About writing about China's agricultural changes, essay needs urgent ah !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I'm not going to lose you.

I have two of my own choice: one: it is generally believed that the worldwide process of agricultural modernization was launched from the beginning of the 20th century with the evolution of the industrial revolution and the progress of science and technology. In the process of promoting agricultural modernization, countries due to natural resource endowment and economic and social basis is different, in the realization of agricultural modernization road choice is also different, there are mainly three types: First, such as the United States, Canada and other people less land, labor shortage of the country, they are to improve labor productivity as the main goal, by virtue of the advantages of the developed modern industry, and vigorously develop the agricultural machinery to replace manpower and animal power, through the expansion of the By expanding the planting area per unit of farm and the scale of operation, the total output of agricultural products is increased. Second, such as Japan, the Netherlands and other countries with a large number of people and little land, shortage of arable land resources, they are to improve land productivity as the main goal, put the progress of science and technology in an important position, through improved crop varieties, strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy, increase the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and other measures to increase the yield of agricultural products per unit of area. Third, such as France, Germany and other land, labor force more moderate countries, they to improve labor productivity and land productivity as the main goal, both attach importance to the use of modern industrial equipment agriculture, but also attach importance to the promotion and application of science and technology.

Today's domestic focus

The history of the development of the world's agricultural modernization road shows that developed countries in the process of agricultural modernization, are very much based on their own national conditions and stage of development, and actively explore the development of the road with their own characteristics. Therefore, there is no fixed pattern of agricultural modernization, and the only way to achieve success is to start from the actual situation.

The modernization of agriculture is not a new idea in our country, and we put forward the goal of agricultural modernization as early as in the 1970s. However, the understanding of what is agricultural modernization, its basic connotation is what issues, but with the development of practice and constantly deepen. By combining the experience of agricultural modernization at home and abroad, the current situation of agricultural development in China and the basic national conditions, we can summarize the basic connotation of the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics as follows: with the goals of guaranteeing the supply of agricultural products, increasing the income of peasants, and promoting sustainable development, and with the ways of improving the productivity of agricultural labor, the output rate of resources and the rate of commodities, and with the support of modern science and technology and equipment, and with the basis of family-contracted management, and with the market mechanism and the government's regulation and supervision. On the basis of family-contracted management, under the integrated role of market mechanisms and government regulation, the construction of agriculture, industry and trade is closely linked, production, marketing into one, diversified industrial forms and multi-functional industrial system.

This understanding of the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics is mainly determined by the following factors: First, the current level of agricultural productivity in China is not high, compared with the average level of developed countries, the contribution rate of science and technology is lower than 20 to 30 percentage points. Therefore, to realize agricultural modernization, it is necessary to raise the level of agricultural science and technology, and to improve agricultural efficiency by increasing capital investment, applying modern science and technology and equipment, moderately concentrating land and strengthening organizational management. Secondly, modern agriculture is market-demand oriented, and the main purpose of farmers engaging in agricultural production is to provide goods for the market and maximize profits. The scale of operation of farmers in China is generally small, and the commodity rate of agricultural products and the degree of marketization in the allocation of agricultural resources are both low, so there is an urgent need to strengthen the integrated role of the market mechanism and government regulation and control. Third, the industrialization of agriculture has become an important feature of modern agriculture. China has about 250 million farmers, not only the number of large, small-scale, and similar structure, behavior, with the ever-changing market to effectively connect very difficult, therefore, to promote the modernization of agriculture, we must build a close convergence of agriculture, industry and trade, production and marketing into one, diversified forms of industry and multi-functional industrial system. In this process, it is necessary to vigorously develop farmers' professional cooperative organizations, and to organize various forms of leading enterprises through various types of farmers' cooperatives, so that farmers can truly enjoy the profits from the processing and marketing of agricultural products. Fourthly, China is a large developing country with the largest population in the world, and the problem of food is always a top priority. If the problem of food is not solved, industrialization, urbanization and even economic and social development as a whole will be difficult to sustain. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee the supply of agricultural products, increase the income of farmers and promote sustainable development as the primary goal of promoting agricultural modernization.

