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Traditional folk paper-cutting is a kind of daily necessities, mainly used for festivals or weddings, and Ansai's paper-cutting is the most famous.

From the specific use, it can be roughly divided into four categories:

One is for posting, that is, directly sticking on doors, windows, walls, lanterns and ribbons for decoration. Such as window grilles, wall flowers, ceiling flowers, cigarette lattices, lantern flowers, paper-tied flowers, and door stickers;

Second, it is used for decoration, that is, for decorating gifts, dowries, sacrifices and offerings. Such as flowers, flowers, fireworks, candlestick flowers, fragrant flowers, Chongyang flag;

Thirdly, embroidery patterns are used in clothing, shoes, hats and pillows. Such as shoe flower, pillow flower, hat flower, bib flower, sleeve flower and suspender flower;

Fourth, printing and dyeing, that is, as a printing plate for blue printed cloth, used for clothing, quilts, curtains, bags, bibs, headscarves, etc.

▲ window grilles

Decorative paper-cuts are pasted on the windows. Generally speaking, in the north, most farmers' windows are wooden lattice windows, vertical grids, squares or geometric grids, and a layer of white "leather paper" is attached to them. On holidays, the paper for window grilles is replaced and new window grilles are affixed, indicating that the old ones have been dismantled and the new ones are welcome. The forms of window grilles are various freely adaptable patterns such as corner flowers, folding flowers, animals, flowers and figures at the four corners of the decorative pane, as well as continuous sets of opera or legendary story window grilles. In short, panes of different shapes are arranged in different ways. There is a special arrangement, that is, window grilles between panes, which Shandong folks call "crossing the window".

▲ Xihua

Wedding and festive fashion point all kinds of utensils with Liuhe paper-cut for indoor decoration. Paper-cutting is generally placed on daily necessities such as tea sets, soap boxes and pots. Some are posted on the toilet mirror. Most of the themes of love flower patterns emphasize the meaning of auspiciousness and happiness. The color is bright red. Shapes and styles are round, square, diamond, peach, pomegranate and so on. , and is equipped with various auspicious patterns such as dragons and phoenixes, mandarin ducks, magpies, flowers and plants, peonies, etc. There is a method of "flowers in flowers" in composition and layout.

▲ Fireworks

Paper-cuts are pasted on cakes, noodles, eggs and other gifts. It is called "cake flower" and "fruit flower" in Chaozhou, Guangdong, and "circle potted flower" in Pingyang, Zhejiang. The theme of fireworks mostly adopts auspicious and festive patterns. In Shandong, paper-cuts are pasted on "Happy Eggs" to celebrate the birth of children, or eggs are dyed red to reveal white patterns. In rural areas of Fujian, tortoise patterns are given to each other as a symbol of longevity. There are turtle-shaped cakes and turtle-shaped paper cuts.

▲ shoe flower

Paper-cut is used as the embroidery pattern of cloth shoe uppers. There are generally three forms: one is cut into small flowers or embroidered on the toes, which is called "toe flower"; The other is to cut them into crescent shapes according to the shape of the uppers, which is called "toe flowers"; And the third kind extends from both ends of the toe flower to the upper, which is called "shoe flower". There is also a kind called "sole flower", which was used for "longevity shoes" in the old days. Or embroidered on the bottom of cloth socks. The layout of shoe flowers is generally sparse, and the themes are flowers and birds. Some shoe flowers are partially cut without hollowing out, which is called "dark knife", which is the basis for changing the needle color in embroidery.

▲ doormat

Also known as "hanging money", "hanging money", "red money", "happy money", "door color" and "fasting butterfly". Generally used on the lintel or the second beam in the hall. Its style is mostly pennant-shaped, with a big head and a wide side and a tassel under it. Most of them are carved with red paper, but there are also other colors or colors. Most of the patterns are geometric patterns or embedded with figures, flowers, dragons and phoenixes, and auspicious characters, such as "Celebrate the whole world", "Prosperity for the country and the people", "Good weather", "Happiness from now on", "Happiness, Luck, Longevity, Happiness, Richness" and "Prosperity in Five Industries". When posting, whether it is a word or a paragraph, it is hung in sets. Usually put up five. Sticking the doormat not only has the unexpected effect of printing spring and getting rid of the old, but also has the significance of praying for good luck and exorcism.

