Examples to analyze the strategic content of coordinating China's social class structure

Since the founding of New China, the class stratum structure of Chinese society has gone through two major historical changes, one of which took place in the early period of the founding of the country, when the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce was completed in 1956 in accordance with the requirements of the general line of the transitional period, and the original four classes (the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie) were transformed into two classes One class (the working class, the peasant class and the intellectual class). This period was characterized by the following: first, the impetus for change was mainly the socialist transformation of the ownership system of the means of production; second, political factors became the dominant factor in social stratification; third, the institutional factors of the identity system, the household registration system, and the unit system had a great influence on the stratification of social members; and fourth, the structure of China's social strata was basically in a state of stagnation and invariance. The second major change occurred after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the C****. It was manifested in the following ways: the proportion of peasants declined markedly and internal differentiation was rapid; the ranks of the working class grew markedly, and the jobs of many of the working masses changed; a number of strata and groups were restored and newly created, represented by the self-employed and the owners of private enterprises; the occupations and identities of many people changed frequently, and they were frequently mobile between different systems of ownership, different trades, and different geographical areas, so that at the present stage, the structure of the social strata of Chinese society was still This mobility, instability and blurring of boundaries are obviously important symbols of a society's progress and development during the period of system transition.

Due to the different perspectives, methods, and criteria adopted by researchers, there are more views on the overall generalization of the changes in social classes in China today. In summary, there are mainly the following views: (1) two classes and one stratum, i.e., the working class, the peasant class, and the intellectual class; (2) two classes and three strata, i.e., the working class, the peasant class and the intellectual class, the class of self-employed laborers, and the class of private entrepreneurs; (3) three classes and three strata, i.e., the working class, peasant class, the class of self-employed laborers and the intellectual class, employer class, and the class of managerial cadres; (4) four major classes, i.e., the cadre class, the worker-peasant class, the entrepreneur class, and the intellectual class; (5) the three-form theory, which holds that the social structure at the primary stage of socialism consists of a basic class (the working class and the peasant class), a special class (the intellectual class, which belongs to the working class on the whole, but is relatively independent), and a non-basic social group (e.g., self-employed labor, etc.); (6) Structural Theory of Interest Groups, which divides seven groups according to the stakes and demands of the ****same, and the situation and destiny of the ****same: the workers, peasants, cadres, intellectuals, self-employed laborers, also-workers and entrepreneurial groups. In addition, there is the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences put forward the ten classes, and so on.

Based on the class structure analysis method, the analysis path and the multiple division criteria based on occupation, the author divides China's social structure at this stage into eight classes and more than thirty groups.

The eight classes are: the peasant class, the working class, the intellectual class, the private-private class, the managerial class, the defense class, the bottom class of the society and the other classes. The above classes and the groups to which they belong can be divided into three types: one is the original, such as workers, peasants, intellectuals, cadres, etc.; the second is the restoration, i.e., previously existed, but later abolished, and now appeared, such as the self-employed; and the third is the newly created, such as rural migrant workers, stockholders, freelancers and intermediary organization practitioners. Due to the limitation of space, the following is a brief description and analysis of these classes and the groups to which they belong, so as to get a general overview of the changing situation of social classes in China at this stage.

1. Peasant Class

Peasant refers to the entire labor force in rural areas. The peasant class consists of eight groups: agricultural laborers, rural workers, private rural workers, hired workers, rural enterprise managers, rural managers, rural intellectuals, and domestic workers.

Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the changes in the countryside have been the most striking, and the division of peasants has been the most significant, with diversified practitioners replacing the homogeneous cultivators, and a large number of surplus rural laborers, guided by a strong desire to get rich, a liberal policy environment, and comparative interests, have broken away from the bounds of land, identity, and tradition, and have gone across industries, regions, and even countries to look for opportunities for wealth and new arenas for the development of their own talents. The new stage is a new opportunity for the people to show their talents.

In the future, we should pay close attention to and follow up the research on the main factors affecting the stratification of peasants, such as small towns, the reform of the household registration system, the structural adjustment of the agricultural industry, and the major challenges faced by agriculture after China's accession to the WTO; and we should also pay close attention to the main groups that will affect the occupational stratification of peasants to a large extent, such as the group of rural migrant workers, the group of intellectuals, and the group of privately owned and privatized workers.

2. The Working Class

Workers, as an important class in the social structure, are a product of the development of socialized mass production. The working class consists of eight groups: the group of worker operators, the group of professional and technical personnel, the group of service workers, the group of urban private privates, the group of retired persons, the group of non-engaged persons, the group of workers of other economic units (referring to all kinds of persons who work in and are paid by economic units of the associative economy, the joint stock economy, the foreign-invested economy and the economy with investment from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), and the group of workers' managers, etc.

