What are the four famous ancient bridges in China respectively?

The four most famous ancient bridges in China are Zhaozhou Bridge, Luoyang Bridge, Guangji Bridge and Lugou Bridge.

Zhaozhou Bridge: Also known as Anji Bridge (the name given by Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, meaning "to help the people"), it was built by the famous craftsman Li Chun. It was selected by the World Records Association of the world's earliest open-shoulder stone arch bridge, creating the world's largest, known as "one of the four treasures of North China". It is the earliest and best-preserved stone arch bridge in China and also in the world. In addition, Zhaozhou Bridge carving art, realistic form, exquisite and beautiful, is also a treasure trove of cultural relics of art treasures. Zhaozhou Bridge has "three absolute": one 'absolute' is "voucher" is less than semicircular, Chinese custom to the curved bridge, doorways and other buildings called "voucher". General stone bridge coupon, mostly semicircular. But Zhaozhou Bridge span is very large, from this end to that end has 37.04 meters. If the coupon is built into a semicircle, the bridge will be 18.52 meters high. So the carriages, horses and pedestrians across the bridge, it is like crossing a small mountain, very laborious. Zhaozhou Bridge coupon is less than a semicircular section of the arc, which reduces the height of the bridge, reducing the repair of the bridge stone and labor, but also make the bridge is very beautiful, very much like the rainbow in the sky; two "absolute" is "hit" empty but not real, coupon shoulders called "hit". General stone bridge bump are solid with stone, but Zhaozhou Bridge bump did not solid, but in the coupon on each shoulder of one or two small arc-shaped coupon. So the bridge body increased four small coupons, saving about 180 cubic meters of stone, so that the weight of the bridge reduced by about 500 tons. Moreover, when the Xiao River flooding, part of the water can flow down from the small coupon, which can make the water flow smoothly, but also reduces the impact of the flood on the bridge to ensure the safety of the bridge; three "absolute" is the hole masonry juxtaposition, Zhaozhou Bridge with twenty-eight small coupons juxtaposed into a 9.6-meter-wide coupon. However, with the parallel masonry, the narrow coupon between the stones are not interconnected, not as strong as the longitudinal type. In order to make up for this shortcoming, during the construction of Zhaozhou Bridge, iron nails were added between the stones of each narrow coupon to make them connected as a whole. The narrow coupons built in parallel, even if one is broken, it will not affect the whole situation, it is easy to repair, and it does not affect the traffic on the bridge when repairing the bridge.

Luoyang Bridge: The construction of Luoyang Bridge is a great contribution to the world of bridge science. Due to the tidal wave of the Luoyang River at that time, "the water is five miles wide" and "deep and unaddressable", the base of the bridge was destroyed. Bridge craftsmen created a new type of bridge foundation until modern times has been recognized - a raft-shaped foundation, that is, along the central axis of the bridge to throw the amount of stone, forming a link to the bottom of the river short stone embankment, and then built on top of the ship-shaped piers. At the same time, the use of "waves up boat, floating transport beam" method, a large stone plate weighing several tons on the bridge. They also cultivate a large number of oysters under the bridge, the bridge foundation stone and pier stone glued and condensed into a solid whole. This is the most original "oyster planting method" in the history of bridge building, and it is also the first one in the world to apply biology to bridge engineering. Luoyang Bridge was built, not only to make the Luoyang River moat into a road, the north-south exchanges in Quanzhou and the development of overseas transportation plays a huge role in greatly accelerating the development of Quanzhou. There are many cultural relics attached to Luoyang Bridge, and the existing ones include 2 towers, 2 pavilions, 3 shrines, 4 stone statues of warriors, and 20 monuments and inscriptions of past dynasties. The most notable one is the "Cai Zhonghui Gong Ancestral Hall" at the south end of the bridge, which was built in the Northern Song Dynasty to commemorate the achievements of Cai Xiang. In the shrine, there are two large stone tablets inscribed with the "Record of Wan'an Bridge" written by the great calligrapher Cai Xiang, which describes the process of building the bridge. This stele is known as the "Three Greats" for its refined writing, beautiful calligraphy and vivid carving. "The sound of Luoyang tide has always been one of the ten scenic spots in Quanzhou. Visitors stand on the bridge, in the shade of the pine to see "the tide comes straight up a thousand snow, sunset diagonally across the rainbow of a hundred feet", another interesting. After liberation, Luoyang Bridge is listed as a national cultural relics protection units. In order to protect the old bridge, the 60s in the west of the old bridge and set up a new bridge for motor vehicles to reduce the pressure of the old bridge. In recent years, the government has also allocated huge sums of money to rebuild the Luoyang Bridge, which is very impressive. Now the old and new bridge and driving on the river, together with the new railroad bridge, such as the three rainbow crouching wave, even the peaks of the United States, very spectacular.

