of the devastated people. This is the so-called "black humor".

"Anti-hero" characters: The spiritual world of characters tends to split and become an "anti-hero" with double colors of tragedy and comedy. Their absurd words and deeds allude to social reality and express the author's views on social problems.

The narrative structure method of "anti-fiction": express the confusing plot through hints, comparisons, symbols and other forms. The rational time sequence is broken, the rhythm is accelerated and the plot lacks logical connection. The narration of real life is often mixed with fantasy memories, serious philosophy and gag. The brushwork is full of irony, and language often breaks the general grammatical rules and the inherent habits of word collocation.

This is moral.

American Heller is regarded as a banner of "black humor". There are vonnegut, Pynchon, Bath, donald barthelme and French Vian.

The works of major writers

1, American Heller: catch-22.

2. vonnegut: his masterpiece Slaughterhouse Five and Cat's Cradle (1963, Bockonon, Mike Cats).

3, Pynchon:' Rainbow of Gravity'

Magic Realism

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1, magic realism refers to a genre of Latin American novel creation in the mid-20th century. It originated in 1930s and 1940s, and became the mainstream of Latin American novel creation after 1960s. Its rise is called "the explosion of Latin American literature". The representatives are asturias of Guatemala, Carpentier of Cuba, Rufuor of Mexico and Marquez of Colombia.

2. Magic realism is a creative aspect to express the reality of life through the illusion produced by "magic"

Law. Magic is the way, and expressing the reality of life is the purpose. Hiding reality with magical things shows readers a world in which subjective time and objective time are mixed and the space of subjective and objective things loses its boundaries.

In art, a large number of supernatural factors, miracles, hallucinations, dreams and even ghost images appear in the plot of the novel, and the time sequence relationship is often disrupted, the narrative is full of jumping, and sometimes the scene is symbolic.

Color, showing distinct hellish and national characteristics, is a successful example of the combination of "transplantation" and "root-seeking". It is not only a profound excavation of reality, but also a serious reflection on history. The traditional culture of the existing mainland

Tracing back to the source, widely absorbing European and American modernism. The first person to use the term "magic realism" in Latin America was Venezuelan writer Petrie.

The works of major writers

1, the real sign of maturity is Pedro Paramo, a novella by Mexican writer Rulfo.

2. In 1960s, magical realism in Latin American novel creation became an upsurge, which was marked by Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude.

America's "Beat Generation"

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The "Beat Generation" is a popular literary genre in the United States after World War II. The authors are mostly young men and women. They are famous for their rough and bold personalities. They used homosexuality, jazz, drugs and alcoholism to escape from reality, challenged decent society and traditional American values, and put forward the conclusion that "degradation is liberation" and indulgence is legal. They express their dissatisfaction with a decent society with the so-called "refined" attitude of exploring inward and sinking downward.

The works of major writers

1 Jack Kerouac: small towns and metropolises