To realize the modernization of China's agriculture, the general idea and measures are: to equip agriculture with modern material conditions, to transform agriculture with modern science and technology, to improve agriculture with modern industrial systems, to promote agriculture with modern forms of management, to lead agriculture with modern development concepts, to develop agriculture by cultivating new types of farmers, to raise the level of agricultural hydraulization, mechanization and informatization, to increase the rate of output of land, the rate of utilization of resources and the productivity of agricultural labor, to improve the quality of agriculture, and to improve the quality of agriculture, to improve the quality of agriculture. agricultural labor productivity, and improve the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture. In the specific work, in particular, in accordance with the requirements of the report of the 17th CPC National Congress: in accordance with the principle of voluntary and remunerative in accordance with the law, improve the market for the transfer of the right to land contract management, so that the arable land to the rural farmers and professional farmers to concentrate, and gradually realize a variety of forms of land on an appropriate scale of operation.

Two:After gaining political independence, developing countries have generally embarked on the path of seeking industrialization and development. In this process, "industrialization is everything", the development of agriculture is almost in a state of neglect, and some countries even appeared "heavy industry suppression of agriculture", the sacrifice of agriculture, the development of industrial tendencies, resulting in the original backwardness of agriculture is even more backward. The stagnation and backwardness of agriculture have fundamentally constrained the overall development of the economies of developing countries and impeded the realization of their modernization. As some foreign scholars have pointed out: the developing countries in the Second World War after a period of bad economic situation is inseparable from the failure of agricultural policy.

After the late 1970s, with the overall development of the economy of developing countries on the requirements of agriculture, agricultural development began to become an important part of economic development, the formulation and implementation of realistic agricultural development strategy began to become a key element of agricultural development, agricultural development and industrial development of close interaction began to become an important aspect of the realization of modernization. Discussion of the problems existing in the agricultural development of developing countries, the transformation of agricultural development strategy, and the implementation of the development strategy of agricultural industrialization, how to solve the three rural issues in China in the comprehensive construction of a moderately prosperous society has an important reference significance.

First, the problems existing in the agricultural development of developing countries

Developing countries are basically backward agricultural countries, after the Second World War on the road to industrialization and development, basically by the Western development economists on the "only industrial", "only industrial", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only", "only" and "only". Capitalism", "only plan theory" of the influence, or by the former Soviet Union's "priority development of heavy industry" thought of the influence, failed to correctly deal with the relationship between industry and agriculture, heavy industry, light agriculture, making the originally backward Agriculture is even more backward, there are some problems in the productive forces and relations of production and their unity.

From the point of view of productivity, agricultural labor productivity in developing countries is generally slow to improve, on the one hand, because the level of agricultural labor productivity in developing countries depends largely on the per capita arable land area. According to the investigation, per capita arable land area is more places, agricultural labor productivity level is generally higher. For example, in the Philippines in Asia, the average area of arable land owned by each male agricultural laborer is 2.6 hectares, and the agricultural labor productivity reaches 4.9%; in Madagascar in Africa, the average area of arable land owned by each male agricultural laborer reaches 43.2 hectares, and the agricultural labor productivity reaches 10.5%; and in Argentina in Latin America, the average area of arable land owned by each male agricultural laborer reaches 102.5 hectares, and the average area of arable land owned by each male agricultural laborer reaches 10.5 hectares. In Latin America, Argentina, the average area of arable land per male agricultural laborer reaches 102.5 hectares, and the agricultural labor productivity reaches 64.4%, so it can be seen that the amount of arable land has become a factor to measure the level of agricultural labor productivity. On the other hand, because the proportion of modernized agriculture in the agricultural sector is too small, the backward traditional agriculture dominates the agricultural sector. In developing countries, backward traditional agriculture is manifested in abundant labor, shortage of capital, small scale of production, backward technology, low cultural and technical level of farmers, coupled with underdeveloped transportation, shortage of postal and telecommunication, backward culture and education, closed information exchange, etc., resulting in the slow increase in the level of agricultural labor productivity, and backward traditional agriculture restricts the development of the entire national economy.

