This paper briefly discusses the rise of European universities in the Middle Ages. (Including background, curriculum, university governance, influence, etc. )

Background: The rise of European universities in the Middle Ages had a far-reaching influence on later generations, with its profound social background, which was the inevitable result of the socio-economic, political and religious development at that time. Secondly, it is the need to pursue rationality; Thirdly, the suppression of education by the church promoted the emergence and maturity of universities to a certain extent; Fourth, the emergence and existence of universities are closely related to the support of citizens. Curriculum: 65438+ In Europe at the beginning of the 2nd century, the earliest universities appeared in Italy and France. Such as the University of Sarah, the University of Bologna and the University of Paris. After these three universities, many European countries have set up some universities, among which Oxford University, Cambridge University and Naples University in Italy are very famous. In the Middle Ages, universities were autonomous, and students or teachers formed a guild to manage the internal affairs of the school. Bologna University is a typical "student university" management school. Students from different regions or countries organize themselves in the form of guilds to safeguard their own interests. They formulate their own rules and regulations, manage the appointment and supervision of professors, determine the amount of tuition fees, decide teaching time and other matters. Paris University is a typical "Mr. University" school of management. Teachers form a scholars' guild, elect principals, decide and manage the selection of students, formulate the scope of teaching work, hold examinations and award degrees. Both types of universities oppose outside interference in school life and try their best to safeguard their right to manage their own affairs. The word "universitas" comes from Latin, which originally meant societies, associations or guilds. It was not until the middle of14th century that it became a special word in universities. Before the rise of universities, Europe was basically controlled by Christians who were keen on supernatural spiritual education. 1 1 After the century, due to the revival of European businesses and the development of cities, the social and economic foundation of Christian education was gradually shaken, and people were tired of asceticism education, yearning for and pursuing new educational ideals, and universities came into being. As soon as universities came into being, they showed a strong secular education purpose and strong practicability, and strongly advocated training qualified lawyers, doctors and public officials with certain professional knowledge and quality. The curriculum also embodies the realistic and practical secular characteristics.

Significance: historical influence

As great progress in the history of ancient education, medieval universities in Europe and ancient academies in China have had a positive impact on human progress.

1. The significance of medieval universities

Medieval universities in Europe are comprehensive manifestations of European economic revival, political change and cultural development. Its appearance broke the situation that the church monopolized education and began the historical process of secularization of education, which more or less reflected the needs of society, social progress and educational innovation. Before the emergence of universities, education in Europe was completely controlled by the Christian church, and supernatural asceticism education was carried out in order to find soul redemption and future redemption. The emergence of universities reflects the objective needs of the development of the times. It pays attention to vocational training and introduces secular occupations such as medicine and law, which directly impacts the hegemonic position of Christian theology education. However, medieval universities did not fundamentally get rid of the shackles of Christian educational concepts, and the church never gave up its control over university education. With the rapid development of human civilization in the world today, the world higher education is changing with each passing day. Governance: According to the tradition of medieval Europe, the statutes of universities were generally promulgated by the Pope or the king, not the government. These articles of association give universities a certain degree of autonomy in management in legal form, thus legitimizing their academic and management autonomy. For example, Oxford and Cambridge, the two most famous universities in Britain, obtained the instructions of the Pope in 1254 and 13 18 respectively, and obtained various royal charters in the subsequent development. American universities originated from colonial colleges, and their original legitimacy also originated from the charter issued by authoritative institutions (British royal family or colonial parliament).