Knowledge Quiz 022

I. First Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution, also known as the Industrial Revolution, refers to the transition of capitalism from workshop handicrafts to large-scale machine production, which caused fundamental changes in the field of production and social relations, first took place in Britain in the 18th century 60s, starting from the invention and use of machines, and then in the first half of the 19th century, the machines themselves were also used for the production of machines, marking the completion of the Industrial Revolution, and after Britain, France, the United States, and so on. Europe and the United States also carried out the Industrial Revolution.

II. Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 1870s

Third. The Third Scientific and Technological Revolution

Since the 1940s and 1950s, major breakthroughs in the fields of atomic energy, electronic computers, emblematic electronics, aerospace technology, molecular biology and genetic engineering have marked the arrival of science and technology, which has come to be known as the Third Technological Revolution in the history of mankind.

(1) the scientific and technological conditions and social causes of the three industrial revolutions

The formation of modern natural science provided the conditions for the industrial revolution. The vigorous development of the workshop handicrafts for the industrial revolution has accumulated a large number of production technology knowledge and backbone force; expanding market, the urgent need for the change of the means of production; to the theory of electricity and its application as the representative of the new breakthroughs in science and technology, for the second industrial revolution provides the conditions. The intensive development of machine industry required more advanced means of power, transportation, and communication; the theory of relativity as a representative of the scientific theory of major breakthroughs; the development of science and technology with a better material and technological basis; the urgent need for science and technology in the countries during the Second World War and the post-war period contributed to the occurrence of the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution.

(2) the three industrial revolutions, the most representative symbol of innovation

① the invention and use of computers; ② the widespread use of electricity; ③ atomic energy technology, space technology, electronic technology, as represented by a series of high-tech applications.

(3) The three industrial revolutions had the *** same impact on the world development

①All of them greatly promoted the development of social productive forces and brought about new changes in industrial layout.

② Both caused major changes in social relations: the first led to the emergence of two opposing classes in modern society, the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and began the process of urbanization. In the second, monopoly organizations arose and combined with state power. Liberal capitalism transitioned to monopoly capitalism. The third time, state monopoly capitalism was strengthened so that the share of the tertiary sector increased.

3. All of them had a great impact on the world pattern; the first time, the capitalist domination of the world was established, and colonial expansion resulted in the subordination of the East to the West. The second time, the capitalist world system and colonial system were finally formed, and the world became an inseparable whole. The third time, the adjustment of the international economic structure was promoted, and the economies of the world became interdependent and increasingly connected.

Three scientific and technological revolutions:

First, the widespread use of steam engines in the 1860s

Second, the widespread use of electricity in the 1870s

Third, the 1940s and 1950s, in the fields of atomic energy, computers, emblems of electronics, aerospace, molecular biology and genetic engineering, and other major breakthroughs.