What are the sculptures like in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties?

1. Buddhist Sculptures in Yuan Dynasty

① Maitreya Buddha statue

The Buddhist grottoes in Song and Yuan Dynasties came to an end, and the grottoes in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces were small in scale. Most statues in Hangzhou use natural caves and niches to carve out the world-famous Luohan statues, as well as Guanyin and Maitreya. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people's belief in Maitreya was very popular, and most of the sculptures in Feilaifeng, Hangzhou showed this theme. At this time, the image of Maitreya Buddha is very different from that of Tang and Song Dynasties, and it has no characteristics of Buddha statue at all. This Maitreya Buddha, with a big belly and a beaming face, sat calmly on the rock, with eighteen arhats with different expressions scattered on both sides. This Maitreya statue was imitated by later temple statues and even became a specific image.

② Crossing the street tower-Juyongguan Yuntai sculpture

In Yuan Dynasty sculpture, the Du Tower is a beautiful relic. Dujiang Tower was built in Juyongguan, and was built by Arutu and Bierce Buhua in Zheng Zhi, Yuan Shundi in the second year (AD 1342). Now there is only Taki, that is, Juyongguan Yuntai. The base is blue and white marble, 9.5 meters high, 26.84 meters long from east to west and 17.57 meters long from north to south. Stone fences and drainage taps are installed around the top of the platform, and a north-south ticket gate is opened in the middle of the platform for horses to pass. Tantric images are engraved inside and outside the ticket gate. Datura is carved on the top of the coupon, thousands of buddhas are carved on both sides of the archway, and the French king is carved on both walls of the coupon cave. The closed cave is a single hexagon with Dapeng, whales, boys, animals and elephants carved on its surface. The images are carved in the ways of "reducing the ground and flattening it" and "lifting the ground", among which the statue of the heavenly king is the most vivid. There are also six scripture incantations in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Basiba, Uighur and Xixia, as well as tower-building functions and names related to tower-building in five languages except Sanskrit.

In addition to benefiting the country and the people, the Yuan royal family built the ferry tower, which also implied that "passers-by, convert to Buddhism, get the law", so they built this chengguan.

2. On the poverty of sculpture art in Ming and Qing Dynasties

(1) Pingyao Shuanglin Temple-Buddhist Art Hall

In the Ming Dynasty, the restoration of the cultural tradition of the Han nationality was strongly advocated, and temple statues developed greatly. The existing representative statue temples are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan. The most outstanding one is the colored sculpture of Shuanglin Temple in Pingyao, Shanxi.

Shuanglin Temple was built earlier than Huayan Temple, destroyed by war and rebuilt in Ming Dynasty. There are 10 temples in the whole temple, with more than 2,000 large and small statues, which is one of the temples with the largest number of ancient statues in China. The eighteen arhats in the temple are highly skilled in plastic painting. Lohan has a solid shape and a sense of stone. In addition, there are large clay sculptures with various characters, which show the real life scenes of Buddhist wonderland and abandoning officials to seek Buddha, and the artistic treatment is vivid and creative. These statues are outstanding representatives of Ming Dynasty statues and another treasure house of Buddhist art. ..

Painted Sculpture of Shuanglin Temple in Pingyao, Shanxi ② Mausoleum Sculpture in Ming Dynasty

After the dominance of the Han nationality in the Ming Dynasty was restored, they tried to restore the system of the Tang Dynasty, and the imperial tombs followed the example of the Tang Dynasty. Large ceremonial stone carvings are set in the mausoleum to show national strength and authority. Therefore, the Ming Tombs were decorated with stone carvings in pairs, which were called "stone statues".

The Ming Tombs are in Changping, Beijing, and Ming Taizu's Xiaoling Mausoleum is in Nanjing. On the Shinto of Xiaoling, there are two pairs of lions, horses, camels, elephants, flying horses and unicorns, each of which has a kneeling and standing posture. In addition, there are two pairs of stone carvings of civil servants and two pairs of military officers. The stone carvings at this time reflect the high-spirited spirit of restoring prosperity in the early Ming Dynasty. At the foot of the Ming Tombs, Shinto is used with Changling as the center, and its shape and style are modeled after Xiaoling. The stone carvings on both sides of Shinto are detailed, but they are only physical objects and lack momentum. When we arrived at the imperial tomb of the Qing Dynasty, we lost the majestic beauty of the previous generation. Although it is huge and solid, the carefully carved works are just like dolls and models.

③ Five hundred arhats sculptures in Qing Dynasty

In the Qing Dynasty, the lineup of arhat statues was further expanded, and the arhat hall with 500 arhats was very common in temples. Statues of temples in the Qing Dynasty can be seen in many places in China, because they are relatively new and well preserved. The 500 Luohan statue in the Luohan Hall of Zhu Qian Temple in Kunming is a unique statue of the Qing Dynasty. These sculptures are close to secular figures, and their production methods are more realistic. Not only plastic arts and painting are more detailed, but many arhats' beards are made of real people's hair, which loses the artistic interest of sculpture.

④ Woodcarving of Maitreya Buddha in Yonghe Palace.

The Lama Temple in Beijing is dedicated to the royal family of the Qing Dynasty. It was built during the reign of Kangxi. There is a carved Maitreya Buddha statue in it, with a height of 18m, carved from a complete white pine trunk. It is one of the few giant woodcarvings in China, and it is of great value.

The three Buddha statues in the Lama Temple and the statue of the heavenly king in the Temple of Heaven are outstanding works in the Qing Dynasty.