What are the applications of siege equipment in ancient China compared with modern times? Need to know the answer urgently, thank you.

In China's five elements of Yin and Yang, there are A, B, Wood and Benevolence. The Yugoslav capital undoubtedly belongs to the soil series. Interestingly, before firearms were mature, wooden siege equipment did play the most important role in siege warfare. Ruled the battlefield for thousands of years. Of course, this is not the theory that the ancients deliberately pursued the five elements. In addition, Gun built the city for self-protection, while Zhou Wenwang's theory of five elements was not mature when he conquered the city and worshipped it. The popularity of wood products was limited by the productivity level at that time. Because human ancestors held wooden sticks and stone knives to drive away animals, and even drilled wood for fire, wood was more plastic than stone. The so-called tricks can be changed by everyone, each with its own ingenious differences. Wood-based weapons can be roughly divided into throwing (such as a trebuchet), climbing to watch the enemy (such as a nest car and a watchtower), climbing to the city (such as a ladder), crashing into the city (such as a car), avoiding arrows (such as a wall car), crossing a river (such as a moat bridge), destroying enemy equipment (such as hitting a pole) and blocking the enemy's progress (such as hitting a pole).

Cars, from ancient times to now, have been confined to a city with high walls and deep pools, or are in danger, so the sharp weapons of attack and defense are giants. If you want to use it flexibly, relying solely on manpower is really a bit thankless. Even cattle and horses with slightly higher physical strength than people can't help sighing in the face of dozens of tons of objects. Therefore, most ancient people put combat equipment on chariots (such as nest cars and thunderbolt cars). It is conceivable that without the invention of the automobile, the siege war would be much more boring.

Through archaeological discoveries, it can basically be judged that wheeled vehicles originated from sledges. In the 1960s, people were surprised to find some 8,000-year-old snowboard fragments in the quagmire of Russian Urals. On the rock wall of Ledeyu Island in Norway, there is a funny image of a skier. This person's posture is quite standard, but his ears are long. If he is not a rabbit, he is wearing a rabbit ear hat. Of course, archaeologists generally prefer the latter.

According to the legend of China, the laurel of inventing the automobile belongs to Xizhong in Xia Dynasty. There was a description of the decisive battle of large chariots in Xia and Shang Dynasties. However, it faces the problem of lack of physical evidence. If the legend is true, China should have used vehicles no later than the 23rd century BC. 1972, a Shang Dynasty chariot pit was unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province. The inner carriage, axle and axle were all well-made, which proved that the vehicle technology at that time had developed to the extreme.

I believe that everyone who has taken a taxi has this experience. When we go to a far place, I don't know how far it is, we will look at the numbers on the meter. Although the taxi industry started up soon, there were cars with mileage records in China as early as 80 BC. In the Miscellanies of Xijing in the Han Dynasty, rail cars and guide cars were mentioned. The rail car calculates the mileage according to the number of revolutions of the wheels. Every mile, the organ starts once, and Woodenhead at the lower level drums once. The structure of road vehicles is recorded in detail in the History of Song Dynasty. ( 12)。

Another interesting strange car is the windmill (13). According to the book, a man named Uncle Gao Cangwu built a pneumatic cart, which can carry 30 people and walk hundreds of miles a day. According to legend, Emperor Yang Di built a wind car that could carry thousands of people. Presumably, if the emperor hadn't invited Fengshen for nine days, the oral legend was deliberately exaggerated. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, China's "windmill" spread to Europe. The famous poet John? Milton sighed in the immortal Paradise Lost: "In the Silk Country, people there drove carts with vines and grass by the wings of sails and wind." Some people even put forward the idea of the wind train in the19th century, but just thinking about the tragic ending that the driver was forced to push the train after the wind stopped is enough to make people give up this crazy idea. Another crazy idea is that Zhu Yuanzhang's "Lu Che" is said to be dozens of feet long, covered with heavy armor and pushed by thousands of soldiers. The car is equipped with a spear, and the strong crossbow is unparalleled. Just pushing such a "castle" all over the street is definitely a chore.

