Analyze how Confucianism changed in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(1) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a group of thinkers opposed to traditional Confucianism and decadent feudal autocracy emerged. They became a new cultural trend in this period. They critically inherited the traditional Confucian system and revived our traditional culture. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism went to extremes at this time, which caused serious harm to the society, so some progressive thinkers criticized Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.

(2) Ming Dynasty: Li Zhi was a "heretical" progressive thinker in the late Ming Dynasty. He accused the Confucian classics of not being "the supreme theory throughout the ages", exposed the hypocrisy of Taoism, opposed discrimination against women and suppressed businessmen. He is a pioneer of China's anti-feudalism, and his thoughts reflect the requirements of the embryonic era of capitalism in a certain sense, with a democratic color.

(3) Early Qing Dynasty: ① Huang Zongxi: After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he wrote in seclusion, fiercely criticized the feudal monarchy, advocated "rule of law" against "rule of man" and opposed attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce. His thoughts shocked the academic circles at that time and had a certain influence on the rise of democratic thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty. (2) Gu: a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, who emphasized practical knowledge of "applying the world". He advocated the combination of academic research and solving social problems, trying to reverse the unrealistic style of study in the late Ming Dynasty. He advocated "practical learning" with the book "All counties and countries in the world are beneficial to diseases", with the aim of criticizing Neo-Confucianism and opposing absolute monarchy. Gu's style of study had a great influence on scholars in Qing Dynasty. Wang Fuzhi is an outstanding materialist thinker. He believes that "Qi" is a material entity and "Reason" is an objective law. He put forward the materialistic viewpoint that "Qi is the foundation of reason" and "the world is the only tool", criticized Zhu's Neo-Confucianism and Wang Yangming's mind, and also put forward "Static means moving, and moving does not give up static", denying the metaphysical thought of Neo-Confucianism. He looked at history from the viewpoint of development and thought that the development of history was regular. He proposed "keeping pace with the times" politically. Wang Fuzhi's thought shines with the light of innovation.

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