What are the schools of western art

1. Romanesque vs. Gothic art styles?

Romanesque art style refers to a style of art that emerged in Europe between the ninth and twelfth centuries that focused on architecture, including sculpture, painting, and the arts and crafts. And Gothic art style refers to the twelfth to early sixteenth century in Europe emerged a new type of architecture-based art style, including sculpture, painting and arts and crafts.

2. Characteristics of ancient Roman portrait sculpture

Roman sculpture inherited the Greek sculpture in pursuit of the "true beauty" of the tradition, but more secular than the Greek period of sculpture, in the Roman period, many militarists or politicians asked the sculptor to create a portrait, and even the Romans often use sculpture to retain the image of the dead. This objective in the road of realism is another solid step forward. The achievements of Roman sculpture is mainly manifested in the portrait sculpture and monument sculpture, these portrait sculpture is not only similar to the shape at the same time also pay close attention to the performance of character traits. The more famous ones are "full-body statue of Augustus" and "Caracalla statue". At this time in the monumental sculpture to the grand and solemn instead of the factory in the past beautiful and elegant.

3. Hellenistic era style

A, the diversity of subjects

Hellenistic period of sculpture, there are still very close to the classical art style, such as the Venus statue, there are many embodied in that stage of life and death or beauty and ugliness of the subject matter of the struggle, or mixed with the tragic color of the stylized statues. And in the classical period symbolizes the goddess of love, beauty, Venus began to ascend the throne of art.

Second, more mature skills

Hellenistic period of sculpture skills more mature. Milos of Aphrodite" is one of the representative works of that period. Its body beautiful, deep expression, skin round, the Greek sculpture of the sublime and beautiful perfect fusion, the infectious force is very strong.

Three, regional differences are becoming more and more obvious

Ancient Greece around the sculpture style began to appear weathered. Egyptian region mainly to the city in the secular characters as the object of expression, such as fishermen, vagabonds, drunkards and so on. They were still influenced by Greek culture in their artistic creations, but their own long and mellow cultural traditions began to emerge at this time.

4. What is the contrast between Romanesque and Gothic art styles?

Romanesque art style refers to a style of art that emerged in Europe between the ninth and twelfth centuries, which was based on architecture, including sculpture, painting and arts and crafts. And the Gothic art style refers to the twelfth to the early sixteenth century in Europe emerged in a new type of architecture-based art style, including sculpture, painting and arts and crafts. Comparison of the two styles of art (church architecture)

5. Ancient Greek sculpture why attach great importance to the performance of the human body

Ancient Greeks worshiped the human body, advocating strength and nature, their gods are idealized people, their major activities are held in the Games, the Games athletes are naked to participate in the show of strength and human beauty, is now the Olympic Games before

The human body is not only used as a sculpture, but also as a means of sculpture, the human body is not only used as a means of sculpture, but also as a means of sculpture. >The human body is not only used as the most material for sculpture, but also the human body has helped sculpture art toward the perfection of expression.

6. Four features of Romanesque architecture

I. The basic archetype of Romanesque architecture is the church, just as the temple was to ancient Greek art. It was only natural that the church should be the principal building in an age of strong religious belief, and that it should be the richest, the most learned, the best-equipped, and the ubiquitous institution of the time. II. In terms of technical treatment, Romanesque buildings were designed and built with vaulted ceilings and curved structures of stone to cover the space.

III. The aesthetic point of view of Romanesque architecture is that the buildings are huge and complex, emphasizing the light and dark contrast method (so that the light shines in from the few small holes), but the decoration of the building is simple and crude.

Four. Art forms have a primary and secondary relationship: architecture is dominant, while other artistic activities, such as painting, sculpture, mosaic art, etc., is subordinate.

7. Gothic art style

characterized by towering, eerie, bizarre, mysterious, horror, etc., is widely used in architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, music, clothing, fonts and other areas of the arts, Gothic art is exaggerated, asymmetrical, peculiar, light, complex and multi-decorative, with frequent use of vertical extension of the line as a major feature of its main representative elements include black dress, bats, and other elements. representative elements include black dress up, bats, roses, lone castle, crows, crosses, blood, black cats and so on.