From the aspect of production relations, the pre-capitalist production relations in the agriculture of developing countries predominate. Although the maturity of capitalist relations of production in the agriculture of Latin American countries is relatively high compared with other regions, the level of development of the commodity economy is also relatively high, but from the point of view of the development of agriculture in most countries in Asia and Africa, the feudal, semi-feudal relations of production and self-sufficient natural economy exists in large numbers, the development of the capitalist commodity economy is very slow, and the form of production and management of agriculture is very slow. The development of the capitalist commodity economy has been very slow, and the form of production and operation in agriculture has been monolithic, and agriculture has, at best, been characterized as a subsistence agriculture. Although the development of the commodity economy in industry has a great influence and impact on agricultural production, the majority of peasants have a very weak sense of the commodity economy, and they take the satisfaction of their personal and family needs as the primary purpose of agricultural development, placing commodity production in a subordinate position. The backward production relations that exist in the agriculture of developing countries will inevitably limit the expansion of the scale of agricultural production, affecting the development of agricultural specialization, commercialization and modernization, hindering the improvement of agricultural labor productivity, so that the agricultural economy of developing countries is always in an underdeveloped state.

From the unity of productive forces and relations of production, low agricultural labor productivity has resulted in a single, deformed agricultural production structure. There is a close relationship between agricultural labor productivity and the structure of agricultural production. The level of development of agricultural labor productivity constrains the rationality and trend of changes in the structure of agricultural production, and in turn, a rational structure of agricultural production will further promote the improvement of agricultural labor productivity. The low level of agricultural labor productivity in developing countries makes agricultural production less capable of conquering and transforming nature, makes agricultural production less capable of utilizing and allocating natural resources, and, for historical reasons related to the evolution of the world capitalist system, the structure of agricultural production tends to be in an irrational state. Some countries only produce one or two or a few cash crops to support the development of agriculture; some countries have almost no side business in agricultural production or do not develop agro-processing industry, this unreasonable structure of agricultural production hinders the development of agriculture.

These problems in developing countries in the productive forces and relations of production and their unity, in fact, put forward the development of agriculture must pay attention to the problem, that is, to improve the productivity of agricultural labor, change the agricultural relations of production, the establishment of a reasonable structure of agricultural production and other issues. In these three aspects of the problem, the productive forces determine the relations of production, low agricultural labor productivity determines the backwardness of the agricultural relations of production; in turn, the relations of production also react to the productive forces, backwardness of the agricultural relations of production will constrain the improvement of the agricultural labor production string. To change this situation, the key lies in the establishment of a reasonable agricultural production structure, which will promote the improvement of agricultural labor productivity from the rational use of natural resources and rational allocation. Because in the structure of agricultural production, the growth of food production can provide a material basis for the development of other sectors of agriculture, the development of animal husbandry can make full use of the by-products of planting at the same time for the planting industry to provide fertilizers and animal power, the development of forestry can be used for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry to create a good condition, the development of the fisheries industry can promote the development of agriculture. A reasonable agricultural production structure can, on the basis of integrated arrangements and comprehensive development, enable the industries to make use of each other's agricultural surplus, improve the utilization of human capital and material capital strings ÷ improve the productivity of agricultural labor and promote the development of agriculture; thus promoting the establishment of advanced agricultural production relations.

Second, the transformation of agricultural development strategy in developing countries

As developing countries in different stages of economic development, the status and role of agricultural development in the national economy as a whole of the understanding of the different, and therefore the implementation of agricultural development strategy has experienced a by the initial implementation of the auxiliary type of development strategy to the development of the strategy of agro-industrialization of the process of transformation. The shift from a supplementary development strategy to an agro-industrialization development strategy actually means that developing countries have come out of their historical misunderstanding of agricultural issues and of the relationship between agriculture and industry, and have come to regard agriculture as an important foundation of the national economy, and to regard agricultural development as a necessary condition for the realization of industrialization. In the more than 30 years from the Second World War to the end of the 1970s, developing countries, in their eagerness to play a leading role in industry, did not attach importance to agricultural development, and basically adopted the strategy of agriculture-assisted industrial development, that is, the strategy of agriculturally-assisted development. As a result of this strategy, most of the limited funds available for economic development were invested in industry, while agricultural inputs were clearly insufficient, and there was insufficient encouragement for farmers to be active in production, so that agricultural production stagnated. Under these circumstances, the agricultural population grew too fast, leading to food shortages. Some of the Arab countries in the Middle East, the implementation of the agricultural auxiliary development strategy, from the original so-called "breadbasket of the world" into the world's top buyers of agricultural products; India in Asia, Africa, Mali, also because of the implementation of the agricultural auxiliary development strategy and the occurrence of a food crisis.

