Investigation on freshwater organisms in Chaoshan area

Pre-Chaoshan generation, chapter 3, dawn of civilization, section 1

Ting Huang [Chaoshan history]

Chaoshan before Tang Dynasty Chapter III Early Dawn of Civilization (Chaoshan from 6000 BC to 222 BC)

In this chapter, we can only summarize the historical evolution of this area in the pre-Qin period based on limited archaeological discoveries. ① We divide this long period of 8000 years into four stages according to the types of archaeological culture. These four stages are: (1) Xiangshan culture, (2) Chen Qiao culture, (3) Houshan-Fu Bin culture and (4) Nanyue culture.

Typologically, these four stages of culture do not have the same quality; There is no inheritance between them. From "Xiangshan" to "Chen Qiao" and from "Chen Qiao" to "Houshan", time is not connected. The two cultural types "Houshan-Fu Bin" have obvious inheritance relationship, and are also related to South Vietnamese culture in time.

(1) In this construction process, it benefited from the achievements of many cultural archaeologists and other archaeologists in the region, especially the archaeological excavations and research achievements of Professor Ceng Qi from the Department of Anthropology of Sun Yat-sen University and researcher Qiu Licheng from the Guangdong Institute of Archaeology and Paleontology in Chaoshan. Without their hard work for many years, we could not have such a clear understanding of the prehistoric history of Chaoshan today.

Section 1 From Xiangshan Site to Chen Qiao Site

I. Human activities in Xiangshan site

In recent years, an ancient human activity site has been discovered at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain in Nan 'ao Island, outside Hanjiang Gate.

In front of us, a hazy image of the historical source of Chaoshan was unfolded.

Xiangshan site is located in the east of Houjiang Bay, Houzhai Town, South Australia, with an altitude of about 5-30 meters, facing the bay shoal. Most of the cultural relics collected by archaeologists here are small stone tools, including black, brown and gray tunnel stones. The length of stone tools is between 2 and 4 centimeters. Its varieties include knives, sharps, stone drills and engraving machines, among which the number of scrapers is the largest. The curved back long auxiliary scraper and herringbone concave blade scraper can be regarded as typical artifacts of Xiangshan culture. These small stone tools are suitable for primitive people to fish, hunt and collect.

In the cultural layer 1.55 meters below the topsoil of this site, a piece of gray sand pottery was collected, with decorative patterns on the outside, oblique rope patterns on the outside and light checkered patterns on the inside, which is similar to the pottery unearthed from the Xianrendong site excavated in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province in the 1960s.

According to archaeologists, this archaeological and cultural site is more than 8,000 years old today. It belongs to the same cultural system as the "Zhangzhou prehistoric culture" in southern Fujian. ①

These representative relics reveal the information of human activities far away from us.

① Ceng Qi: Prehistoric Archaeology in Hanjiang Valley and the Source of Chaoshan Culture, Tidal Research SeriesNo. 1, Shantou University Press, 1993.

The ancients who lived here at that time seemed to have a simple economic life. They use these tiny stone tools as tools to collect and catch fish, shrimp and shellfish as food on nearby mountains and beaches. Because this site has not been scientifically excavated and there are few other sites, it is difficult to know who the owner of this site is. ①

Second, Chen

Cultural types of Chen Qiao ruins

About 6000-5500 years ago, today's Hanjiang Delta Plain is still an ancient bay. On the coast and islands of Guwan, the original inhabitants of this area chose some low hills and platforms near the sea as their camps. Generally, these low hill platforms are about 10 meters above the water surface, and there are dense hills on the back as barriers. Not far from the camp, there are rivers or lakes to draw water.

Primitive residents collected edible leaves and fruits in the forest near the camp, dug out taro and potato tubers with stone shovels and pounds, and hunted birds and animals with stone bones. They put domesticated pigs and cows on the grass slope at the foot of the mountain. They used primitive canoes to fish and pick up shells in the bay. Rock-rich animal carcasses are their important food. In order to dig this delicious food out of the hard snake mountain, they made a tool called "oyster peck". The sun and the moon change, and year after year, shells near the camp actually pile up like mountains.

Among these Beiqiu, Chen Qiao Cultural Site in Chaoan County is the most representative. Archaeologists describe the topography of Chen Qiao cultural sites like this:

① Ceng Qi: Research on two ancient sites in Nan 'ao Island, Phase 2 of Tidal Research of Shantou University.

Press, 1994. Please refer to A. Institute of Chaoshan Culture, Shantou University for Xiangshan Site.

Research center, etc. : Investigation of Ancient Cultural Sites in Nanhuan County, Journal of Shantou University 1992.