8. Several major stages of European medieval art

Early Christian art [2nd century - 5th century A.D.] Byzantine art [5th century - 15th century A.D.] Romanesque art [10th century A.D. - 12th century A.D.] Gothic art [12th century - 15th century A.D.]

9. Akhenaten Period Style

In Akhenaten's time, the interpretation of God can be said to be very gentle, and his artists carved the sunlight in straight lines, and the light rays all ended in a small human hand caressing In Akhenaten's time, he showed the art of royal family members in a handsome manner. Akhenaten's art was naturalistic and realistic, and early depictions of Akhenaten often seemed exaggerated, but later sculptors experimented with a more naturalistic style that emphasized a sense of space and movement

10.Differences and Similarities between Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman Architecture and Art

The most famous building of Ancient Greece was the Acropolis of Athens. Acropolis architecture is mainly temples, reflecting the religious beliefs of the Greeks

Esteem and democratic political concepts, it is beyond the scope of the general religious buildings. It was the residence of the spirit, the abode of the joyful symbols of the marriage of feeling and will

. Roman architecture in the Greek columns on the basis of the improvement of the two new columns. The Romans loved splendor ◇often incorporating Greek decorations into their buildings to make them more ornate. The decorative Corinthian style was most used by the Romans, and they also created a perfect system of arched structures to accommodate the grand interiors, creating many new types of buildings, such as rectangular colonnaded halls, public **** baths, and other prestigious buildings with a strong practical purpose.

11. Differences and similarities between Assyrian and Sumerian art

The Assyrian civilization relied on the achievements of the south, but reinterpreted them to suit its own characteristics. to suit its own characteristics.

The Assyrian temples and the Gikulata were modeled on Sumerian forms. Its palaces were far more massive and opulent than those of Sumer

. Assyrian art, influenced by its rulers' expansion of their frontiers, was repetitive in its portrayal of war scenes, with each battle portrayed in minute detail and further illustrated by text. Huge reliefs and roundels, a strange combination.

12. Egyptian frescoes from the time of the Ancient Kingdom Characteristics

Flat unfolding: Egyptian artists, however, did not paint according to the laws of perspective, but freely unfolded the various parts of the painting. Full picture: tomb murals require a strong decorative. So generally to achieve a full composition, sparse and dense,

Multi-layer arrangement: this is also a way to change the three degrees of space into two degrees of space In the expression of a large number of people in the vast scene, they will be before and after the depth of the relationship between the upper and lower planar relationship between the above for the far, the following for the near size: the king, the tomb masters painted the largest, followed by the ministers and attendants, slaves are the smallest. Multi-faceted modeling: In order to show the characteristics of the object, the treatment of the image in Egyptian paintings also adopted an idealized approach.

13. Ancient Egyptian sculpture of the artistic characteristics

: upright posture, arms close to the torso, the front straight to the viewer; focus on the depiction of the figure's head, the other parts of the carving of the more abbreviated; facial contours and real, solemn expression; according to the figure of the status of the proportion of the size of the determination of the level of the figure; statue coloring, the eyes are often inlaid with crystals, quartz, and other things

Renaissance

His work is a distorted reflection of the spiritual crisis of the Spanish society and the old aristocracy in the second half of the 16th century. His limitation was that he failed to go out of the world of the aristocrats and unite with the masses. El Greco is both dramatic and dramatic. El Greco's dramatic and expressive style of painting was recognized by Ken in the 20th century. Géricault is recognized as a pioneer of Expressionism and Cubism, and influenced Pablo Picasso. Influenced Pablo Picasso. He tried to depict the tautness of faith in an exaggerated stylistic manner. This exaggeration also crossed the boundaries of stylism, incorporating Renaissance classicism.