Obviously, the agriculture-assisted development strategy is based on the theory that "industry is dominant and agriculture is subordinate to industry". Many Western development economists at the beginning of the post-Second World War period believed that, in the process of industrialization, industry is the leading sector of economic development that can play a dynamic role, and agriculture is a sector that should be weakened, and the role of agriculture is only to provide a steady flow of cheap labor and surplus agricultural products for the development of industrial production, so as to promote the development of industry and advance the process of modernization. With the adoption of the agriculture-assisted development strategy based on this theory, the development of agriculture must be viewed from the perspective of providing a steady flow of cheap labor and surplus agricultural products for the development of industry. Therefore, the reform of the land system, the promotion of biotechnology, the implementation of agricultural mechanization, the training of the quality of agricultural labor, as well as the improvement of agricultural productivity, etc., are all carried out around this development strategy for one purpose, namely, in order to support the development of industry, and at the same time with the implementation of this development strategy of agricultural products purchased at low prices in terms of capital accumulation has led to the flow of funds from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector. Industrial Sector. It was this starting point in the formulation and implementation of the agriculture-supportive development strategy that contributed to the low rates of growth of per capita food production and agricultural production in developing countries. Throughout the 1960s of the twentieth century, the growth rate of per capita food production in developing countries was only 0.1 percent, while the growth rate of per capita agricultural production was zero. It is self-evident that the slow or even stagnant development of agriculture has slowed down the pace of industrial development and that the industrial sector has a limited capacity to accommodate the large amount of surplus labor generated in agriculture, resulting in massive unemployment. The implementation of the agriculture-supportive development strategy has not only failed to increase the labour productivity of agriculture, but has also failed to realize even its original purpose of supporting industrial development. From the 1980s, developing countries began to re-understand the status and role of agriculture in the national economy, as well as the relationship between agriculture and industry, to re-explore the development of agriculture, and gradually formed a new agricultural development strategy in practice, which is to achieve the goal of the commercialization and industrialization of agriculture, to the development of agriculture has a means to support the value of industrial development as well as to improve the living standards of farmers This is the development strategy of agricultural industrialization, which aims at commercialization and industrialization of agriculture, and is based on the intrinsic value of agricultural development in supporting industrial development and improving the living standard of farmers. This economic development strategy was first implemented in Thailand and then in other developing countries with more advanced economies. Historically, Thailand was known as the "breadbasket of Southeast Asia" and one of the major international rice exporters, and agriculture has always been a dominant industry. However, the serious blunders in the agricultural development strategy in the decades of economic development after the Second World War, especially from the early 1970s onwards, catching up with the newly industrialized countries and following the example of the Four Little Dragons of Asia, and the implementation of the development strategy of raising debts to develop heavy chemical industries, led to a heavy debt burden, a financial crisis, and a grim economic situation. In the face of the serious mistakes, the Thai Government and the relevant agencies re-evaluated the status of agriculture in the national economy and raised the processing and export of agricultural resources to the strategic level of economic development, thus forming a development strategy with the goal of becoming a "new agro-industrialized country". The focus of this development strategy is to consider agricultural development as part of industrialization, not only to promote industrial development, but more importantly to strengthen its own development. This development process is realized by adopting modern science and technology, modern industrial equipment and modern economic management methods to transform traditional agriculture into modern agriculture. The implementation of the development strategy of agricultural industrialization has put forward high requirements for the government's macro-control role in economic development, i.e., the government is required to change the policy of purchasing agricultural products at a low price as in the past, and is required to increase the government's investment in agriculture, emphasizing the government's reasonable purchase of agricultural products in accordance with changes in the market's supply and demand relations and the rational allocation of factors of agricultural production. The shift from an agriculture-supportive development strategy to an agriculture-industrialization development strategy is an important step forward for developing countries in their quest for modernization, and profoundly reflects the basic trend of social progress in developing countries, which is the shift from an agricultural to an industrial civilization. It should be noted, however, that the development strategy of agro-industrialization is a development strategy implemented by developing countries with a predominantly agricultural sector at a specific stage of the modernization process. This particular stage is the early and middle stages of industrialization, and the focus of this development strategy is to make the processing of agricultural products the leading industry. Therefore, the developing countries that implement the development strategy of agro-industrialization should not only be countries in the early or middle stage of industrialization, but also countries with relatively rich agricultural resources. Third, the implementation of the development strategy of agricultural industrialization in developing countries In general, the characteristics of the development strategy of agricultural industrialization in developing countries lie in the following: to increase agricultural inputs through the change of land relations, to improve agricultural production technology, etc., and to raise the agricultural labor productivity; to improve the living conditions of the farmers through raising the agricultural labor productivity, to raise the quality of the farmers in terms of technology and culture, and to change the backward appearance of the rural areas and to develop the rural economy. backwardness and develop the rural economy.