▲ Dou Xianghua

Color paper-cut is mainly used for decoration in folk activities such as offering sacrifices to ancestors and gods. In the old days, incense was always burned when offering sacrifices, and incense was generally made into thin strips, called "line incense"; There are also thick strips coiled into various patterns, such as seal script, formerly known as "Xiangyin". This kind of seal must be covered with a bucket-shaped base and supported by bamboo sticks. Color paper-cut is randomly placed on the base and bracket, which is called "Dou Xiang Hua". There are auspicious patterns such as figures and immortals (such as the Eight Immortals, Hehe, Shouxing) on the theme of fighting fragrant flowers. Most of them are carved with wax paper, each set is about ten pieces.

▲ paper-cut flowers

A format of paper-cutting. It has a circular pattern, and it is evenly distributed all around. This decorative format can especially show its superiority in paper-cutting, because paper can be folded, for example, twice, three times and four times diagonally, so that flowers with even sides can be cut out. The earliest paper-cut objects in China, the paper-cuts unearthed in Xinjiang during the Northern Dynasties, are all in the form of group flowers, such as "group flowers are birds", "group flowers are monkeys", "octagonal group flowers", "group flowers are gold and silver patterns" and "group flowers are chrysanthemum patterns". It can be seen that the group flower format is the oldest format in paper-cutting.

▲ Paper-cut flag

Paper-cutting is used to cut flags in folk activities. For example, in the folk Double Ninth Festival, colored paper is cut into banners and inserted on the Double Ninth Cake, which is very beautiful. In the Song Dynasty, there was an ancient custom in Zhejiang. If there were patients, witches held paper-cut dragon and tiger flags to ward off evil spirits and eliminate disasters. In the funeral, the "flower banners" used for the funeral are also cut out of ordinary paper. The paper-cut flower banner is related to the banner held by the Buddha who leads the way in Buddhism; In addition, there are paper-cut "evocation paper strips" and "sparse" hanging on the beam of the Hall of Prayer in fast food (similar in shape to banners) to commemorate the anniversary of the deceased.

Paper-cutting can be seen everywhere.

▲ Pixian paper-cutting

The popular paper-cutting in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, features Pixian County. There are two kinds: engraved paper is colored stationery, and waxed paper is used for color matching; Except for the artist's shoes, most paper-cuts are window grilles. The themes of window grilles are labor scenes, poultry, cattle and sheep, folklore, historical stories, peach blossoms, flowers, fish and insects, dragons and phoenixes, etc.

▲ Gaomi paper-cutting

Paper-cutting art in Gaomi, Shandong Province. From the doors and windows and the roof of the farmhouse to the cabinets and wardrobes, there are paper-cut decorations. Generally, the production is straight-cut, without making a draft, and it is characterized by the combination of sawtooth pattern and straight line to form an image.

▲ Foshan paper-cut

Folk paper-cutting in Foshan, Guangdong. It spread in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because its paper-cutting production method adopts cutting, engraving, chiseling, printing, writing and lining, it can be divided into solid color paper-cutting, copper lining, copper writing, paper writing, golden flower writing and silver writing. His works are very particular about cutting and carving, and he often cuts and carves on paper or special copper foil or tin foil with a knife or scissors. In particular, the copper writing material is the most distinctive, which combines painting, sculpture, writing and other techniques to make the works vigorous and magnificent. Foshan paper-cut was also used as the manuscript of architecture and furniture carving more than 100 years ago, and then used for interior decoration. Sticking on lintels and columns, it is also used for decoration such as sacrifice, binding, spending money and setting off firecrackers.

▲ Taijiang paper-cut

Paper-cutting of Miao nationality in Taijiang, Guizhou. Embroidery patterns such as sleeve flowers, waist flowers and hat flowers are the most common. Although there are dragons and phoenixes, peonies and so on. Their model is very different from that of the Han nationality. In particular, the stitching of sleeve flowers makes people feel the characteristics of seeing the fine in the rough.