Issue 2, 2008; B. Ke Shilun: "There has been a major breakthrough in archaeology in South Australia, and Xiangshan lives far away.

For 8000 years, there is no history of Shantou 1993. 1.

The site is located on the alluvial platform in the north of gully in Chen Qiao Village, about 2km west of Chaozhou. This is a depression, northwest 2. Four kilometers away is an endless mountain. The southeast end of the mountain range is Zhugan Mountain on the Han River, and the southeast is Fengshan. Other veins form natural dams from northwest to southeast along the Han River, about 8. 15m. The site is located in the center of the southwest depression. Although the terrain is quite low, the surrounding mountains can avoid floods. Hanjiang River is on the east and west sides of the site, flowing from north to south along Zhugan Mountain and Fengshan Mountain. From the geological and geomorphological observation near the site, it used to be a shallow swamp. ①

In the1.40m thick stratum, hundreds of thousands of Jin of mollusks' hard shells-including saltwater organisms such as oysters, clams, conchs and mussels, and freshwater organisms such as clams-were cooked together with gray-black clay, which contained rich relics, including stone tools, bones, pottery fragments, cattle and clams. We also found a slight human skeleton fossil belonging to 10 individual, which is the famous "Chen Qiaoren". ⑦

What is the material and cultural level of Chenqiao people?

There are not many kinds of stone tools found in Chen Qiao site. Most of them are stone tools, and the edges and tips are oval river gravel, which is made by interactive impact. It is common for stone tools to retain natural rock surfaces. There are "oyster peck", hand axe-shaped stone tools, chopping tools, smashing devices and so on. Quartz siltstone is the most common stone, with a small amount of siliceous hornblende and yellow coarse sandstone. The grinded stone tools are only stone sticks, most of which are semi-ground, and the stones are fine sandstone. In addition, there are grindstones for coarse sandy rocks.

"Oyster peck" is the main stone tool in this site, and its tip is used to pick oysters.

(1) Guangdong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee: Beiqiu, Chaoan, Guangdong, has archaeology.

196 1, 1 1.

(2) Ceng Qi: A new study of Chaoshan prehistoric culture, Shantou No.4 Chronicle 1994.

Oyster meat unearthed here can be divided into five types according to its shape and processing method. Among them, Type 5 is the finest stone tool of this kind. This kind of stone tool is roughly similar to the iron oyster peck used by local residents now, and can also be used for chopping and scraping. There are few grinded stone tools, only a few stone strips made of fine sandstone and then ground. Chenqiao people use both stone tools and bone tools. ①

Figure 1 distribution map of Beiqiu in Chaoshan area,

1 .Meilin Lake 2. Chihu 3. Chen Qiao 4- Cape Mountain 5. Insole 6. Meilong

The pottery unearthed in Chen Qiao site is coarse sand pottery. Tire colors are mixed, most of them are gray, and some are red and black. The shapes of utensils are mainly pots and bowls. The surface of pottery is polished, partly painted red, and the decorative pattern is multi-shell pattern: one is to print dots and teeth on the surface of pottery with the pattern of shells, and the other is to carve lines and decorative patterns on pottery with the edge of shells. Chen Qiao's Legacy

⑦ Guangdong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee: Archaeology: Beiqiu in Chaoan, Guangdong.

1% 1 No.365438 +0.

The characteristics of pottery in the site are very prominent. 196 1 published a report saying: "The pottery here is different from the Neolithic sites unearthed in Guangdong and neighboring provinces in terms of material, shape and decoration, which is a very noteworthy phenomenon." ⑦

Several other shell mound in this area, such as Shiwei Mountain in Chao 'an, Jiaoshan Mountain, Chihu Lake, Meilin Lake, Chenghai Inner Dike, Meilong Xixi, Guanlong and Jieyang Honggang, are close to the cultural outlook of Chen Qiao ruins and should belong to the same culture.

In fact, as early as 1930s, Italian missionary and archaeologist Zhao Han (FR Fr R.Mag 1ioni) had discovered pottery with the same characteristics in Haifeng Shakeng West (SOW), and described:

All pottery has low temperature ... The typical SOW pottery rarely seen in other places is grate pottery-thin, sandy and red, with irregular ripples on the plane or rope surface, obviously carved with a comb ... The lines are very good. It seems to be made of sharp tools, combs and shells, only at the mouth and shoulders. There are several kinds of lines: carved or printed, straight, zigzag and wavy, continuous dots, sometimes small circles, or arranged in triangles, or other geometric shapes, with various shapes. ②

After the excavation of Chen Qiao site, archaeologists found this kind of "checkered scallop pattern" coarse sand pottery in Fuguodun, Jinmen, Fujian, Nancuochang, Haitan Island, Pingtan County and other places. These findings have not attracted the attention of mainland scholars, but in

(1) Guangdong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee: Beiqiu, Chaoan, Guangdong, has archaeology.

