1. Briefly describe the disintegration process of the suzerain-vassal system in the late Qing Dynasty. 2. What was the foreign policy of the Qing government during the Westernization Movement? 3. Brie

1. Briefly describe the disintegration process of the suzerain-vassal system in the late Qing Dynasty. 2. What was the foreign policy of the Qing government during the Westernization Movement? 3. Briefly describe the modernization of national diplomatic institutions in the late Qing Dynasty. 1. Before the Opium War, the Qing government tried its best to maintain the stability of the suzerain-vassal system in foreign policy. After the First Opium War, a series of trade treaties were signed with western countries, but at this time, the suzerain-vassal system was not completely destroyed, and it can be said that it temporarily coexisted with the later treaty system, because the main function of these treaties was to enable Britain and France and other countries to obtain diplomatic status of equal exchanges with the Qing government. The real disintegration of the suzerain-vassal system should begin after the Second Opium War. With the establishment of the Prime Minister's yamen, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and other events occurred. Since then, the former vassal States of the Qing government, such as Korea and Vietnam, have gradually broken away from their control, and the Qing government can no longer maintain its status as a suzerain. Until 1894- 1895 Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China suffered a fiasco, and then China was completely reduced to two and a half societies with the signing of the Treaty of Shame and Ugliness, which marked the complete disintegration of the suzerain-vassal system.