The Background of Hakka Dwellings in Gannan

According to Mr. Wan Younan's textual research, the earliest existing reliable enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi were all built in the late Ming Dynasty. Literature retrieval, as the "enclosure" of folk houses, was first seen in the late Ming Dynasty. After Kangxi, there were more and more records of attacking the city. Therefore, the appearance of enclosed houses should have started in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Enclosure appeared in a large number in southern Jiangxi, and began to form scale and characteristics in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. About 70% of the existing enclosed houses are after Daoguang. After entering the Republic of China, fewer enclosed houses were built. So why are there houses like closed houses? There are mainly the following reasons. From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the mid-Ming Dynasty, the Hakka surnames who moved in settled in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong for six or seven hundred years and multiplied for dozens of generations. Their population has greatly developed, and the clan's economic base is constantly expanding. Due to the germination of new economic factors at this time, in addition to traditional agriculture and cottage industries, some Hakkas engaged in specialized commercial activities or went out to make a living by handicrafts. The economic strength of many clans has also been greatly enhanced. For example, before Shangyou camp, Cai moved from Jishui to camp in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Because he was an official for generations in the Song Dynasty and his family background was prominent, he soon became a local gentry before and after moving to camp. In the Ming Dynasty, the development of the Chua family reached its peak, and it was a big family in both political and economic strength. As a result, during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the sixth ancestor Ben Taigong made a fortune and "donated 1,200 meters of stones to help Jiangnan and presented a commendation". His Sun Chaoquan also donated 1500 stones from the valley to alleviate Jingtai's hunger, and offered to build workshops and ceremonies. Zhong You, the seventh ancestor, was a philanthropist, and spent a huge sum of money to rebuild the Great Buddha Hall of Li Benmiao Music Temple, which was very spectacular.

In the third year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 192), the Chen family moved from Taihe to Ying Ying, where clan branches flourished. By the seventh century (about the end of Yuan Dynasty), there was already a considerable economic foundation, so ancestral temples and sub-temples began to be built. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, I began to write genealogy. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the strength of Chen clan was further strengthened. At this time, not only the population is prosperous, but also "dozens of people who eat and drink in rural areas" ("Chen Family Tree Chen Ancestral Hall before Camp") have the financial resources to set up public welfare undertakings. So, in the fourth year of tomorrow (1624), in order to cultivate civilization, Shuikou was closed. At the initiative of Linglong in Shangyou County, Cai's Wenfeng Pagoda (later renamed Longgong Pagoda to commemorate the dragon) was built in Chen's couplet book, next to the Fengshuikou on the east side of the camp. Two gentlemen named Wen Hui donated a tower and rented a field of 105 stone as a reward for the field that later learned to seek names.

With strong economic strength, it is possible to build large-scale houses like closed houses. Enclosure housing is a residential building characterized by emphasizing defense function, and its occurrence and development are obviously closely related to soldiers and thieves. Gannan is located at the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Hunan provinces, where "the mountains are secluded, and sometimes … thieves steal hair". So since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there have been riots or uprisings by mountain people here. After entering the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it became more and more powerful. For example, according to the statistics of the 13th edition of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, Ganzhou County Annals, Economy, Politics and Military, from the year of Zheng Deyuan (1506) to the 13th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1874), there were 148 recorded cases of using troops. This does not include the number of casualties in counties and territories led by Nan 'an Prefecture and Ningdu Zhili Prefecture, which Gannan belonged to at that time. In this 148 incident, there are 92 arms incidents originating from or affecting the "Three South", Anyuan, Xunwu and other areas, with an average of 1 incident every four years. However, the number of "small bandits" haunting the border mountains in this area is still unknown. This turbulent situation is an important reason for the emergence and development of closed houses.

In the investigation of enclosed houses, when people in enclosed houses are asked why their ancestors built enclosed houses, almost all the answers are "preventing bandits" and "preventing mutinous soldiers". Looking through the genealogy of surnames of enclosed houses, there are many similar records about the reasons for building enclosed houses. For example, Ma 'an Township, the capital city, reported a happy event. According to the genealogy "The Preface to the Happy Event" of Zhong Shi, it was recorded: "In recent years, thieves have been stealing bees, raising borders in panic, hiding in deep mountains and valleys, or eating in outer cities, suffering from wind and frost, and it is difficult to prepare; If you retreat back to your house, your room will be like a wall, your food will be a thief, and your clothes will be caught by bandits. After years of bandits, you will be restless. Therefore, the school began to think about the plan of consolidating the family and emphasized the anti-aggression law. " After the completion of the enclosed house, "there is no surprise in the morning, and the white hair sleeps in Changle, and the castle peak is Yong' an."