(I) Changing the land ownership system and agricultural business mode is an important condition for the implementation of the development strategy of agricultural industrialization

Generally speaking, the feudal and backward land ownership system and agricultural business mode are dominant in developing countries. These feudal and backward land ownership and agricultural management methods mainly include the manor system, tenancy system, plantation system and so on. Prevalent in Latin American countries, the manor system is manifested as: the manor is both the property of the owner of the manor, but also a kind of enterprise, the steward to carry out the management activities of the manor, workers, immigrants, small farmers to provide agricultural labor, the implementation of the rough farming and management. The tenancy system, commonly found in Asian countries, is also known as the landlord-sharecropping system, which is characterized by the fact that the land is owned by the landlord, the land is divided into small parcels and rented to tenant farmers, who pay rent to the landlord and carry out intensive farming and management. The plantation system, which is widespread in Asia, Africa and Latin America, especially in the tropical countries, is a form of agricultural operation in which the colonialists plundered the agricultural resources of the colonized countries. In the form of ownership, the land is owned by foreign capital; in the mode of operation, to take the enterprise type of large-scale operation; in the mode of labor, the employment of agricultural workers to undertake agricultural labor; in the level of agricultural labor productivity, the land cultivation to implement a high degree of intensification.

Because the above three forms of land ownership and agricultural management are linked to the possession of land and the monopoly of income distribution rhymes with the same characteristics, so the developing countries in the implementation of agrarian reform in the land tenure system and rent bundle system reform. Under agrarian reform decrees, the Government expropriates land from landowners beyond the legal holding ceilings and then distributes the land, with or without compensation, to landless or landless peasants, thus facilitating the redistribution and transfer of land ownership. The government issued decrees to reduce land rents and safeguard tenancy rights in order to protect the productive interests of tenant farmers. For the plantation system, when the colonial countries gained political independence, they were generally transformed into state-run farms or state-run plantations. The changes in land ownership and agricultural operation created important conditions for equalizing the distribution of rural income, for stimulating the adoption of new technologies, and for implementing the development strategy of agro-industrialization. (ii) Increasing agricultural labour productivity is an important basis for implementing the development strategy of agricultural industrialization. The increase in agricultural labour productivity relies mainly on technological innovation and progress, which in turn relies mainly on the mechanization of agriculture and the improvement of biotechnology and chemical technology. For developing countries that are short of capital, have abundant labor and have relatively poor natural conditions, the implementation of agricultural mechanization will encounter a lot of difficulties. For example, these countries cannot solve the problem of the increase in the organic composition of capital, which will increase the amount of material capital per unit of output, nor can they solve the problem of unemployment brought about by the implementation of agricultural mechanization. Therefore, for developing countries, the improvement of biotechnology and chemical technology is a major way to carry out technological innovation and progress. <p> Developing countries to carry out the "green revolution" is from the biotechnology to improve the agricultural labor production series of a revolution. "The Green Revolution represents an effort to replace institutional change with technological change and social progress with scientific progress. Unlike agrarian reform, the Green Revolution encouraged Third World countries to concentrate on the adoption and rapid diffusion of high-yielding varieties of food crops such as rice and wheat." It, as a revolution in biotechnology, was not caused by changes in the relative prices of agricultural factors of production, as in developed countries, but in developing countries it occurred in response to strong pressures, namely, the pressures of expanding populations and agricultural stagnation. In developing countries, population expansion and agricultural stagnation have rendered ineffective the expansion of arable land area to increase output, thus making it particularly important to increase output per unit area by focusing on high-yielding varieties and supplementing them with water, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, and other modern agricultural inputs. The breeding of "Mexican wheat" and "Philippine rice" has enabled these two countries to escape from the food crisis, turning Mexico from a net importer of wheat into a self-sufficient country, and enabling the Philippines to become a medium-volume rice exporter. The rapid spread of their experience in developing countries has enabled many developing countries to change the face of agricultural backwardness. Breeding and promotion of high-yielding varieties, in the sowing, seedling, planting, weeding, fertilization, irrigation, drainage, pest control, harvesting, threshing, storage, transportation and other labor inputs put forward high requirements, in the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. also put forward high requirements, forcing developing countries to start the fertilizer to the concentration of the chemical fertilizers, composite, long-lasting, liquid direction of the development of the biotechnology, can be seen, the revolution in biotechnology At the same time is also a revolution in chemical technology. The "Green Revolution" in developing countries, although there are problems such as increased inequality in the distribution of personal income, the widening of the regional income gap, products, poor quality and other issues, but it is recognized as a developing country to improve the productivity of agricultural labor, agriculture, and further development of the way out of this point is the world.

