What is the relationship between the characteristics of Hakka dwellings and the environment in which they live and the culture of their people?

Hakka Tulou, also known as the Fujian Round House, is a pearl of Chinese civilization, is the world's unique fabulous mountain village residential architecture,

[Hakka Folk Houses Xinhai Ruins He Ziyuan Former Residence]

Hakka Folk Houses Xinhai Ruins He Ziyuan Former Residence

It is one of the wonders of China's ancient architecture, which is characterized by a long history, a unique style, a grand scale, and a delicate structure. Characterized by its long history, unique style, grand scale and exquisite structure, it is independent of the world's residential architectural art. Tulou folk dwellings to caste gatherings and group living characteristics and its construction features are closely related to the history of the Hakka people. Whenever the Hakka people go to a place, their own family members will always live together. In addition, the Hakka people live in most of the remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only the lack of building materials, wolves, tigers, thieves and noisy, coupled with the fear of local attacks, the Hakka people have built a "defensive" castle-style construction of housing. This led to the formation of the unique architectural form of Hakka dwellings, the Tulou. Tulou are mainly located in Longyan and Zhangzhou in Fujian Province.

Tulou is a collective building built with earth as wall, which is round, semi-circular, square, four-pointed, five-pointed, chair-shaped, dustpan-shaped and so on, each with its own characteristics. The earliest Tulou is square, palace style, mansion style, body shape is different, not only peculiar, but also rich in mystery, solid and firm. Building in the accumulation of grain, livestock; wells, if you need to protect the enemy, just close the door, a few young adults to guard the door, the earth building is like a strong fortress, women, children, old and young people can rest assured. Due to the square earth building has a directional, darker corners, ventilation and lighting are different, so the Hakka people and designed a good ventilation and lighting, neither the beginning nor the end of the round earth building. In the existing earth building, the most notable round, the local people called round building or round cottage, followed by four-cornered building, such as the Xinhai Revolution, the founder of modern education in China, the founder of the League of Jia Ying State, the main alliance of the Xinhai site of the former residence of the He Ziyuan and so on.

[Beautiful Hakka houses]

Beautiful Hakka houses

Tulou belongs to the collective architecture, its biggest feature is its shape is big, no matter from afar or walk in front of, Tulou is shocked by its huge monolithic architecture, its volume is big, can be said to be the most of the houses. In our visit to the most common round building, its diameter of about 50 meters, three, four-storey height, *** more than a hundred houses, can live in thirty, forty families, can accommodate two to three hundred people. And the large round building diameter up to 70 or 80 meters, five or six stories high, there are four or five hundred housing, can live in seven or eight hundred people. This kind of residential architecture from the Tulou reflects the folk customs of the Hakka people who live together in clans.

From the study of history and architecture, the construction of Tulou is a kind of self-defense style of living for the safety of the community. Under the circumstances of the Japanese invasion and the civil war, the Hakka people, who had migrated to other countries, chose a way of building that was conducive to family reunion and defense against the war, which was adopted. The children and grandchildren of the same ancestor in a building to form a separate society, *** survival *** honor, *** death *** shame. Therefore, the most appropriate way to categorize the Tulou is probably to keep the outside in the inside.

The walls of the earth building, the lower thick on the thin, thick some even up to 1.5 meters. Ramming, first in the base of the wall dug out a deep and large wall ditch, rammed in, buried boulders for the base, and then with stone and mortar masonry up the base of the wall. Then, the wall was built with stone and mortar. The wall was then rammed with a wall board. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with the appropriate amount of small stones and lime, after repeated pounding, mixing, and made into what is commonly known as "cooked soil". Some key parts are also mixed with an appropriate amount of glutinous rice, brown sugar, to increase its viscosity. When tamping, a cedar branch or a piece of bamboo is buried in the middle of the wall to increase its tensile strength. In this way, after repeated tamping, the earth wall is built up like steel and concrete, plus a layer of lime is smeared on the outside to prevent the weather from eroding, so it is exceptionally strong and has good windproof and earthquake-resistant ability. According to "Yongding County Records", in 1918, there was a big earthquake, which was heard in the daytime and lasted for 20 minutes, and continued to shake at night, but the Tulou buildings always stood upright and remained unhurt

