What is the artistic style of Huxiang architecture?

Huxiang architecture, especially Gan Lan-style architecture, has the most distinctive features in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as mansion-style, manor-style and street-style architecture, which shows Hunan people's romantic architectural feelings and harmonious humanistic ideals. Gan Lan-style buildings are mainly concentrated in the vast minority areas in southwest Hunan and northwest Hunan. This kind of building adapts to the local characteristics of high mountains and dense forests, hot and humid climate, complex terrain, rich resources and convenient construction. The first floor is overhead, and the second floor is inhabited, commonly known as "diaojiao building". Or a village by the mountain, or a courtyard by the water, forming a grand and exquisite architectural group, perfectly integrated into the natural landscape. In the vast areas of central and southern Hunan, the residents are mainly Han nationality. Brick-and-wood-frame mansion architecture in Ming and Qing Dynasties is the representative of Huxiang architectural culture. On the one hand, these architectural communities strictly follow the Confucian tradition of etiquette and law in building regulations, which embodies the difference between honor and inferiority, the difference between inside and outside, and the order of the old and the young; On the other hand, from the perspective of creating decoration, the romantic feelings of Hunan people are not lost. Brick-and-wood houses in central and southern Hunan, with the main house as the main body, symmetrical central axis, balanced wings and miscellaneous houses, and small courtyards, are combined into a huge building courtyard. China is respected, the East is expensive, followed by the West, and the latter is humble, forming an orderly architectural pattern. The decoration of Huxiang architecture mostly adopts gorgeous wood carvings, exquisite stone carvings, murals with literati atmosphere and calligraphy to convey the unique artistic atmosphere and warm and romantic feelings of Huxiang ancient dwellings. These deep curtilage courtyards attach importance to the main hall, and some of them are as many as hundreds. Most of the decorations are wood carvings, stone carvings and murals, which are magnificent. Courtyard pays attention to several entrances and levels, and many courtyards are built around patios. There are courtyards in the courtyard, which are connected by pavilions and corridors, supplemented by cloisters, sedan chairs, flower halls, bookstores, gardens, Buddhist temples and stage. Some of them are influenced by western culture, and "West Hall" is also built in the west wing or corner for family members and foreigners to have fun. The courtyard has a well-designed water supply and drainage system, and all kinds of facilities are available, so you can be self-sufficient and entertain yourself without leaving home. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Japanese invaders besieged Tirentang in central Hunan and shelled it with small steel. The attack was not broken because of the strong outer wall. After dozens of days of siege, the Japanese invaders were forced to retreat in vain because the hospital had sufficient food and water supply and was safe. Many prominent families in central and southern Hunan naturally form villages, and a village is often a family. For example, Zeng Guofan's mansion in central Hunan, Daihai's Baiyintang, and Liu Manor, once known as the second largest landlord in China. Another example is He Jia in Yangshan Village, Guiyang, southern Hunan, and Liu Jia in Banliang, Yongxing County. Large manors in central Hunan are relatively concentrated. About ten kilometers away from Santangpu, Gan Tang Shop and Qingshuping Fiona Fang, there are more than 40 large manors. Tirentang, Baiyintang and Weibotang are all among them. After 12 generations, the buildings of Weibotang have been built, rebuilt and expanded from the Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, and finally formed a scale of nearly 600 mu. The thickest gate is more than 80 centimeters thick, so you can imagine how strong it was built that year. Tijen Hall is even larger. In order to ensure the quality of the brick, the name of the craftsman and the year of manufacture were engraved on the brick, imitating Zhu Yuanzhang's practice of building the Nanjing city wall. The rise and fall of the family is directly related to the scale of the building. Zeng Guofan came out of a small mountain village with two peaks and eventually became a pillar of the late Qing Dynasty and one of the most famous figures in modern history. He has five brothers and nine mansions in Shuangfeng: Fuhou Hall, Dunde Hall, Award Hall, Wannian Hall, Xiushan Hall, Jindian Hall, Literature Hall, Youheng Hall and Taiyi Hall. Among them, Fuhou Hall is the largest, with three halls in front, middle