2. What are the differences between Titian's artistic style before and after? Why?

Differences: In his early years, his paintings were neat and delicate, full of vitality and opulence, always showing a colorful and gorgeous world that exuded the joy of life. In his later years, his brush strokes were vigorous and bold. Reason: the Renaissance era advocate competition, the pursuit of reputation of the social trend has a profound impact on Titian's artistic choices, which is reflected in the Titian of ancient sculpture and Michelangelo's art of imitation borrowing, and Michelangelo as a competitive goal of the central region of Italy painting vocabulary digestion and transformation, this imitation borrowing of another reason, is that Titian was taught by the Venetian tradition of the art of the lack of expression of the tragedy and violence of the applicable artistic vocabulary of the theme. Another reason for this imitation and borrowing is that the Venetian artistic tradition, in which Titian was educated, lacked a suitable artistic vocabulary for the expression of tragic and violent themes. In addition, Titian's superior social status in his later years not only strengthened Titian's self-consciousness, but also enabled him to create art in a relatively relaxed environment, so that he was able to practise artistic reforms on the themes of tragedy and violence that interested him, and the richness of expression of tragedy and violence in his later art most fully demonstrated the appearance of Titian's late style.

2. What were Raphael's major artistic achievements?

Raphael's large-scale decorative frescoes for the Vatican's Signature Hall, which include the three frescoes of The Academy of Athens, Mount Barnes, and The Debate on the Holy Scriptures, which express a humanist's pursuit of truth and happiness

The Academy of Athens is the most famous of all, and demonstrates that the young Raphael possessed an incomparable artistic talent. Centering on the famous ancient Greek thinker Plato and his disciple Aristotle, it depicts the glorious image of many ancient philosophers, scientists and artists who were respected by the humanists of the time as freely arguing and thinking for the search of scientific truth. The composition of the picture is clear, the characters are gathered and scattered, sparse and dense, the use of tall semicircular arches of ancient Rome as a background with a strong sense of depth, both to strengthen the painting's grandeur, but also to make the picture and the architectural structure of the integration of the whole. Raphael is a master of depicting the female image, and the image of the Madonna he depicted is a shining example of female image in the history of art. The Sistine Madonna is one of his most famous altarpieces. It is a beautiful ode to the Virgin's dignity and worldly love. The perfection of the art form he created has been very influential in the history of Western European painting

3. What are Botticelli's masterpieces?

The last master of the Florentine school of painting, The Birth of Venus and Spring. The Birth of Venus is a picture of a world of beauty and love, but the face of the goddess of beauty with its purity and shyness shows an inner sadness. However, on the face of this goddess of beauty with purity and shyness, there is a kind of expression of inner sorrow, and this deep mood is also expressed in another work of his, Spring

4. Characteristics of Spanish art in the Renaissance period

The 17th century was the time when baroque art was popular in Europe, and the 17th-century Spanish art is often categorized in the history of art as baroque art. At the same time, due to the outstanding achievements of Velázquez in painting, people also call the 17th century Spanish art "Velázquez Era".

The most outstanding painters in Spain in the first half of the 17th century were Rivera, Subarang and Velázquez, and the most important painter in Spain in the second half of the 17th century was Murillo

5. Michelangelo's sculptures and paintings are representative works and their characteristics of the art.

Sculpture: "David", "Mourning Christ", "Moses", "Dying Slave", "Morning", "Twilight", "Night", etc.

Painting: Zenith painting "Genesis" altarpiece "The Last Judgment"

"David" is 2,5 meters high, left leg forward, left hand holding the shoulder of the pitcher strings, look resolute, gaze, sideways looking ahead. David" sends Michelangelo drive away the strong desire of the invaders. This work is regarded as the defense of the motherland, a typical image of the heroic battle, but also become the later generations of artists to learn the sculpture of the model, is the history of sculpture is one of the most

Outstanding works. Genesis, although painted God, prophets and mythological figures, but not the slightest mystical color, 343 characters

are Michelangelo's mind the embodiment of heroic characters, one by one, tall, glowing spirit, the expression of man's infinite power

The Last Judgement, he painted a large number of nudes in a giant crowd with superhuman courage and fearlessness, to show the

man's endless power

The last judgement, he painted a large number of nudes in a crowd of giant people, to express

Michaelangelo's life is a great success.

