Song Dynasty Euphemism Style of Lyrics

Yanjiao School is a Chinese Song Dynasty school of lyrics. It is characterized by its content, which focuses on children's feelings, and its structure, which is deep and meticulous, and its rhythm and harmony. It is mainly characterized by its content focusing on children's feelings, a deep and meticulous structure, a gentle and harmonious sound, a rounded and clear language, and a kind of soft and gentle beauty. Representatives of the Euphemism School include Li Yu, Liu Yong, Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan and Li Qingzhao. It is generally believed to be the Ming Zhang Zui clearly put forward the words of the two schools of euphony and grandeur, authored "Poetry Yu Tu Tu", "South Lake Poetry Collection".

Poetry of the euphemistic school is characterized by softness and beauty, focusing on bosom feelings and grievances, with a meticulous structure, harmonious rhythm and clear language. In the Song Dynasty, it was more dominant than the Poetic Freedom School. In the late Tang Dynasty, the poets Wen Tingjun and Wei Zhuang were the forerunners of the School of Flowers. Representatives of Song lyrics include Li Qingzhao's Soyu Collection, Li Zhiyi's Guxi Lyrics, Ouyang Xiu's Liuyi Lyrics, and Liu Yong's Yu Linling.

The first mention of "boldness" and "elegance" can be found in the Poetry Chart: "There are two major styles of lyrics: one of them is elegant and one of them is bold and unrestrained. The euphemistic one desires to have a brew of words, while the bold one desires to have a magnificent atmosphere. For example, Qin Shaoyou's (Qin Guan) works are mostly euphemistic, and Su Zizhan's (Su Shi) works are mostly grandiose. In general, the word body to the euphemistic for the right."

The word "euphony" is found in the pre-Qin ancient book "Guoyu - Wu language", "so euphony its words", respectively: "euphony" for the soft, euphonious; The original meaning of "about" is to wrap up the bundle, which is extended to refinement, vagueness and subtlety. Therefore, "Wan" and "Yao" are the opposite of "Abusive". Its content is mainly written about love between men and women, feelings of separation, sadness in spring and autumn, and light scenes; most of its forms are graceful and soft, subtle and implicit, with blending of scenes and harmony of sounds. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Shen Yifu's "Music Guide" cites four standards for lyrics: "The rhythm wants to be harmonious, and if it is not, then it will grow into a short poem; the word wants to be elegant, and if it is not, then it will be close to the style of winding; the word cannot be too revealing, and if it is, then it is straight and abrupt, but not deep and long; and if it is, then it cannot be too high, and if it is, then it is wild and strange, and it will lose the meaning of softness and elegance." It can be said to be a summary of the artistic techniques of euphony.

Words were originally sung for the sake of music and entertainment, and their contents were nothing but parting thoughts and feelings. In the Five Dynasties, a soft and fragrant style of lyricism was already formed, represented by the "Collection of Flowers" and the words of Li Yu. The Northern Song Dynasty lyricists to carry on the rest of the thread, Liu Yong, Yanshu, Ouyang Xiu, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao, etc., although in the content of the development of the pen more exquisite, and each has a charm, a family of its own, but has not yet detached from the style of Wan-twisting soft and beautiful. Therefore, the Ming people to Wanjiao school to summarize this type of word style. But the content is relatively narrow, people have formed the concept of the right to the euphemistic. Euphemism has long dominated the word world, until the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, Zhang Yan and a large number of words, are affected.

The Qing dynasty Wang Shizhen, "flowers and grasses," said: "Zhang Nanhu on the word school there are two: one is said to be euphonious, one is said to be bold." Wang Yuhua "ancient and modern words" quoted Zhang said, slightly to the same effect. Slightly later than Zhang Cassassassiao Xu Shizeng (word Berlu, Ming Jiajing), in the "literary style Ming discernment preface" also pointed out that: "as to its words, there are euphemistic, there are bold and free. Euphemism for its rhetoric, bold and generous for its meteorological grandeur, cover, although each due to its quality, but the word is touching, to be euphemistic for the right." Xu Shizeng's statement is similar to that of Zhang Cassassassi. Euphemism and boldness is not enough to summarize the rich and varied style of Song words, but it can show that the style of Song words has two basic tendencies, either favoring the beauty of "feminine" or "masculine", which can help to understand the artistic style of Song words.

Yanjiao is the meaning of "Wanxiao" (婉约), the meaning of "Wanxiao" (宛转含蓄). This word was first seen in the pre-Qin Dynasty, Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties people have used it to describe the literary rhetoric, such as Chen Lin "for Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan book": "to get the foot of the book, the rhetoric of the euphemistic." Lu Ji (陆機《文赋》)："Or clear emptiness with euphony." In the history of lyrics, the soft and graceful style has been practiced for a long time. Lyrics were originally made for the music and sung for the purpose of entertaining the guests at the beginning, and the occasions for singing were only the court nobles and the Qin Lou Chu Pavilion, so the contents of the lyrics were nothing more than parting thoughts and sorrows, and the girl's love was beautiful and grievous, and this formed the "fragrance and softness" of the lyrics represented by "Flower Room Collection". Northern Song lyricists to carry on the rest of the line, Yanshu, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao and others, although in the content of the development of the pen more subtle, and can each have a charm, a family of its own, but generally did not break away from the trajectory of the soft and beautiful. Therefore, the predecessors used "Wanmei" ("Campsis Fishing Hidden Words"), "soft and charming" ("Source of Words"), "silk and silk" ("Wine Side of the Word"), "Twists and Turns" ("Remains of Lefu") and other terms to describe the tone of their works. Ming people path to the "Euphemism" to summarize this type of word style, it should be said that after a long period of brewing.