2. ?

According to the National Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2000, there were 112.59 million workers nationwide***, of whom 78.78 million were in state-owned units, 14.47 million in collective units in towns and cities, and 19.35 million in other units, all of whom were less than in 1999. The reason for this, in broad terms, is "due to the implementation of the basic economic system of public ownership as the mainstay, a variety of ownership of the economy *** with the development of the socialist market economy, the implementation of the strategic adjustment of the economic structure".

Relative to the changes in the peasant class, the differentiation and development of the internal structure of the working class is still slower, and its changes are mainly reflected in the following: the total number of employees has accounted for half of the working population, and the team is growing; the technical composition and knowledge content of the team have increased, especially the "Intellectuals, as part of the working class, have greatly enhanced the scientific and cultural quality of the working class." Internal differentiation has accelerated, and the process of integrating the workforce in line with the requirements of the market economy has been increasingly strengthened; the internal structure has tended to be rationalized; the proportion of workers in state-owned and urban collective units has declined, and the proportion of workers in units of other ownerships has risen; the proportion of workers in the primary and secondary industries has declined, and the proportion of workers in the tertiary industry has risen; the privately owned private sector economy has been restored and developed to a great extent; and the channels of mobility of the workers have begun to change from The private and private economies have recovered and developed considerably; the channels of mobility for workers have begun to change from a single type to a variety of types; the jobs of some workers have changed as a result of the implementation of strategic adjustments in the economic structure, etc.; the room for occupational choice and free movement has been expanded; and the standard of living has continued to rise, with a gradual increase in the number of workers owning various kinds of assets. However, among the working class, there are still widespread problems of unequal opportunities, inconsistency between labor input and remuneration, further widening of the gap in the distribution of income within the workforce, difficulties in guaranteeing the basic livelihood of workers in enterprises in difficulty, slow progress in social insurance, difficulties in re-employment after being laid off, serious arrears in wages and medical fees, high rates of occupational diseases and work-related injuries, the termination and dissolution of labor contracts in the context of labor relations among workers and various cases of labor disputes that have resulted from this, and the high number of workers' capital and other assets. The termination and cancellation of labor contracts and the resulting labor disputes, the loss of workers' capital rights, and a series of new phenomena and problems. As a result, they are now particularly concerned about the reform of the medical system, the reform of the housing system, pension security, wage reform and the employment of workers.

3. Intellectual Class

The intellectual class can be divided into three groups, namely, the group of professional and technical personnel (including engineering technology, agricultural technology, and health technology personnel), the group of teaching and research personnel, and the group of students (students in universities and colleges).

Intellectuals refer to the workers with secondary school education or above, or with the same cultural and professional level, who are mainly engaged in mental labor and devoted to the spiritual and cultural production activities of knowledge creation, discovery, accumulation, application and dissemination. After receiving considerable education and training, they have mastered more specialized and systematic knowledge and are engaged in special occupations different from those of other classes. They are the elites of the society, the conscience of the society, the core figures in the creation and dissemination of culture, and bear the special mission of developing education, science, art and morality. They are in the midst of the society, but they always take the attitude of a builder and a critic, keep a kind of vigilance to the society and keep a certain distance from the secular society, so as to guide and promote the development of the society in the direction of more civilization in their own unique way.

On the status of intellectuals in the social structure, our Party's understanding of this has gone through a complex process, mainly centering on the political status of intellectuals. Today, the intellectuals are regarded as part of the working class, and their inclusion in the Party has "greatly enhanced the scientific and cultural quality of the working class" and strengthened the Party's class base.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2000 there were 21,651,000 professional and technical personnel in state-owned enterprises and institutions (excluding administrative organs), of whom 5,551,000 were engineers and technicians, 670,000 were agricultural technicians, and 3,372,000 were health technicians, adding up to 9,570,000 people. As far as the teaching staff is concerned, in 2000 there were 10.905 million full-time teachers and 275,000 scientific researchers. In terms of the student body of colleges and universities, in 2000 there were 10,456,000 students enrolled in colleges and universities***. College and university students are the "barometer" of social life, and play a special role in promoting social development.

It is foreseeable that in the era of knowledge economy and network economy, the intellectual class will accelerate its development, and there will be a new large-scale division and reorganization within the class, and ultimately achieve the purpose of expanding the scale, optimizing the structure, and achieving excellent results in the whole.