Human will and power. Obviously, Michelangelo created this painting to openly express his conflict with feudal consciousness

6. Artistic Characteristics of the Venetian School

Emphasis was placed on the pursuit of nuances of color and light. From the very beginning, the Venetian school had a gentle lyrical style which made

the following artistic characteristics: the painters paid attention to color in their paintings, which were rich and varied, and they attached importance to the depiction of natural scenery; they painted more women than men, and they also painted angels, Christs, and the Virgin Mary, but their works didn't show any suffering and sad faces, and the figures in the pictures were rich in body, richly dressed, and had delicate and white skin, which were regarded as idealized figures; the Venetian school was also known as the Venetian school of painting, and it was the first school of painting in Venice. They are regarded as idealized figures; another characteristic of the Venetian School is that they are highly decorative

7. Leonardo da Vinci's representative works and his artistic ideas

Representative works: Mona Lisa, Madonna of the Rocks, The Last Supper, St. Anne and the Holy Factor

Artistic ideas: Leonardo da Vinci flew the banner of physicality and studied the influence and domination of the quantity of air, and the world is a The world is a rational mathematical relationship, therefore. Art is the reproduction of nature must also be based on this mathematical relationship of nature, the harmony and unity of mathematical relationships is the basic conditions of fine art

8. Briefly describe the difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Netherlandish Renaissance art.

(1) the Netherland's art there are obvious traces of fine painting and inlaid stained glass; (2) Italy is very popular frescoes, the Netherland is popular altarpieces; (3) the Netherland, unlike Italy by the influence of Ancient Greece, has a deeper tradition of Gothic fine art, the Middle Ages has not yet fully receded; (4) Italy in the name of the ancients paintings of the Ming dynasty of women, only to add a "holy" or "god". "or" God "label, the countryside does not have enough knowledge, the Netherland is different, the times, the reality of the encounter gave it a difficult task, that is, the task of national independence.

17th and 18th centuries

1. Rubens's paintings have the spirit of humanism

He accepted the Italian Baroque art and also the Italian humanist thought, the spirit of humanism firstly manifested in the creation of the subject matter, and it was one of the few people who expressed the "pagan" subject matter of Ancient Greece and Rome in those times. Secondly, it is manifested in the shape of the characters. The obese woman in Rubens' works reveals a strong humanitarian thought. This has had a profound influence on later generations. The passion in his works influenced the Romanticism of later generations. The light in his works influenced later generations of Impressionism.

2. Discuss the spirit of realism embodied in Rembrandt's creations in the context of his works

The Carpenter's Family, with its strong contrasts, is able to focus people's attention and interest and to bring out the light with the gloom and darkness, which sinks us immediately away from the reality into the realm of art.

All illusions in art are original, and all illusions in art are original. All fantasy in art is a synthesis that is richer in formality than reality itself. A scene so simple, so mediocre, that it threatens to make the painting a miniature, is saved by the mysterious air of light and darkness, by which we are led away from reality, without being imprisoned by these exact realities. His realism is earthly, his spiritual expression is indeed religious. The true reproduction of the thing and its deep poetic expression are blended in just the right way. His work became a mixture of naturalistic and lyrical components.

3. What are the characteristics of Vermeer's art?

It is extremely personal. He was a poet of serenity. He was a master of depicting changes in light and shadow. He did not use chiaroscuro to emphasize dramatic effects. Rather, he diminishes the intensity of its contrast, which is used to create subtle changes in light and shadow and a sense of space to achieve the purpose of lyricism.

4. Reasons for the Rise of Baroque Art and Its Main Artistic Characteristics

Though Baroque art was not invented by religion, it served the church, and the church, which was utilized by religion, was its strongest pillar. The Baroque art style was strongly supported by the church and was mainly popular in Italy, Flanders, Spain and other countries where Catholicism was prevalent. The works of the Italian art master Bernini and the Flemish painter Rubens reflect the most brilliant achievements of Baroque art in the 17th century.

5. What are the characteristics of Western art in the 17th and 18th centuries

Baroque was the mainstream of art in the 17th century, Rococo art was the main representative in the first half of the 18th century, and neoclassicism was formed in the second half of the 18th century

leaf of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century.

Baroque art considers itself a continuation of Renaissance art, with a dramatic style of art, pursuing light that is not natural

real light, and using light to express atmosphere and spirituality, and to feel for people.

Rococo style originated in the eighteenth century in France, its style of extravagant and gorgeous, exquisite and flashy, the momentum is not as good as the Baroque style, but the victory in the technique is exquisite, refined craftsmanship.