The round building is the most distinctive building among the local Tulou buildings, which is usually built in a circle with a center, and unfolds outward layer by layer in accordance with the different radii, just like the water waves in the lake, which are very spectacular in a circle. The center of the building is the ancestral hall of the family, followed by the ancestral hall, the corridor, and the outermost circle of the building. The entire Tulou room size is the same, an area of about ten square meters, using the same staircase ****, each family style almost no secret to say.

Tulou structure has many types, one of which is the interior of the upper, middle and lower three halls along the central axis of the deep arrangement of the three-tang system, in this kind of Tulou, generally the lower hall for the entrance and exit, placed in the forefront; in the middle of the hall at the center of the family gatherings, welcoming guests and hospitality; the upper hall in the innermost part of the hall is the place where the ancestors are enshrined.

In addition to the unique structure, the internal bay windows, doorways and eaves of the Tulou buildings are also extremely ornate and exquisite, which are really the wonders of Chinese residential architecture.

Yongding County has 360 round buildings and more than 4,000 square buildings. Especially the peculiar round earth building is the most rich in Hakka traditional colors, the most shocking.

The round earth building is a good example of Hakka houses, which is called the first building in the world. It is like a mushroom emerging from the ground or a flying saucer descending from the sky.

This round building are composed of two or three circles, from the inside to the outside, ring to ring, the outer circle is more than 10 meters high, four floors, there are one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is a warehouse, three or four floors are bedrooms; the second circle of the two floors of 30 to 50 rooms, usually guest rooms, in one of the ancestral hall, is a living in the building of the hundreds of people in the wedding, funeral, happy, celebrations of the public **** place. There are also wells, bathrooms, and a mill inside the building. The earth building is made of local soil, without reinforced concrete, and the base of the wall is three meters wide, with a thickness of 1.5 meters at the bottom, narrowing upwards to a thickness of not less than 1 meter at the top. Then, along the circular outer wall, the wooden boards were used to divide into numerous rooms, the inner side of which was a corridor.

In addition to the peculiar function of defense against the enemy, Tulou also has the characteristics of earthquake-proof, fire-proof, burglary-proof as well as good ventilation and lighting, etc. Due to the large thickness of the earth wall, it can be used for the construction of the building. Because of the thickness of the earth wall, heat insulation and heat preservation, warm in winter and cool in summer.

The Hakka Tulou flashes the wisdom of the Hakka people, the Tulou pattern of grandeur, people are in awe of it. Hakka folklore is even more fascinating, the Hakka people from generation to generation, living together, unity and love, harmony *** residence of the family's unique way of life, simplicity, and hospitality, hard-working folk; traditional culture of the visible, touchable, palpable and more to attract a lot of tourists of great interest.

Tulou Zhangzhou is located in Zhangzhou City, Nanjing, Hua'an, Pinghe, Zhao'an, Yunxiao, Zhangpu and other mountainous areas. It is known as "mythical mountain architecture" for its strange shape and unique style.

Tulou's predecessor is the Tang Dynasty Chen Yuguang Zhangzhang barracks, castles and cottage buildings, it is the southern Fujian region in the "foreign invaders in and out of the country, the grubs of the internal strife," the product of a special social environment. Zhangzhou earth building to raw earth as the main material, with glutinous rice, egg white as a binder, bamboo, wood as sinews rammed wall thickness of 1 meter, more than 15 meters high earth building, after repeated pounding, rammed and become, generally three to five floors high, the first floor for the kitchen, the second floor for the warehouse, more than three floors for the living room, can be inhabited by 200 to 700 people, with the gathering of people and living, burglary, earthquake-proof, anti-vegetation, fire prevention, moisture, ventilation, warm, cool and so on. It is characterized by the characteristics of living in a group, anti-burglary, anti-shock, anti-beast, fireproof, moisture-proof, ventilation, lighting, warm in winter and cool in summer.