The characteristics of the "Wanjiao" school are mainly the content focusing on children's style. The structure of the deep and careful, pay attention to the harmony of the sound, the language is rounded, fresh and beautiful, with a kind of soft and gentle beauty. But the content is relatively narrow.

Because of the long history of the word tends to be soft and beautiful, people have formed the concept of the authenticity of euphemism. For example, Wang Shizhen's "trap mountain man word review" to Li Houzhu, Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan and other words for the "word of the authentic", is representative of this view. Euphemism has long dominated the lyric world, and a large number of lyricists, such as Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, and Zhang Yan of the Southern Song Dynasty, have been influenced by it in different ways.

One of the four major banners of the euphemistic school, the number of the four banners in the "boudoir language": Li Qingzhao;

One of the four major banners of the euphemistic school, the number of the four banners in the "parting of hate": Yan Shu;

One of the four major banners of the euphemistic school, the number of the four banners in the "long love": Yanshu;

One of the four major banners of the euphemistic school, the number of the four banners in the "

One of the four banners of the Euphemism school, the number of the four banners is "Sorrowful Zong": Li Yu.

The word "euphony" is found in the pre-Qin ancient book "Guoyu - Wu language", "so euphony its rhetoric", Jin Lu Ji "Wen Fu" used to discuss the literary rhetoric: "or clear and vague to euphony, and each remove the annoyance and go to the indiscriminate. " According to the exegesis, "Wan" "about" two words have the meaning of "beauty" "curve". Separately: "Wan" is soft, beautiful, and graceful. The original meaning of the word "about" is to entangle, which is extended to refinement, vagueness and subtlety. Therefore, "WanYu" is opposed to "abusive". In the Northern and Southern Song Dynasty, Xu Yanzhou Poetry Story contains a poem by a female immortal: "The lake water is like a realm at night, and the blue trees and red flowers cover each other. The appendix of the Big Dipper is shifted to the handle of the dawn, and it is like a good time that is often uncertain." The poem is also commented: "It's also elegant and lovely." The mood of this poem is the same as that of a small word. The name "euphonious" summarizes the characteristics of a large group of words. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Wen Tingyun, Feng Yansi, Yanshu, Ouyang Xiu, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and a series of words, although the word style is not different, each excel in their own way, generally can be categorized into WanYuo category. Its content is mainly written about men and women in love, feelings of separation, sad spring and autumn, the light to stay; the form of most of the euphemistic and soft, implicit and implicit, the situation, harmony of sound. Therefore, the formation of a concept, the word should be this way. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was said that Su Shi's "Poetry as Words" was "not the original color" (see Chen Shidao's "Hou Shan Poetry"); Qin Guan's "Poetry is like a small word" and Su Shi's "Small words are like poetry". Qin Guan, "Poetry is like small words", and Su Shi, "Small words are like poetry" (see Wang Zhifang Poetry). The theory of "original color" and "small words" is a proposition of the Euphemism school. Li Qingzhao's claim that "it is a different family" that only Yen Gidao, He Casting, Qin Guan, and Huang Tingjian "can know" (On Lyrics) reflects the fact that her admiration is also for a school of ebullience and simplicity, even though He Casting and even Li Qingzhao have not been ebullient and simple in their writings. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Shen Yifu's Four Standards for Lyrics are summarized as follows: "The rhythm wants to be harmonious, and if it is not, then it will be a short poem; the word wants to be elegant, and if it is not, then it will be close to the style of winding order, and the use of the word should not be too revealing, and if it is, then it is straight and abrupt, but not deep and long, and if it is, then it should not be too high, and if it is, then it is wild and strange, but it will lose the meaning of softness and elegance." It can be said to be a summary of the artistic techniques of Wanjiao.

Song people also have a euphemistic approach to express patriotic ambition, the times of sentiment, such as Xin Qiji's "touch the fish" (more can be eliminated a few times the wind and rain) and the Song Dynasty Zhou Mi, Zhang Yan, and some other words and chapters. However, the performance is mostly symbolized by the means of "comparison", and the purpose is hazy, which must be experienced by the readers. Some commentators on the original may not have a special place in the euphemistic and vague words, but also to seek its subtle meaning, such as the Qing dynasty word theorist Zhang Huiyin "words" comment Ouyang Xiu "Butterfly Lovers Flower" (courtyard deep how many times), Su Shi "Bu Jianzi" (the lack of moon hanging sparse Tong), sentence for the implementation of current events, that satirize the political, then it would not be inevitable to be through and through, and instead of narrowing the typical significance of the words of the feelings of these feelings and difficult to name.