Guangji Bridge: beam boat combination, rigid and flexible, dynamic and static, undulating changes, is a major feature of the Guangji Bridge. Its east and west sections are heavy tiling joint pavilion, the United Fang Jimei beam bridge, the center is "poopdeck braided even, the dragon lying across the rainbow" of the pontoon bridge. This is simply a wonderful landscape. There is a poem in the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong, which says: "Xiangjiang River rises in spring, and eighteen shuttle boats are locked on the bridge." The "Spring Rising of Xiangqiao Bridge" is thus listed as the first of the "Eight Scenes of Chaozhou". Structurally speaking, the combination of beams and boats, the world's first open and closed bridge. The role of the opening and closing is mainly in navigation, flood discharge, as the "Guangdong capsule" records: "Chaozhou East Gate outside the Jichuan Bridge ...... morning and evening two open, in order to pass the boat chess." And whenever the Han River flood, and can unlock the pontoon bridge, so that the raging torrent pouring. There is also the role of the barrier, "counties and counties to Guangji Bridge for salt ships must pass, is the beginning of the questionable salt tax." Later, superiors even sent with the Chaozhou **** tube, Fangzhi contains: "Qing Yongzheng three years (1725), by the salt transport with the Chaozhou and the governor of the bridge affairs, the east bank of the transport with the button release of salt, the west bank of the Chaozhou Province inspection tariffs."　Guangji Bridge in the grass-roots stage, there are pavilions, "overlay Huayu" on the piers of the initiative, and crowned with "ice pot", "Jade Jade" and other beautiful name. Ming Xuande years, the governor Wang Yuan in addition to more than 500 meters on the bridge to build a hundred and twenty-six pavilions in addition to the bridge, but also in the various piers on the construction of the platform, and respectively to the wonders of the view, Guangji, Lingxiao, Dengying, get the moon, Chaoxian, ride the team, flying, Shibichuan, the right through the right, ZuoDa, Jichuan, YunQu, the icicle, the small PengLai, FengLinZhou, picking the star, the wave, the rainbow, GuanRi, YiJiJi, ChengJian, ascension of the immortal, yang han as the name. Up to this point, the bridge building set up, is to create its extreme. Sincerely, as Li Ling in the Ming Dynasty in the "Guangji Fugue" in the cloud: "Fang Wen a building, ten zhang a pavilion, Hua tax Tong teasing, carved list of gold jiao, curved railings across the threshold, Dan lacquer dark chalk, scaled tiles juxtaposed, the eaves of the teeth of the high-pecked ......" Ancient Lingnan wind and rain bridges are common, but the scale of such a big, form so much, decorated so beautiful, is indeed a rare match.

Lugou Bridge: Lugou Bridge east-west length of 266.5 meters, north-south width of 7.3 meters, all with white stone masonry, there are 11 arches, 10 piers; bridge with two stone monuments: a record of the Qing Kangxi thirty-seven years (A.D. 1698) to rebuild the Lugou Bridge through; another on the Qing Qianlong Emperor personally titled "Lugou Xiaoyue" four words. The other is inscribed by Emperor Qianlong himself, "Lugou Xiaoyue" (Lugou Dawn Moon). "Lugou Dawn Moon" is one of the "Eight Scenic Spots of Yanjing", to see the moon at dawn, standing on the ancient bridge, looking over the railings, the western mountains stacked with emerald green, the moon color is charming. On both sides of the bridge there are 281 alabaster railings, each pillar has a delicately carved, different stone lions, or lying down, or play, or teeth and claws, there are many small lions, or climb on the back of the male lion, or snuggle up in the mother lion's knee; these large and small stone lions ****501, respectively, carved in Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing Dynasty four dynasties. July 7, 1937, the Lugou Bridge, the first anti-Japanese artillery, the war of liberation began here. In 1987, "Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression Memorial Hall" was formally inaugurated. On the steps of the Memorial Hall, there is a 4-meter-high art sculpture ---- "Lion Wake", symbolizing the heroic and unyielding national spirit of the Chinese people.