Neoclassicism, emphasizing the relationship between sketching and contempt for the use of color, color tends to be cold, emphasizing the line and rigorous shape and exclude the rendering and free penmanship, painting compositions, more static, keen to aspire to ancient Greece, ancient Roman art, tends to be the expression of the form rather than imaginative.

6. Three styles of art were popular in the 17th century and their social causes

Baroque was the mainstream of art in the 17th century. Italy Carrazzi, Sibanya Velasquez as the main representative of any character, Baroque molding characters pay attention to the majesty and majesty

France, due to the ruler of Louis XIV, advocated the classical painting of the Lafayette School, the art is characterized by classicism. Represented by Poussin.

The Netherlands was the first to embark on the road of capitalism, the influence of the emerging bourgeoisie trend, reflected in the art of the citizens. Much customary paintings, portraits. Representatives of Lundrum and so on.

7. An analysis of the characteristics of 17th century Dutch still life painting

A, the authenticity of the image of the second, the picture of the comprehensive third, professional and personalized

8. 17th century Dutch portrait painter Hals art features

Full of an optimistic mood, in painting skills are unique, using smooth and unrestrained, free flowing large brush strokes, showing bold and confident form and spirit. The use of large, fluid and free brushstrokes to express the image of a bold, confident, life-like figure is a prominent feature of his portraits.

9. Differences between 17th century Dutch landscape painting and academic landscape painting

The 17th century Dutch landscape painting depicted a plain and uninteresting countryside. The "selective resemblance to nature", which is part of the idea, memory and emotion of *** enjoyment, brings nature back to the viewer. Painting favors the rigorous style of simplicity and realism. Thus, the academy means rigor and standardization, but also means conservative.

10.The Artistic Characteristics of Dutch Painting in the 17th Century and Its Influence on Later Generations

The 17th century was the golden age of Dutch painting. The victory of the revolution led to economic and cultural prosperity. This new country was one of the centers of advanced thought in Europe at that time. Dutch painters embraced national pride. With a realistic approach in the works of the people of the motherland life and natural scenery and so on. Painting from the court aristocracy and the Catholic Church's dependence, began to serve the emerging civic class. With the emergence of the painting market and painting merchants, paintings became commodities on the market. In order to satisfy the life and aesthetic needs of the citizens, the varieties of paintings were greatly expanded. In addition to religious and historical paintings and portraits, customs, landscapes, still-lifes and animal paintings also developed into important types of paintings.

11. What are the characteristics of Vermeer's art?

Victor Vermeer's art is extremely personal. He was a poet of serenity. He was a master in depicting the changes of light and shadow. He did not use chiaroscuro to emphasize dramatic effects. Rather, he diminished the intensity of its contrast to create subtle changes in light and shadow and a sense of space, to achieve the purpose of lyricism.

12. How to recognize Baroque art?

It has both religious characteristics and hedonistic colors; secondly, it has a strong Romanticism Thirdly, it strongly emphasizes, movement, fourthly, it is very concerned about the sense of space and three-dimensionality of the work; fifthly, Baroque art emphasizes the comprehensive means of art forms Sixthly, it has a strong religious colors, religious themes in Baroque art occupies a dominant position Seventhly, most of the artists of Baroque have a tendency to stay away from the life and times,

The Baroque art has a tendency to stay away from the life and times,

This is the most important thing. The difference between the two schools of painting in the Netherlands and Flanders in art

Flanders in the 17th century was different from the independent Netherlands, which was still under the control of the Spanish feudal dictatorship and the Catholic Church, and its fine arts were affected by the Renaissance on the one hand, and the secular nature became more and more obvious; on the other hand, it developed an aristocratic style to meet the aesthetic requirements of the court aristocrats and the church. Developed an aristocratic flavor, opulent decorative style, became an important part of the European Baroque art movement.

14. The significance and influence of Caravaggio's art

Caravaggioism influenced the whole of Europe at that time and pushed the art of realism to a new stage. The emergence of Caravaggio's art, with its distinctive democratic ideology, was related to the turbulent times in Italy at that time.

15. The reason for the rise of Baroque art

is the seventeenth-century European art style, first originated in the seventeenth century in Rome under the rule of the Pope, when Italy was the center of European art, but in the late Baroque, the center of European art shifted to France, and it does not have a clear art style, can only be considered a hobby and fashion.