..... The formation of enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi is related to the official and civilian buildings such as castles, cottages and village paddocks in the history of southern Jiangxi.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, in order to deal with the "thieves and bandits" in the "Three Souths" and Anyuan areas, the government adopted the measures of setting up the "patrol inspection department city" (a military institution under the command of prefectures and counties to suppress resistance) and adding new county towns. Since the reign of Jiajing, Huang Xiang, Xiage and Yangjiao have been established in Anyuan, Longnan and Huichang counties respectively. Later, Dingnan, Changning (now Xunwu) and quannan county were added. In these counties, there are Gaoshabao Tucheng, Xinping Sicheng and Guanyinge City. These cities are mainly square, or built of earth or brick, and generally have only one or two gates. For example, Huang Xiang City "perimeter 125 feet, height 10 feet and 5 feet, will be zero in 200 years, and the door says: calm." Its circumference is only slightly larger than that of Kansai Xinwei and Dongsheng Wai. Guanyinge City "has a circumference of 225 feet, a height of one foot five feet, a width of nine feet, two doors and two towers", which is only the size of a village. For local governments, castles are built to prevent "thieves" more effectively. For the people, this turbulent situation also puts forward objective requirements for the common life and self-protection of some extended families. As a result, the government was used by the people, so some clans built defensive buildings such as "cities" and "villages". For example:

Before Shangyou camp, the Cai family was famous for its rich sound, and before the camp, it was in a remote mountainous area connected with Suichuan, Chongyi, Chenzhou and Guidong counties in Hunan Province. In addition, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the border areas of Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong provinces often suffered from hunger riots. Therefore, Cai had to consider how to defend the lives and property of his people. Therefore, in the Zheng De period of the Ming Dynasty, the ninth ancestor Gong Yuanbao, Yuan Xiang, Yuan Huan and so on. "Because (Yingcheng) is connected with Chen Gui, the mountains are deep and dense, and it is easy to hide traitors. It is suggested that the magistrate set up a city in Junmen Xingxian. Nine thousand people got six thousand silver and built an outer city, which is really amazing. " (Essays in the 19th year of Guangxu, "Records of Shangyou County" and "Records of Caiqian City") The city was originally named Caijiacheng, and was later called Chengcheng because it was built in front of Taifuying. In the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), before Li Wenbiao and others attacked the camp, Wu Gao, a magistrate of a county, consulted with Cai Chaoshu and Chao Huang, a health worker, and raised more than 7,000 yuan to build the inner city. The height of the city is one foot four feet five inches, the female wall is 287, the circumference is 344 feet, and the east, west, north and south are 113 feet. It's really spectacular, like a big castle! At this time, Chua's clan, "Before the cohabitation camp, there were thousands of fireworks in the road community; On the third night, the sound of books was buzzing ("A Textual Research on the Origin of Qi Wei Gong, the first genealogy of Cai's family").

The above-mentioned government "thinking" and folk "castles" will inevitably have an impact on the later enclosed houses. Judging from the appearance of the enclosure house, there are two doors in the large enclosure and one door in the small enclosure, which is also consistent with the company city. It is also the result of considering economy, practicality and convenience in life to change the tower into a turret and the city wall and crib into closed rooms and gun holes.

The influence of shanzhai and outside the village Gannan was a remote mountainous area in ancient times. "The mountains are deep and dense, and it is easy to hide traitors." Since the Song Dynasty, there have been farmhouses and village buildings here. For example, Chen Sanqiang of the Southern Song Dynasty bravely spoke out and confronted the government according to "Pine Nut Cottage". Yue Fei Zhai in silver pit town, Yudu County was built in the Southern Song Dynasty when Yue Fei led his troops to Ganzhou to suppress Zhou Shilong's uprising. Now it is a county-level cultural relics protection unit. In order to avoid "chaos", people often camp in the mountains near the village. Kou takes home to avoid the village, and Kou takes home to the village. Today, many abandoned cottages can still be seen in some remote villages in southern Jiangxi. Later, in order to better protect life and property, a "village enclosure" with a wall around the village appeared. The so-called village enclosure, that is, the enclosure that wraps the whole village, is different from enclosure: the enclosure is generally designed and built independently by a landlord or wealthy businessman, so the structure is more exquisite and the overall performance is good, and the residents in the enclosure are his descendants. Village enclosure is often a natural village that used to be the same clan (also has different clan surnames), and then for the sake of safety, people gather donations to start enclosure around the village. Therefore, its area is generally large, the plane is mostly irregular, and the surrounding buildings are mostly chaotic. The turret and gatehouse are determined according to the needs. This kind of village enclosure is found in almost every county in southern Jiangxi, and it is also common in places where houses are enclosed, and some houses are still within the village enclosure. Earlier village enclosure, such as Chengjiang Village enclosure in Geao Township, Yudu County, had four gates: East Gate, West Gate, South Gate and North Gate. At present, the county museum collects the steles of West Gate, South Gate and North Gate, and the inscription of "North Gate" is Wen Tianxiang at the end of Song Dynasty.

In a word, the enclosed houses are closely related to the castles, cottages and village walls in the history of southern Jiangxi. Judging from the appearance of the cottage, the village enclosure and the enclosed house, it is obvious that the enclosed house was born out of the cottage and the village enclosure; From the point of view of safety and convenience, the enclosed house is obviously superior to the village enclosure, and the village enclosure is superior to the bungalow; Judging from the defensive function of the enclosed house, the enclosed house is strongly influenced by the castle building.