Summary of the knowledge points of the college entrance examination history

General Knowledge Points of Each Period of Ancient Chinese History

Shang

Western Zhou Political System: Patriarchal system (first-born son inheritance), feudal system

Shangzhou and Zhou Bronzes (Simuwuding, Si Yangfangzun)

Writing: oracle bone writing→Golden writing

Spring and Autumn and Warring States Farming Methods: Slash-and-Burn Plowing→The use of iron ploughs and oxen to cultivate the land. Spring and Autumn and Warring States Beginning to use iron plows and oxen plowing

Late Spring and Autumn Artificial smelting of iron

Birth of Confucianism: Confucius founded (benevolence, propriety, Analects); Mencius (benevolent government); Xunzi

Daoism: Lao Zi (Tao is the source of all things, dialectic, do-nothing); Zhuang Zi

Moism: Mozi (conciliatory love, non-attacks, and respect for virtue)

Legalism: Han Fei (rule of law, monarchical dictatorship and centralization)

The Hundred Schools of Thought: the foundation and source of Chinese feudal culture, the first ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history

In the Warring States period, Li Bing of Qin presided over the construction of the Dujiangyan

The emergence of the compass (the "Sinan") during the Warring States period

The Book of Poetry: the earliest collection of poetry in China; Qu Yuan: Chu Rhetoric ("Li Sao")

Qin Dynasty Formation of the authoritarian centralized system: the emperor system, the system of the three dukes and nine ministers, and the county system

Han Dynasty The Han Emperor Wudi changed the prime ministers frequently and set up the "Zhongzhong Chao" ("Inner Chao"); the assassins were established; and the "Zhi Shi" ("Assassin") was established. The Han Dynasty: The frequent change of prime ministers; the establishment of the "Zhongchao" ("inner court"); the establishment of the system of assassins

Confucianism became the orthodoxy: in order to strengthen centralization of power, the Han Emperor adopted the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu to "depose the hundred schools of thought, and exclusively respect Confucianism"

The smelting of iron began to use coal as a fuel

Silk weaving: Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty

Invention of papermaking (Western Han) Invention of papermaking (invented in the Western Han Dynasty and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty)

Han Fu

Wang Xizhi, the "Sage of Calligraphy" of the Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties (Cursive Script and Running Script)

Sui-Dynasty

Tang-Dynasty In order to divide the power of the phases and strengthen the power of the emperor, the three-province and six-ministerial system was set up (Zhongshu Province, Mensha Province, and Shangshu Province; Officials, Households, Rituals, Military, and Criminal Engineering)

Tang Dynasty Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain

Engraving and printing (Diamond Sutra: the earliest to have a clear date of publication)

Gunpowder was used for military purposes at the end of the Tang Dynasty

Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan (Regular Script)

Tang Dynasty Poetry

Two Sung Dynasty In order to decentralize the power of the chancellors, a system of "Councillor of Politics" (Vice Chancellor) was established. "

Confucianism developed into rationalism; two schools of Song and Ming rationalism: Cheng-Zhu rationalism; Lu-Wang xinxue

Porcelain: Jingdezhen

"The city" broke through the limitations of time and space

Bi Sheng invented movable-printing in the Northern Song Dynasty; compass was applied In navigation

Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang (running script)

Song lyrics

Yuan Dynasty Local provinces (i.e., province of the Central Committee of the Executive Yuan)

Yuan opera: Guan Hanqing's "Dou'e Grievance"

Ming Dynasty Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister, ending the system of the prime ministers, and Ming Chenggzu established a cabinet, which led to a strengthening of absolutism

In mid- and late-periods of the Ming Dynasty the development of the commodity economy→ the emergence of the sprout of capitalism

Commodity economy developed. The emergence of capitalism

The emergence of merchant gangs (Jin merchants, Huizhou merchants, the emergence of guilds)

The Ming and Qing dynasties imposed the "sea ban": a decree that prohibited nationals from trading at sea and restricted foreigners from coming to China for trade

Democratic thinkers who criticized feudal autocracy: Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi

The Qing Dynasty, the Yongzheng and the Yongzheng Dynasties, the Yongzheng Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, were the most important and most important of all.

Qing Dynasty: Emperor Yongzheng set up the Office of Military Affairs: authoritarianism reached its peak

Peking Opera: the four Huiban classes came to Beijing, and the fusion of Han and Huizhou Operas formed Peking Opera

Novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of the Red Chamber)

Topic 1: Ancient China's Political System

Western Zhou: Patriarchal system (succession of the first-born son), feudalism

Qin Dynasty: Imperial system, county system, three principal officials and nine ministers. Formation of the authoritarian centralized system of power

Han Dynasty Emperor Wu frequently changed prime ministers and set up a "central court" ("inner court"); established the system of assassins

Sui-Tang In order to divide the power of the phases and strengthen the power of the emperor, established the system of three provinces and six ministries (Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, Shangshu Province; Zhongshu Province; Menxia Province, Shangshu Province; and Shangshu Province; and Zhongshu Province, Shangshu Province), The Northern Song dynasty established the system of three provinces and six ministries (Zhongshu, Mengxia, Shangshu; mandarins, households, rituals, soldiers, and criminal engineers)

The Northern Song dynasty established the "Councillors of Political Affairs" (vice-prime ministers) in order to decentralize the power of the prime ministers

The Yuan dynasty established the system of provinces

The Ming dynasty abolished the prime ministers, and set up a Cabinet

The Qing dynasty set up the Office of Military and Political Affairs (军機处), which was a peak of authoritarianism

Impact: conducive to the prevention of division, the maintenance of national unity and stability, and conducive to the promotion of economic and cultural development; but prone to tyranny and corruption; the implementation of ideological and cultural dictatorship; and in the later period, seriously hindered the sprouting of capitalism and social development.