Yanjiao word has its own ideological and artistic value, has seen above. However, some wordsmiths take it as a solid program, not allowed to exceed, so that the work of the same, or too much pursuit of the twists and turns of the subtle and puzzling, which will go to the poor end of the creative process.

Li Qingzhao was very strict on the demarcation of poetry and lyrics, she put forward in the "word theory", "word, other is a family". She advocated that the words must be elegant, rhythmic, narrative, heavy, real. Li Qingzhao writing words is good at white description techniques, the use of words natural and shallow and rhythmic harmony, the meaning of the words, often in the unusual words to create a new meaning, unique in the literary world, in the content of the words, on the one hand, she is unique to women's artistic feeling, so that since the two Song Dynasty Euphemism elegant words of the subject, the meaning of the deepening of the more subtle, will be the school of the Euphemism to a new peak. At the same time, through the depiction of personal suffering, reflecting the historical tragedy of the whole country and nation at the turn of the two Song dynasties, created the "Yi'an style" style features: unusual language into the words; style poignancy and pathos; suave and husbandly.

Qin Guan words are mostly written about men and women in love and the world of sentimental, light style, by Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong influence, is one of the representative writers of the euphemisms, the "Song Dynasty History" as "Wen Li and think y"; Ao Taosun "Poetry Review", "Qin Shao-you as the time when the women traveled to the spring, and finally hurt the euphemisms. Ao Taosun's "Poetry Review" said, "Qin Shaoyou was like a girl traveling in spring. With Zhang Lei, Chao Tuanzhi, Huang Tingjian and known as the "Su Men Four Bachelor".

Su Shi's lyrics, mainly based on meaning, often breaking the boundaries of the word law. This caused dissatisfaction among the later writers who adhered to the traditional word law. His protégé, the famous lyricist Qin Guan, did not follow the path he blazed. From Qin Guan to Li Qingzhao, they are generally regarded as the authentic school of the Euphemism style of lyricism. Qin Guan's masterpieces, such as "Tapsa Xing" and "Magpie Bridge Immortal," are beautifully written and beautifully expressed, inheriting the legacy of Liu Yong's work on giving gifts to prostitutes. Li Qingzhao once wrote "Essay on Lyrics", advocating that the word "is a different family". The passed down "Drunken Blossom Yin" and "Dream Order" wrote about the loneliness in the bosom and the young woman's mood of cherishing the spring, which had the meaning of opposing the bondage of feudalism; in her later years, she avoided the chaos in Jiangnan and made "Slow Sound", which was a traditional style of lyrics to write deep patriotic sentiments.

The important lyricist of the late Northern Song Dynasty is Zhou Bangyan. Zhou is proficient in word law, can make their own music, Song Huizong had presided over the central music organization Dashengfu, is the two Song dynasty focus on the sound of a school of lyricists to carry on the loss of the main representative of the latter. He is the main representative of the school of lyricists in the two Song dynasties who emphasized on music and rhythm. He wrote "Qingzhen Collection", which was popular in the world with "Ben color" and "Dangxing".

In the early Southern Song Dynasty, the representative of the main alliance of the word world is Xin Qiji. There are more than six hundred and twenty "Jiaxuan long and short sentences", famous such as "broken formation - for Chen Tong father to send a strong word", "partridge sky" (strong age flag embracing 10,000), "water dragon" - ascent to the Jiankang Pavilion of Appreciation, "Yongyoule - jingkou Beigu Pavilion Huaigu", etc., expressed the major war, patriotic theme, expressed in the holding of the imperial government of the surrender of the faction of the exclusion of the strong man to serve the nation's feelings of anguish. Artistically speaking, Jiaxuan's lyrics inherited the bold style of lyrics pioneered by Su Shi, and further developed "poetry as lyrics" to "literature as lyrics". In later times, Su Shi and Xin Shi were known together, but Xin Qiji had his own characteristics, and those who imitated or admired him, such as Zhang Xiaoxiang, Han Yuanji, Lu You, Chen Liang, and a little later Liu Chuan, Liu Kezhuang, etc., were known as the Xin School of Lyricists.

In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui set up his own school outside of the Xin School. Jiang inherited the Zhou Bangyan school and started the Gelu school of lyrics. He wrote six volumes of "Songs of the White Stone Taoist", and many of his own compositions, such as "Yangzhou Slow" and other seventeen of his own compositions, all annotated with sound scores, which are the only complete compositions in the existing Song lyrics collection. At that time and a little later, the more influential people in the word world, such as Wu Wenying, Shi Dazu, Wang Yisun, Zhou Mi, Zhang Yan, etc., all to the sound of the delicate, exquisite rhetoric for the right to the form and light content, and the Xin School of lyricists took the opposite road. On the contrary, Wen Tianxiang at the end of the Song Dynasty, as well as some of Liu Chenweng's words, became Xin Qiji, Lu You and other patriotic words of the heir ring.