196 1, 1 1.

② The above words are quoted from Zhang Guangzhi: "Archaeology of Southeast Coast of China and the Origin of Austronesian Language Family".

Title, originally published in Southern Nationalities and Archaeology,No. 1987, Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore.

Shop, 1999, page 222. Also, written by Mai, Liu Lijun translated Archaeological Development in Eastern Guangdong.

Now, Shantou University Press, 1996, page 5 1-52. Translation is similar, but

SOW is translated into Shakeng North, and Mai Zhao Han is translated into Mai Zhao Liang.

There is a great response inside and outside Taiwan Province Province. Professor Zhang Guangzhi, a famous archaeologist, explained the cultural nature of this pottery. He said:

The pottery unearthed from these sites, in terms of shape and decoration, constituted a new culture of Neolithic age in China from 5000 BC to 2000 BC, which coexisted with Yangshao culture and Dawenkou culture in North China, Daxi culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Majiabang culture and Hemudu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The discovery of Fuguodun gives us a new understanding of this culture, which we might as well call Fuguodun culture. At present, the distribution of this culture is from Xitou in the Minjiang River basin in the north to Haifeng and Chaoan in the east of Guangdong in the south, including Fuguodun in Jinmen and Pingtan in the middle. The Dachakeng culture in Taiwan Province Province is closely related to this culture of Fuguodun. The two cultures have their own characteristics in Bajia Village in Tainan, Taiwan Province Province and Pingtan in Fujian Province. Whether these are two cultures or two types of the same culture is uncertain. In the latter case, we might as well call this whole culture Dajinkeng culture, which can be divided into two types, namely, Dachakeng type and Fuguodun type.

From the core area of Dachakeng culture (both sides of the Taiwan Province Strait) to the west, along the coast of Guangdong to Vietnam, there are quite a number of sites of the same age, characterized by rope-patterned pottery with typical two-way or three-way grate patterns. However, in the known archaeological documents, it seems that the edges of shells are rarely used as grid patterns. ①

What makes scholars more interested is, what race is the owner of the "Dachakeng Fuguodun Culture", including the Chen Qiao site?

On Austronesian Language Family

This question was put forward by Taiwan Province Institute of Ethnic Archaeology. Han (HA)

① Zhang Changzhi: "Archaeology in the Southeast Coast of China and the Origin of Austronesian Language Family", see China Studies.

Essays on Ancient Studies, pp. 222-223.

The time to enter Taiwan Province Island was in the late Ming Dynasty. During these 300 years, the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province, known as "Pingpu people", have been sinicized; The "Gaoshan people" living in mountainous areas have a shallow degree of sinicization and still retain their own language and culture. Gaoshan language belongs to Austronesian language family. Austronesian language family is a large language family distributed on many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Its distribution area is quite broad, covering almost three-quarters of the entire Pacific waters. Scholars have studied the origin of Austronesian language family from the perspectives of linguistics and archaeology. The research results of linguists show that the ancestors of Austronesian languages should live in tropical coastal areas; They already know how to grow taro, potatoes, rice, millet and fruit trees. They also hunt, and fishing in shallow waters plays an important role in their lives. They can make pottery, including stone, wood and bamboo tools, and use mussels; They know how to spin, have bark cloth and live in a diaphragm house; Shipbuilding and navigation technology are very developed. Because the environmental characteristics of Taiwan Province Province are consistent with the above research results, the research on the history and culture of Gaoshan people has attracted the attention of scholars. The archaeological study of "Dachakeng Fuguodun Culture" shows that the cultural content reflected by these sites is basically the same as the original Austronesian language family predicted by linguists. In other words, the owner of the "Dachakeng Fuguodun Culture", including the Chen Qiao site, may be the ancestor of the modern Austronesian-speaking people. In addition, some archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the ancestors of Gaoshan people migrated to Taiwan Province Province in several batches from the southeast coast of the mainland. Among them, the earliest was about 6500 years ago, and the latest was about 2000-2500 years ago.

The race of Chenqiao people

Scholars have different opinions on whether Taiwan Province Province is the hometown of the primitive Austronesian language family. But the original Austronesian language family's hometown is in the southeast coast of China, which is basically the same view. The only problem that needs to be solved is why the primitive Austronesian language family on the southeast coast of the mainland disappeared later. Where the hell are they? Some scholars try to answer this question. However, the final answer to the question may depend on deeper and multidisciplinary research. However, in any case, there is no doubt that Chenqiao people are not the ancestors of modern Chaoshan people.