Topic 2: Ancient Chinese Economy

Agriculture Cultivation: slash-and-burn cultivation → Spring and Autumn and Warring States Iron Plow and Oxen Plowing

Land system: land state ownership (Shang and Zhou well-field system, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang even-field system), landlord land privatization (predominantly), private landownership

Crafts Patterns: government-run, private, cottage industry, government-run predominantly

Smelting: the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty.

Smelting: Shang and Zhou bronzes (Simuwu tripods, the Four Sheep Square Zun); late Spring and Autumn period, artificial smelting of iron; iron smelting in the Han Dynasty began to use coal as fuel

Silk weaving: Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty

Porcelain: China's earliest; Yue kiln celadon in the Tang Dynasty, white porcelain in Xing kiln; Jingdezhen in the Song Dynasty

Commerce: the Qin Dynasty: the sale and purchase of commodities at clearly marked prices

Han Dynasty: "City" has a specialized management body

Six Dynasties: "grass market" formed

Tang Dynasty: "night market" prosperity

Song Dynasty: "City" breaks through time and space limitations

Ming and Qing Dynasties: merchant gangs (Huishang and Jin merchants)

Budding Commodity economy development in the mid- to late-Ming Dynasty → the emergence of the sprout of capitalism, but bound by the feudal system

Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of commerce Ancient China's traditional economic policy. Emphasize the protection of agriculture. Degrading the social status of merchants in terms of status, restricting the scope of business of merchants, and imposing heavy taxes on commerce all seriously hindered the sprouting of capitalism, the development of the commodity economy, and social progress

Sea Prohibition The Ming and Qing dynasties prohibited the countrymen from trading at sea and restricted the foreigners from trading in China

Topic 3: The Evolution of the Mainstream Ideas of Traditional Culture in Ancient China

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

The Hundred Schools of Thought Confucianism: Confucius (benevolence, propriety); Mencius (benevolent government); Xunzi

Daoism: Laozi (Tao is the source of all things, dialectic, and rule by inaction), Zhuangzi (qiqi, freedom)

Moism: Mozi (conciliatory love, non-attacking, and Shangxian)

Legalism: Han Fei (rule of law, monarchical autocracy, and centralization of power)→Qin attached the most importance to it

The Hundred Schools of Thought: the Chinese The foundation and source of feudal culture, the first ideological liberation movement in Chinese history

Confucianism during the Han Dynasty In order to strengthen centralized power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's "Dismissing the Hundred Schools and Respecting Only the Confucian Schools", which led to the adoption of Confucianism as the external school and the internal school as the internal school

Effects: Confucianism began to become the orthodox thought

Song and Ming Dynasty Confucianism (Song and Ming Dynasty) Cheng and Zhu Dynasty (Cheng Bo, Cheng Yi, and Zhu). (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi): "to preserve the Divine Principle, to destroy human desires"

Lu Wang Xinxue (Lu Jiufen, Wang Shouren): "the heart is the reason"

Ming and Qing Confucianism Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzi democratic thought: criticism of feudalism and authoritarianism and feudalism (Song Dynasty) autocracy and feudalism (Song and Ming ethics)

Topic 4: Science, Technology and Literary Arts in Ancient China

Scientific and Technological Achievements Four Great Inventions: papermaking (invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty)

Gunpowder (used for military purposes in the end of the Tang Dynasty)

Carving and Printing (Tang Dynasty, "The Sutra of the King Kong") Printing with movable type (invented by Bisheng in the Northern Song Dynasty)

Compasses

Handwriting and Painting Chinese Characters Chinese Characters: Oracle Bone Script→Golden Script→Seal Script→Library Script→Regular Script→Running Script, Cursive Script

Calligraphy: (Eastern Jin Dynasty) "Sage of Calligraphy" Wang Xizhi (Cursive Script, Running Script); (Tang Dynasty) Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan (Regular Script); (Northern Song Dynasty) Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Cai Xiang (Running Script)

Painting: three major painting disciplines: figure painting, landscape painting, and bird and flower painting; literati painting dominated after the Northern Song Dynasty

Literary Achievements The Book of Poetry: China's earliest compendium of poetry

Qu Yuan: Chu Rhetoric, represented by the masterpiece Li Sao

Han Foo, Tang Poetry, Song Dynasty Lyrics, Yuan Dynasty Songs, Ming and Qing Dynasty Novels

Peking Opera Peking Opera: During the Qianlong Period, the four Hui Opera classes came to the capital, and the Han and Hui Operas fused to form Peking Opera

Peking Opera: The four major Hui Operas entered Beijing, and Han and The fusion of Chinese Opera and Anhui Opera resulted in the formation of Beijing Opera

Topic 5: Ancient Greco-Roman Political System

Athens

Democracy Thoreau's Reforms: Laying the foundation of Athenian Democracy

Christian Reforms: Implementing the Law of Banishment of Pottery Tablets to fight against anti-democratic forces. The symbol of Athenian democracy was established

Pericles' reforms: the citizens' assembly guaranteed democracy, the peak period of Athenian democracy - the "Golden Age"

Characteristics: popular sovereignty and rule by turns; minority democracy (male citizens) ; direct democracy

Institutions: Citizens' Assembly (highest authority), Council of Five Hundred and Jury Court

Roman Law The Law of the Twelve Bronze Tables: Rome's first written law and Rome's basic law

Citizenship Law; Law of Nations; Natural Law

Roman Law was the richest and most complete system of the ancient world, and the most widely influential ancient law in the future

Roman Law was the richest and the most complete system of the ancient world, and the most widely influential ancient law in the future< /p>