4, private private class

It consists of two groups: individual laborers and private entrepreneurs (including individual industrialists). Private operators refer to laborers who privately own the means of production and products, bear the risks alone, are responsible for their own profits and losses, and operate independently. Since the reform and opening up, China's private economy has enjoyed unprecedented development, and the large team of private operators has become an independent social class in China, with a broad and profound impact on society as a whole. As far as this part of the private sector is concerned, it has the following three distinctive features:

First, the speed of development is rapid. They have grown from strength to strength, from small to large, and have now taken on considerable proportions. According to statistics, at the end of June 1999, there were 2.81 million registered private entrepreneurs nationwide, employing 15.03 million people and running more than 1.28 million enterprises of various kinds. At the end of 1999, there were 6,126,800 individual enterprises nationwide, creating an industrial output value of 229.28 billion yuan. At present, among the rich people in the country, the most typical, gradually becoming a climate, has become a board fast, the most attention is the private entrepreneur class.

Second, the momentum of development is good.

Third, the social prestige has improved greatly.

The report of the 16th National Congress of the People's Republic of China*** pointed out, "We must unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public economy. Individual, private and other forms of non-publicly owned economy is an important part of the socialist market economy, and plays an important role in fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all aspects of society and accelerating the development of productive forces." Private enterprises have gone from being "transformed and eliminated" to being "not to be outlawed hastily" and "allowed to exist", and from being "a useful supplement" to being "an important part of the economy". "to "an important part", the deepening and sublimation of understanding and practice time and again give us reason to believe that this class will have a great development in the great practice of carrying out the first venture and realizing the second venture.

5, managerial class

This class consists of two groups of leading cadres and general cadres. China's cadre stratification is basically the same as China's administrative stratification. We used to divide cadres into 30 levels, with different levels enjoying different treatment. This kind of stratification later became the basis for other social stratification, the so-called reference implementation, and at the same time created China's official system. The situation has changed considerably in the past two decades.

In a sense, in fact, cadres are management. Any society at any time can not be separated from the management, can not be separated from the administrator. at the end of 1999, the number of employees of state organs, party and government organs and social organizations has reached 10.88 million people, accounting for the proportion of all employees jumped into double digits, reaching 10.82%. According to statistics, the ratio of government officials to the people in China over the ages has been 1:7945 in the Han Dynasty, 1:3927 in the Tang Dynasty, 1:911 in the Qing Dynasty, and today it has reached 1:30. The state apparatus has become increasingly large. It should be pointed out that the division of leading cadres and general cadres is not absolute, depending on the specific situation of each department and region. For example, section-level cadres have more power at the county level, while in the central ministries and commissions, they are general cadres and section members. With the acceleration of the cadres "four" process, the age structure, knowledge structure and professional structure of the managerial class has been greatly improved, but the relationship between the party and the cadres still tend to be tense. According to relevant surveys, corruption, which has a bearing on the life and death of the Party, is still the issue that the public is most concerned about and hates. The repeated inflation of administrative agencies and staff in one institutional reform has also lowered people's expectations of the reform ...... On the above issues, we should pay attention to them in a highly responsible attitude towards the nation and the country, so as to really make the management organs and administrators play a stalwart and exemplary role in the modernization construction.

6. The defense class

It consists of two groups such as the military group and the group of public security, security and armed police personnel. Their main task is to defend national security and territorial integrity, maintain social order and combat all kinds of criminal activities, is a very special class. Soldiers are persons with military status in the army, which is an armed group subordinate to the State or political group for the execution of political tasks. At present, more than 2.5 million Chinese soldiers are organized into a hierarchical group structure with a strict hierarchy according to the established establishment, and the whole army consists of seven military districts and four major branches of the armed forces. The material treatment, values, activities, lifestyles, cultural life, and psychological state of military personnel differ considerably from those of non-military personnel. The main task of the military is external, while the main task of the public security and armed police is internal, i.e., maintaining social order, combating criminal activities, and ensuring the safety of people's lives and property. "Politically qualified, militarily competent, excellent in style, strictly disciplined, and strongly safeguarded" are the requirements of the Party Central Committee for them. The country's existing public security personnel of more than 1.3 million, is a special front of socialism with Chinese characteristics of the builders.

7, the bottom class of society

This class consists of five groups such as the poor group, the disabled group and the criminal group. In a society, there are always some people at the bottom of society, although their numbers do not account for a large proportion of the composition of the society, but their special characteristics always make them become the focus of society, especially the social management organs or control organs.