▲ Zhangzhou Cloth Shadow

There are two meanings. A shadow play in Luanxian County, Hebei Province, is said to have flourished in the early Ming Dynasty, but the earliest literature records only see Luanzhou Zhi in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. Locals call it "Laoting Shadow" instead of "Luanzhou Shadow", which may be called "Laoting Tune" to sing. One refers to Shandong shadow play. Shandong Shadow Play is also said to have been introduced from Hebei, and its singing is mostly Qin Liu accent. Its carvings are rough and simple, and its scripts are myths and legends and local historical stories.

▲ Ansai paper-cut

Paper-cutting spread in Ansai area in northern Yan 'an, Shaanxi Province. There are various forms, such as window flower, door painting, kang flower, hanging curtain flower, kiln top flower, table skirt flower, pillow flower, shoe flower, brand flower, belly flower and so on. There are several contents. One is to beautify the environment during the Spring Festival. There are many auspicious themes, such as birds, flowers, cows, sheep, pigs and dogs, lions and tigers. Second, it is used to decorate new houses, such as pomegranate peony and birds in pairs; Third, it is used to make embroidery and cloth toys, with many pairs of pomegranate, peach, tiger doll and other patterns; Fourth, it is used for superstitious etiquette, such as the kitchen god, the god of wealth, and the paper man used for evocation.

▲ Jidong paper-cut

Paper-cut art in Qingyang and Pingliang, Gansu. Longdong paper-cutting has a long history and its style is rough and exaggerated. The paper-cutting in Zhengning, Ningxian, Heshui, Qingyang, Huachi and Huanxian in the east is simple and elegant. The styles of Xifeng and Zhenyuan in the middle are beautiful and neat; Pingliang, Jingchuan, Chongxin, Huating and Zhuanglang in the upper reaches of Jinghe River in the west are relatively simple and lively. There are many birds and animals, folk stories, opera figures, flowers in four seasons and so on. As far as its forms are concerned, there are door flowers, Kang kiln flowers, kiln top flowers, corsage flowers, grain storage flowers, lantern flowers, wedding flowers, hanging curtain flowers, fireworks, birthday flowers, embroidery patterns and so on.

▲ Fushan paper-cut

Fushan, Shanxi has the reputation of "the hometown of paper cutting". Its paper-cuts are all over the county and popular in the southwest of the mountain. Its forms are window grilles, fireworks and so on. The most distinctive feature is that twelve months of "bridge flowers" are connected in series to celebrate children's birthdays. Fushan paper-cut is widely used in embroidery patterns of clothes, pillows, skirts, purses, shoes, hats and handkerchiefs in daily life, as well as paper banners, gold and silver mountains, bridges and horses, battle flags and so on needed for funeral, sacrifice and blessing. It is also used to print, cut and paste patterns of farm curtains, around dining tables, chairs, bedspreads, bedding and cloth.

▲ Binzhou paper-cut

Paper-cutting is popular in Huimin area of Lubei, Shandong Province. Most of them are window grilles or embroidery patterns. The style is rougher than Jiaodong. Symmetrical (folding-cutting) graphics in paper-cutting are very distinctive. Now the representative authors of paper-cutting are Zhao Qiuchun, Zhao Hengying, Ren, Zhang Jine.

▲ Yuxian paper-cutting

Paper-cutting in Yuxian County, Hebei Province has a history of 200 years. Good at window grilles, "the sky is high and the clouds are light" can be said to be the earliest form of window grilles, that is, painting and coloring mica sheets for decoration. Later, the woodcut watermark window grilles in Wuqiang County, Hebei Province were introduced, which absorbed its color characteristics and imitated the transparent effect of "bright sky", replacing cutting with engraving, forming the unique style of Yuxian paper-cutting. Yuxian paper-cutting is mainly based on "intaglio engraving" and "stippling", so there is a saying of "three division of labor and seven dyeing". Themes are mostly taken from opera characters, with auspicious images such as flowers, birds, fish, insects, birds and beasts.

