What are the architectural styles of Tang, Northern Song, Southern Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties?

Because the function and material structure of ancient buildings in China have not changed much for a long time, the main factor that forms the styles of different times is the difference of aesthetic tendency; At the same time, due to the close relationship between ethnic groups and regions in ancient society, once it is impacted by foreign cultures, or the cultures of ethnic groups in various regions have undergone a sharp blending, it will also promote the artistic style to change. According to these two points, the architectural art after Shang and Zhou Dynasties can be divided into three typical styles of the times:

1, Qin and Han styles. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some important artistic features of China architecture were initially formed, such as square courtyard, axisymmetric layout, wooden beam frame structure system, single shape composed of roof, house body and pedestal, etc. The roof accounts for a large proportion in the facade. However, there are also regional and time differences in the architecture of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the feudal lords were separated, and the architectural style was not uniform because of different cultures. Generally speaking, it can be summarized into two styles, namely, the northern style of the Central Plains dominated by Qi and Jin and the Jianghuai style dominated by Chu and Wu. Qin unified the whole country, concentrated the cultures of various countries in Guanzhong, and Han inherited Qin culture, so the national architectural styles tended to be unified. The styles of Qin and Han Dynasties are mainly represented by capitals, palaces, tombs and ritual buildings. Its characteristics are: the division of capital cities is regular, and residential alleys and markets are closed with high walls; Palaces and tombs are large groups, and the main body is tall and heavy terraced buildings; Most of the important monomers are cross-axis commemorative, with huge scale and outstanding image; The roof is large and the curve is not obvious, but the eaves have "fallen"; Sculpture has many colors and decorations, complex themes, exaggerated shapes and strong colors; Important buildings pursue symbolic meaning. Although there are many religious contents, they are all understandable. The architecture of Qin and Han Dynasties laid the rationalism foundation of China architecture, with clear ethical content, smooth layout and neat composition, and at the same time showed a simple, rich, clear and strong artistic style.

2. Sui and Tang styles. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of great changes in China's architectural style. The gentry of the Central Plains went south, and the northern minorities entered the Central Plains. With the great ethnic integration, the profound Central Plains culture was introduced to the south, which also affected the north and northwest. Buddhism got unprecedented development in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The imported Buddhist culture has had a great influence on almost all traditional literature and art, increasing the types and means of expression of traditional art and changing the original style. At the same time, the literati's life interest in seclusion in the mountains, the appearance of pastoral landscape poems, and the development of beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River formally formed the aesthetic thought and basic style of China gardens, and also continued the romantic artistic conception. The national unity and frequent exchanges with the western regions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties promoted the cultural and artistic exchanges among many ethnic groups. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the traditional rational spirit has blended with Buddhism, the exotic customs of the western regions, and the romantic sentiment since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and finally formed a prosperous Tang style with rationality and romance intertwined. Its characteristics are: the capital is magnificent and square; The sequence of large groups such as palaces and temples. Broad and stretched, with a large spatial scale; The building has rich modeling, uneven outline and gorgeous decoration; Buddhist temples, pagodas and cave temples are extremely rich in scale, form and color, showing a fresh look of close integration of Chinese and foreign cultures.

3. Ming and Qing styles. From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the urban commodity economy in China feudal society developed greatly, and the content of urban life and people's aesthetic tendency also changed significantly, which also changed the artistic style. During the Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, Song Dynasty, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the cultures and arts of various ethnic groups and regions in China exchanged and merged again. The development of Tibet and Mongolia and the absorption of Arab culture in the Yuan Dynasty added fresh blood to traditional culture. The Ming Dynasty reunified the whole country after the Yuan Dynasty, and finally formed a unified multi-ethnic country in the Qing Dynasty. China architecture finally formed its last mature style in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty (18th century). Its characteristic is that the city is still square in specifications, but the closed alleys and markets in the city have become open streets, shops facing the street and lively markets; There are many scenic spots in or around the city, and there are many places for citizens to visit; Important buildings are completely stereotyped and standardized, but the group order forms are diverse and the methods are rich; The quality and artistic level of folk buildings and buildings in minority areas have generally improved, forming a variety of styles of various regions and ethnic groups; A large number of private and royal family forests appeared, the gardening art flourished unprecedentedly, and the gardening technology finally matured. In a word, Shengqing architecture inherited the rational spirit and romantic mood of the previous generation, and finally formed a mature typical style of China architectural art according to the unique laws of architectural art-graceful and generous, rigorous and elegant, clear mechanism and full of human touch.

Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties, basically the same time interval. They are the three periods of national unity and national integration, and also the representative dynasties of the three stages of feudal society. As an architectural art that actively and comprehensively reflects life, the contents contained in these three times styles obviously go far beyond the scope of pure art; The typical significance of architectural art style and its reflection function obviously go far beyond the architectural art itself.