As far as the poor group is concerned, there are 331 poor counties in China that were once the focus of state support, and by the end of 2000 there were still 30 million rural people to be lifted out of poverty, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to do so. The urban poor caused by a variety of factors such as layoffs have become a new social problem. At present, tens of millions of people in urban areas have a per capita monthly cost-of-living income that is below the poverty line. The 2000 China Statistical Yearbook shows that in 1999 the number of urban residents covered by the minimum subsistence guarantee was 2.659 million. In terms of traditional relief, the number of poor rural households receiving relief in 1999 was 16,598,000, and the number of urban households in difficulty receiving relief and subsidies was 1,571,000. The right to survival and the right to development are the basic rights of every human being, and the problem of poverty is no longer merely an economic phenomenon; it has become a major social and political issue. If the problem of poverty remained unresolved for a long time while the economy continued to develop rapidly, it would seriously affect social stability and the realization of the goals of the three-step strategy. The Chinese Government has attached great importance to this issue and has taken various vigorous measures to eliminate poverty.

As for the disabled community, China currently defines the scope of the disabled as those with incomplete limbs, blindness, deafness, inability to speak and mental problems. At present, there are some 60 million disabled persons in the country*** who, because of their special physical condition, lack the conditions for earning a living as normal people do, and many of them therefore lead rather difficult lives and are a disadvantaged group in society, in need of social sympathy and support. The Chinese Government has made great efforts in this regard, and the China Disabled Persons' Federation has done a lot of solid work in this regard, which has led to a great deal of development in the cause of the disabled in China.

On the subject of criminal groups, many new situations have arisen over the past decade or so, with a wide variety of forms and means of committing crimes, as well as an increasing intellectualization, grouping, youthfulness and mobility, and a rapid rise in the number of cases in rural areas and cases involving foreigners. At present, social security is still an important issue of concern to all sectors of society, especially drug crimes, juvenile delinquency, the continued rise in rural criminal cases, and the infiltration of triad organizations from abroad into the mainland, and other prominent problems, which are of particular concern to the people and the management.

8. Marginal class

Mainly refers to the social members of the class belonging to a large cross, but the group to which it belongs to have a large homogeneous isomorphism **** the same body. In the group characteristics they have a large marginal, intersectional, critical and newborn. At this stage, this class mainly includes four groups such as shareholders group, intermediary organizers group, freelancers group and corruption group.

The stockholders' group is a new group created with the deepening of reform and opening up, and its members come from all walks of life in the society. According to preliminary statistics, the number of Chinese stockholders in the first half of 2000 reached more than 50 million. According to the Economic Observer, foreign investors believe that in the next three to five years, the reform of the capital market will see a new dawn, and within five years, it is expected that China will grow to become the largest stock market in the Asian region, and the total amount of capital even exceeds that of the Japanese market. Experts predict that by 2005, there will be 5,000 listed companies in China, whereas there are only about 1,200 listed companies in the A-share market at present. The capitalization of the stock market will far exceed 100% of the GNP. Some economists predict that by 2010, the GNP will also exceed 3 trillion RMB. There is no doubt that in the great process of establishing a socialist market economy system, the stockholders' community will have a great development.

Intermediary organization practitioners group: this group is a product of the market economy. The report of the Fifteenth National Congress of the Party points out that it is necessary to "cultivate and develop social intermediary organizations." To participate in all kinds of intermediary activities in society with the image of fair and impartial intermediaries is the biggest feature of intermediary organizations. The development of social intermediary organizations is conducive to the adjustment of the relationship between the government and society, and is conducive to systematically severing the administrative "umbilical cord" between the government and enterprises, which is the medium of contact between the government and enterprises, and is an indispensable and important condition for the normal functioning of the market system and the establishment of a modern enterprise system, and is an important force in regulating the behavior of enterprises and the market. To develop and improve the socialist market system, it is necessary to vigorously develop all kinds of social intermediary organizations, and to give full play to their roles of service, coordination, communication, notarization and supervision. At present, the development of market intermediary organizations is relatively lagging behind, highlighting the inability to adapt to the requirements of the development of the market economy; structural irrationality, the development of unbalanced, "government-run" more, "private" less, and so on. In the future, we need to raise awareness, improve the system, clear positioning, improve the system, strengthen the function, cultivate talents on more efforts.

Freelancer group. It is a new group born in the reform and opening up, is a product of the market economy, is a direct result of the increasingly free choice of employment. The typical characteristics of this group is: its members do not have a unit, does not account for the establishment, the way of work and remuneration and each other temporarily agreed. Some of them are journalists, some are editors, some are freelance writers, and some are salesmen ....... Self-employed people are the lubricant of the market and a good choice for trying to realize their potential. In the face of the various barriers to mobility that have still not been completely broken down, in the face of huge population pressure and a serious imbalance between supply and demand, in the face of the scoundrels who learn not to use, and in the face of a variety of temptations and stimuli, the freelance community will have a flourishing development.