▲ Nanjing paper-cut

According to historical records, paper was popular among the people in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in the Ming Dynasty. Among them, flowers and bean fragrant flowers are famous all over the world. In the past, Nanjing people decorated boxes, cabinets, quilts, pillows and other dowries with all kinds of wedding flowers cut from red paper. The theme of the pattern is to fill flowers, leaves and other auspicious patterns according to the needs and specific paper-cut shapes. It can be said that there are flowers in the flowers, questions in the questions, details in the rough, and spirits in the clumsy. There are operas, historical stories, folklore, auspicious patterns, flowers and so on. Color matching is generally composed of seven colors of wax paper, such as gold and red, pink, green, blue, orange, light yellow and black, and the effect is very strong. In Nanjing paper-cutting, most flowers are cut with scissors except fragrant flowers and door tags.

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Which two aspects of folk paper-cutting are the most famous?

There are two meanings. A shadow play in Luanxian County, Hebei Province, is said to have flourished in the early Ming Dynasty, but the earliest literature records only see Luanzhou Zhi in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. Locals call it "Laoting Shadow" instead of "Luanzhou Shadow", which may be called "Laoting Tune" to sing. One refers to Shandong shadow play. Shandong Shadow Play is also said to have been introduced from Hebei, and its singing is mostly Qin Liu accent. Its carvings are rough and simple, and its scripts are myths and legends and local historical stories.

▲ Ansai paper-cut

Paper-cutting spread in Ansai area in northern Yan 'an, Shaanxi Province. There are various forms, such as window flower, door painting, kang flower, hanging curtain flower, kiln top flower, table skirt flower, pillow flower, shoe flower, brand flower, belly flower and so on. There are several contents. One is to beautify the environment during the Spring Festival. There are many auspicious themes, such as birds, flowers, cows, sheep, pigs and dogs, lions and tigers. Second, it is used to decorate the wedding bridal chamber, such as paired pomegranate peony and birds; Third, it is used to make embroidery and cloth toys, with many pairs of pomegranate, peach, tiger doll and other patterns; Fourth, it is used for superstitious etiquette, such as the kitchen god, the god of wealth, and the paper man used for evocation.

▲ Jidong paper-cut

Paper-cut art in Qingyang and Pingliang, Gansu. Longdong paper-cutting has a long history and its style is rough and exaggerated. The paper-cutting in Zhengning, Ningxian, Heshui, Qingyang, Huachi and Huanxian in the east is simple and elegant. The styles of Xifeng and Zhenyuan in the middle are beautiful and neat; Pingliang, Jingchuan, Chongxin, Huating and Zhuanglang in the upper reaches of Jinghe River in the west are relatively simple and lively. There are many birds and animals, folk stories, opera figures, flowers in four seasons and so on. As far as its forms are concerned, there are door flowers, Kang kiln flowers, kiln top flowers, corsage flowers, grain storage flowers, lantern flowers, wedding flowers, hanging curtain flowers, fireworks, birthday flowers, embroidery patterns and so on.

▲ Fushan paper-cut

Fushan, Shanxi has the reputation of "the hometown of paper cutting". Its paper-cuts are all over the county and popular in the southwest of the mountain. Its forms are window grilles, fireworks and so on. The most distinctive feature is that twelve months of "bridge flowers" are connected in series to celebrate children's birthdays. Fushan paper-cut is widely used in embroidery patterns of clothes, pillows, skirts, purses, shoes, hats and handkerchiefs in daily life, as well as paper banners, gold and silver mountains, bridges and horses, battle flags and so on needed for funeral, sacrifice and blessing. It is also used to print, cut and paste patterns of farm curtains, around dining tables, chairs, bedspreads, bedding and cloth.

▲ Binzhou paper-cut

Paper-cutting is popular in Huimin area of Lubei, Shandong Province. Most of them are window grilles or embroidery patterns. The style is rougher than Jiaodong. Symmetrical (folding-cutting) graphics in paper-cutting are very distinctive. Now the representative authors of paper-cutting are Zhao Qiuchun, Zhao Hengying, Ren, Zhang Jine.

▲ Yuxian paper-cutting

Paper-cutting in Yuxian County, Hebei Province has a history of 200 years. Good at window grilles, "the sky is high and the clouds are light" can be said to be the earliest form of window grilles, that is, painting and coloring mica sheets for decoration. Later, the woodcut watermark window grilles in Wuqiang County, Hebei Province were introduced, which absorbed its color characteristics and imitated the transparent effect of "bright sky", replacing cutting with engraving, forming the unique style of Yuxian paper-cutting. Yuxian paper-cutting is mainly based on "intaglio engraving" and "stippling", so there is a saying of "three division of labor and seven dyeing". Themes are mostly taken from opera characters, with auspicious images such as flowers, birds, fish, insects, birds and beasts.