Tianluokeng earth building group consists of 1 square, 3 round and 1 oval *** 5 earth buildings, the center of the square Buyunlou and the upper right round and Changlou was built in the first year of the Qing Dynasty (1796), and later in the vicinity of the Zhenchanglou, Ruiyunlou, Wenchanglou were built one after another. Five earth buildings according to the mountain staggered layout, in the mountains surrounded by a high view, like a blooming plum blossom dotted on the ground, but also like a flying saucer falling from the sky, constituting humanities art and natural environment ingenuity into a stunning scenery, breathtaking, is the residential architecture in the Garden of a wondrous flower. May 2001 was included in the national key cultural relics protection units.

Built in 1350, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is famous all over the world. Its fame lies in the fact that it slopes but does not fall. For more than six hundred years, the tower tilted gently to the south, and in the last century the tilt seems to have accelerated, especially after the 1972 earthquake, its inclination has now reached 8 degrees. The leaning of the Leaning Tower of Pisa is the leaning of the tower as a whole. On its own, every part of the structure is still horizontal and vertical.

In Fujian Province, China, Nanjing County, there is a can be called with the Leaning Tower of Pisa's ancient architecture, it is known as the "East is upside down and the West is crooked building" of the Yuchang building. Yuchang building is a round earth building, built in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty, the construction date than the Leaning Tower of Pisa only ten years later. Yuchang building *** five floors, room 270, from the third floor, the building corridor wood columns will be tilted from left to right, the maximum slope of 15 degrees; and the fourth floor corridor wood columns with the same slope in the opposite direction of the right to the left tilt, the two-story wooden columns look crooked. Skewed although skewed, but if the first to five floors of the wooden columns of the corridor as a whole, the bottom of the wooden columns and the top of the wooden columns are kept on the same axis. Yuchang building slope, is a local structure of the slope, just like today's new CCTV building, there is no danger, oblique but not dangerous.

He Guilou is located in Nanjing County, Meilin Town, Pu Shan Village, 53 kilometers from the county seat of Nanjing. Built in the Qing Dynasty Yongzheng ten years, is an area of 1,547 square meters, is the highest earth building in Nanjing. This earth building was built on the swampy ground, with more than 200 pine piles, pavement, after more than 200 years is still strong and stable, well-preserved. 2001 May was included in the national key cultural relics protection units.

The Hekeng Tulou Cluster is located in Hekeng Natural Village, Dianjiang Village, Shuyang Town, 58 kilometers away from Nanjing County. Including Chaoshuilou, Yangzhao building, Yongsheng building, Jiaoqing building, Yongrong building, Yongguilou and other 6 square earth building, Yuchang building, Chunguilou, Dongsheng building, Xiaochun building, Yongqing building, Yuxing building, and other 6 round earth building and pentagonal Nanxun building **** 13. Among them, the earliest Chaoshuilou was built in 1549. Heceng Tulou Cluster has Xianshan Pavilion and Big Dipper Seven Stars.

The number of earth buildings in Zhangzhou is large, **** there are more than 800. The first listed as a national cultural relics protection of the earth building is Hua'an Xanadu Eryilou, known as the "king of the earth building", is an excellent masterpiece of the earth building, its scale is magnificent, well-preserved, "the king of the round building," "the treasure of the country! It has the reputation of "King of Round Buildings" and "Jewel of the Nation".

The longest history is Hua'an County, Shajian Township, "Qiyun Building", which is currently the oldest found in the exact chronology of the earth building, built in the fourth year of the Ming Hongwu (1371); the largest earth building is the diameter of 94.5 meters of the Zhao'an County, Gongpi Township, "in the field of the building! ", it has a" super earth building "of the name; earth building shape is diverse, there are round square, oval, half-moon, chair, umbrellas, windmills, gossip and other shapes, the most peculiar is the NanJing County, ShuYang township TianLuoKeng earth building, it is a party of one ellipse three round five earth building combination, magnificent, shocking.