and back of the main house, with more than 100 rooms. In addition, there are Quezhai, No Curtain Room, Fang Yiting and Bookstore. The Liu family, both in Shuangfeng, moved from Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the early Ming Dynasty and became a big family in Shuangfeng. Liu's Tirentang was expanded in the 18th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty and basically completed in the 8th year of Guangxu. Tijen Hall has three entrances and six exits, three main halls, six side halls, nine wings, 18 wings. There are 48 patios, supported by 65,438+008 stone pillars and wooden columns, connected by corridors and caves. All corridors and houses have brick floors. Most of the walls are two or three bricks, which are very strong. Tirentang has a complete storage system and water supply and drainage system. There are only 79 granaries on the second floor, and two springs are still intact. The most distinctive residential buildings in southern Hunan are street buildings, such as Hejia in Yangshan Village of Guiyang and Liujia in Banliang Village of Yongxing. The Hejia building complex in Yangshan Village is integrated with the Wanhuayan Scenic Area in Siqing Lake, and the ice rock in Tanping field is just a stone's throw away. Surrounded by mountains on three sides and water on one side, it is invisible to the outside world. Of the original 150 mansion, 65 are still well-preserved, with a construction area exceeding 18000 square meters, and the existing two-story building is about 13000 square meters. Now there are more than 480 households living in it, all surnamed He. He's complex is divided into 8 rows of horizontal lanes and 5 rows of vertical lanes, paved with bluestone slabs. Each room has a hall with plaques, shrines dedicated to ancestors decorated with wood carvings and screens in front (some of them have been destroyed), and they get married alone. The exterior wall is decorated with stone carvings or murals and has been well preserved so far. The Liu family in Banliang is a tribal building group slightly different from the street layout. It is composed of three building blocks, with 1 0,347 original houses and about 1 0,000 existing houses. The first plate is the sacrificial ceremony and public school room, the second plate is the folk house, and the third plate is the public facilities such as schools and martial arts schools. Like other building communities, we attach great importance to building site selection. Behind this building complex is a low hill, in front of which is a winding stream. The blue sky and white clouds set off a row of fire walls. The ancients called building site selection Feng Shui, in fact, it is to choose a place that is most suitable for living, so that their living space can live in harmony with nature. Comparatively speaking, there are many differences in architectural features between ancient houses in central Hunan and those in southern Hunan. For example, the ancient houses in central Hunan are mainly closed mansions, which are connected by buildings and cloisters, while the buildings in southern Hunan are mostly open streets and alleys. Each hospital is self-contained, with lanes connected and relatively independent, which is not only conducive to fire prevention and theft prevention, but also has relatively loose interpersonal relationships; Architecturally, the eaves in central Hunan are graceful and graceful, while those in southern Hunan are more subtle, and the roofs are mostly in the shape of "gold", which is customarily called "golden bell top"; There are various leisure facilities and pavilions scattered in the style of luxury houses in central Hunan, while southern Hunan is relatively concentrated and becomes a public place. The decoration of Huxiang architecture mostly adopts gorgeous wood carvings, exquisite stone carvings and murals full of literati atmosphere, conveying the unique artistic atmosphere of Huxiang ancient dwellings. The theme of woodcarving is very rich, including dragons and phoenixes, auspicious animals, flowers and birds, landscapes, pastoral scenery, Buddha statues, romantic legends, opera stories and so on. Stone carvings are mostly distributed in doorways, patios, corner stones, chord beams and column foundations. Compared with the cultural significance of wood carving, folk stone carving is more human. Just as literati like painting and calligraphy, Huxiang people also like to decorate their houses with painting and calligraphy. There are many opera stories, landscapes, flowers and birds, calligraphy and so on. For example, the handwriting of a generation of celebrities such as He, Zeng Guofan, Zuo and Li Hongzhang can be seen on the inner wall of the Yangshan Ancient Architecture Research Museum in southern Hunan. This can be seen from one side that Hunan people have a long tradition of attaching importance to culture and education. I hope the answer is satisfactory! three