▲ Nanjing paper-cut

According to historical records, paper was popular among the people in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in the Ming Dynasty. Among them, flowers and bean fragrant flowers are famous all over the world. In the past, Nanjing people decorated boxes, cabinets, quilts, pillows and other dowries with all kinds of wedding flowers cut from red paper. The theme of the pattern is to fill flowers, leaves and other auspicious patterns according to the needs and specific paper-cut shapes. It can be said that there are flowers in the flowers, questions in the questions, details in the rough, and spirits in the clumsy. There are operas, historical stories, folklore, auspicious patterns, flowers and so on. Color matching is generally composed of seven colors of wax paper, such as gold and red, pink, green, blue, orange, light yellow and black, and the effect is very strong. In Nanjing paper-cutting, most flowers are cut with scissors except fragrant flowers and door tags.

Three schools:

Shandong folk paper-cutting:

Shandong folk paper-cut can be roughly divided into two categories from the modeling style.

One is the boldness of Bohai Bay, which is in the same strain as the paper-cutting in other provinces in the Yellow River Basin. One is the exquisite paper-cut with characteristics in the coastal area of Jiaodong, Shandong Province, which is mainly line-based and combines line and surface. It seems to come down in one continuous line with the subtle and complicated style of stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty in Shandong Province, and with its intensive decorative means, it makes the simple and refreshing appearance more full and rich.

Shandong Jiaodong called a woman with good skills a "liar". No matter which village she was in, people were proud of her. Their flower patterns are often spread around with fireworks on wallpaper, becoming the flower arrangement of villages far and near. The most common use of paper-cutting is to decorate windows. Most of the windows in Jiaodong are slender lattices, and generally only small flowers can be attached. Women give full play to their creativity, cut the big composition into strips by breaking it into parts, and then stick it on the window to form a complete picture. This kind of paper-cut called "window flower" is usually stuck on the "window heart". There are also "horn flowers", "window flowers" and "cockfighting flowers" hanging in front of the window, which constitute a series of "inter-culture". In order to match the layout of holiday rooms, paper-cutting is also used to decorate walls and ceilings, as well as decals for utensils.

Since ancient times, Shandong paper-cutting has shown its unique aesthetic function more and more. Therefore, folk "magicians" who are good at juggling pay more attention to skills. Those broken lines and burrs as thin as mosquito's feet often make people feel a wonder that ordinary people can't achieve.

Anhui folk paper-cutting:

Anhui folk paper-cut formed a professional team of artists earlier, replacing ordinary aesthetic creation with its embryonic form of artistic commerce.

However, I have always believed that whether craftsman-style paper-cut works are folk or not depends mainly on the objects they serve. If it is based on the general level of workers' collective aesthetic consciousness, it is also attached to the category of folk art. Conversely, if you are already showing off your stunts to cater to the leisure of the aristocratic class, it is no different from the royal craftsmen hired in the palace to carve dragons and phoenixes to make wedding dresses for others. Most of the "gardeners" in Anhui belong to the former, and Cheng Jianli in Fuyang is the most representative one.

Cheng Jianli likes to cut flowers since he was a child and studies hard with his grandmother. He is very spiritual. At first, he arranged flowers for the villagers voluntarily. Later, he made a living by skill, picked flowers and swam around the rivers and lakes, and practiced a good craft, singing flower songs in his mouth and carving patterns ordered by women in his hand. For him, there is no need to think hard about the composition of the business, and he will start working when he has a plan. Any shape of paper has an image, just tap its spiritual door with scissors in your hand.

This is especially true of the "Trident" painting. The outline of the veranda is like a few natural strokes dipped in thick ink, but with a little care, two relatively burning eyes are cut out, "painting eyes" are cut just right, and "playing eyes" are also pointed out-the alert eyes of two people looking for each other in the dark.