In recent years, after the "green revolution", developing countries are forming a "biological revolution". The "biological revolution" is different from the "green revolution". "While the Green Revolution utilized traditional crop breeding techniques to increase yields of a limited number of crops in favorable agricultural areas, the Biological Revolution may be applicable to a wide range of crops and animals across a variety of disciplines and agro-ecosystems. In this sense, the biological revolution builds on and expands the Green Revolution." The biological revolution is affecting agriculture in four ways, namely (1) genetic control and breeding of crops; (2) industrial cultivation; (3) animal use of embryology with genetically engineered products; and (4) genetic control of microorganisms to produce or replace agricultural products. Thus, the biological revolution can potentially increase the productivity of agricultural labor in developing countries on a broader scale than the green revolution.

(C) the government to provide a variety of support for agriculture and fostering policy is to promote the implementation of the development strategy of industrialization of agriculture is an important aspect of the implementation of the development strategy of industrialization of agriculture <p> the implementation of the development strategy of industrialization of agriculture not only in the improvement of: labor productivity, but also rely on the government to provide a variety of support for agriculture and fostering policy. Because the increase in agricultural labor productivity, including biotechnology and chemical technology revolution, without the support of government policy is very difficult to achieve, the role of government policy lies in the mobilization of increased input enthusiasm and research, promotion and application of agricultural science and technology enthusiasm.

From the developed capitalist countries, the government of the agricultural support and fostering policies adopted by the view, involving a wide range of aspects, including agricultural price policy, tax policy, credit policy, protection of trade policy. In developing countries, during the period of "only industrialization", the government adopted the practice of lowering the prices of agricultural products and raising the prices of industrial products in terms of price policy; in terms of investment policy, it adopted the practice of concentrating capital accumulation on the construction of large-scale industrial projects and neglecting investment in agriculture; in terms of tax policy, it adopted the practice of levying a high tax on land and on the export of agricultural products; in terms of credit policy, it adopted the practice of imposing high taxes on land and export of agricultural products; and in terms of credit policy, it adopted the practice of imposing high taxes on land and export of agricultural products. In terms of credit policy, the government's financial support for rural areas and farmers is insufficient, all of which have harmed the interests of farmers and agriculture and the development of agricultural capital construction and agricultural means of production industries, thus inhibiting the development of agriculture.

The implementation of the development strategy of agro-industrialization requires the government to change its previous practice and consider the immediate interests of farmers and the future of agriculture in the formulation of policies on price, investment, taxation and credit. Some developing countries have already taken the pace of reform, adjusted the price policy of agricultural products, tax policy, credit policy, etc., the development of agriculture has played a supportive role for the implementation of the development strategy of agro-industrialization provides an important prerequisite.

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