Yangzhou folk paper-cutting:

Yangzhou is one of the earliest areas where paper-cutting is popular. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people regarded paper-cutting as a kind of fun, embellishing and beautifying life. Speaking of it, it has something to do with Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang. After Yang Guang proclaimed himself emperor, he began to build Yangzhou in the first year of Daye (605), and when Hangou was completed and the canal was opened to traffic, he built a large-scale branch library here. He has been to Yangzhou three times and had a good time.

In Shanglinyuan, west of Yangzhou, there are exotic flowers, exotic plants, rare birds and animals from all over the country. Whenever he takes the maid-in-waiting to the garden at night, he doesn't turn on the light, so many fireflies are caught and sent there. All over the mountains are fluorescent, as bright as day. In winter, the flowers and trees in the garden wither, the water in the pool freezes, and the wanderers of Emperor Yang are not reduced. However, ladies-in-waiting imitate folk paper-cutting, decorate branches with colorful brocade, hang them on trees, and cut them into lotus flowers, dragonflies and lotus roots. Remove the ice from the pool and arrange the water one by one, just like the gorgeous scenery at the turn of spring and summer, which is pleasing to the eye. This kind of "firefly garden" and "cut music", like "lost building" and "dragon boat", reflect the evil life of emperor Yang Di, but from the side of cutting the ribbon for flowers, Yangzhou paper-cutting has a long history.

In the Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou had the custom of paper-cutting to welcome the Spring. On the day of beginning of spring, folk paper-cuts are flowers, and they are also cut into spring butterflies, spring money and spring victory, "hanging on the top of a beauty or under a flower", which makes people feel happy. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote the sentence "Carving gold to win the tradition, and cutting the ribbon to make people start the golden style", praising the beauty that paper-cutting is loved by people. At that time, paper-cutting was still superstitious. Yangzhou folk paper-cut people, paper horses and paper money are used to pay homage to ghosts and gods. Du Fu, a great poet, wrote in Peng ADB: "Warm soup is enough for me, and paper-cutting is enough for my soul", which is a reflection of this custom. 1980 In the spring, all walks of life in Yangzhou welcomed "Master Jian Zhen" back to his hometown to visit relatives. Yangzhou artists made a set of paper-cuts of Jian Zhen Da Monk, and Mr. Zhao Puchu wrote a poem "Recalling Jiangnan" for it, including the sentence "The moon sings all over the city, and the paper-cuts are magical and memorable". Love has inspired thousands of years of local customs, and the pen of genius has expressed his hometown.

The paper industry flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and there were large paper workshops in Yangzhou. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, a large number of high-quality tribute papers were produced. As a powerful material condition, it has also promoted the development of paper-cutting art. Since ancient times, there have been many exotic flowers and grasses in Yangzhou. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Yangzhou has been a satrap and poet, sending flowers and trees, decorating elegance, doing many things and writing many famous articles. This is an important factor in the theme of paper-cutting. Yangzhou paper-cut is dominated by flowers, which is indeed an important embodiment of the Millennium tradition.

Folk art influences, interacts and promotes each other. Yangzhou folk embroidery has an indissoluble bond with paper-cutting. First draw the embroidery pattern, cut it into paper, and then stick it on the cloth for embroidery. This method has lasted for a long time in Yangzhou, and it is still used in folk embroidery until now. Embroidery is also called embroidery. In the past, Yangzhou people always called paper-cut artists "cut flowers", which is due to the close relationship between the two arts.

In Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou brought prosperity to the city because of the development of salt industry in Jianghuai. Although salt merchants live in luxury, ordinary people also pay attention to clothes. Embroidery is the beauty of the room, from curtains to bedding pillowcases to mirror sachets and handkerchief pencil cases. As for weddings, birthdays and festivals, more embroidery patterns are used. These embroideries are based on paper cutting. Paper-cut artists use a pair of scissors and some plain paper to cut out vivid and auspicious patterns, so there are many folk artists who make a living by paper-cutting in Yangzhou. According to legend, during the reign of Jia Dao, the famous artist Bao Jun was famous for his exquisite skills. Under Baojun's scissors, flowers, birds, fish, insects and butterflies are all fascinating, because they have the reputation of "God scissors". At that time, people appreciated his cutting skills very much, and gave him a high evaluation of "Let him have a good spring breeze in February, it is better to cut weeping willows".