Since it is related to wood, of course, there is no shortage of Lu Ban. It is said that Lu Ban made a wooden cart and drove two wooden horses for hundreds of miles every day. As a result, as soon as his mother got on it, Woodenhead whipped it, and the car passed like a gust of wind, and his mother disappeared without a trace. From then on, Lu's father disappeared because of Lu Ban's invention. So people say: "Rubanqiao died of his mother;" Lubanqiao, his father died. "

Stone thrower (also known as cannon), according to legend, cannon was invented in Zhou Dynasty and named as "car thrower". "Fan Li's Art of War" records that "the flying stone weighs 12 Jin, which is made by mechanism and travels at 300 steps". Stone throwers use the lever principle to throw stones out. It consists of throwing rod, throwing frame and machine rope. The throwing rod has a horizontal shaft, and the top end of the throwing rod is connected with a pair of leather bags and ropes; Machine ropes consist of dozens and hundreds of ropes. Each rope needs 1-2 people to pull. (pictured)

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, artillery has become a highly respected siege weapon. In 200 AD, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought in Guandu, and Cao Jun used his self-propelled artillery-a thunderbolt car to break through the walls of Yuan Jun and won a great victory. Please refer to Ji Xiao's new book about the shape of the mine car? Volume 4: "The cannon car is made of big wood, with four wheels under it and two sides on it. The position is horizontal, neutral, single-edged, and the head is like an orange. The height of the pole depends on the city. ..... its whirlwind quadrupeds are also used with everything. "

After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the use of guns became more common. According to Wu Yao, there are more than a dozen guns. Generally divided into three categories: light, medium and heavy. The lighter is operated by two people; There are dozens of winners; As for the heavy ones, they are as high as tens of feet and hundreds of pounds of stone bullets, surrounded by hundreds of people, which are extremely spectacular. The momentum is almost equal to the popular "Da Wan Er". Of course, the gun is really the star of the offensive and defensive war. The stereotypes of the Song Dynasty wrote with emotion in "City Shoulu" that "offensive and defensive weapons are nothing like guns. If the attacker gains the skill of artillery, the city will be merciless; If the defenders have artillery skills, they can defeat the enemy. " (14) is so obvious. However, just as Liu Huan sang "You have everything, I have everything" in a Song of the Han Dynasty, Xu Jin did not make Guo Song outstanding in using guns, and when attacking the capital of song dynasty in Tokyo, he also "made a move when it was time". According to historical records, "Jin people lined up stone artillery seats, ... more than 100 artillery seats, and flying stones rained down on the soldiers guarding the city, no less than ten or twenty people a day." (15) There is another cloud: "There are more than 200 gun bases at the gate, including seven-shot guns, scattered star guns and stone guns. With the help of more than 1000 strong crossbows, the gates were littered with rocks, making it impossible for the guards to stand on their feet ... "(16)

In the history of the use of China artillery, the Mongols were in a prominent position, which revolutionized the use of China artillery. 13-14th century, Mongolian fighters swept across Europe and Asia and established an unprecedented empire, which may be unprecedented. Although the invincible fighter of Mongolia is the root of this myth, the powerful artillery of Mongolia has given the Mongolian army great destructive power to destroy all defenses, which is an important symbol of Mongolia's transformation from the king of grassland to the world hegemon.

As the saying goes, "if a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first." The change of Mongolian artillery first comes from the change of gun shape. The biggest shortcoming of China's traditional gun is the shooting method (pictured). The power of the gun comes from the instantaneous explosive power of a group of strong men (in a word: tired! ), it is difficult to unify human strength, which seriously affects the shooting accuracy. Moreover, it is impossible for people to use the same force every time, so it is futile to test the gun. If any lucky shooter achieves his first hit, he really should be advised to buy the Mark Six lottery quickly (remember this idea was my idea, I need labor! )。 Mongolian guns are called "Hui Hui guns". It is an imported product, which was learned from the Persians during the Western Expedition of Mongolia. It is also a successful example of China's early knowledge introduction. There are two changes in the "appearance" of "Huipao" (of course, not white skin and blue eyes. ) One is that the short end of the gun is hung with a heavy object instead of manual traction, and the other is that the gun is equipped with a hook. When loading the shell, the hook is opened, the weight is pressed down, and the shell is shot. These two devices keep the launching force unchanged, saving manpower, and the gunner who has worked hard for thousands of years can finally rest. Not only that, when the heavy objects are placed in different positions, the shells can be fired at different distances, and the scale similar to the shooting calculation table appears on the pull-back gun, which greatly improves the shooting accuracy. It is recorded in ancient books that "Hui Hui Cannon" played a great role in attacking Xiangyang: "People in the middle of the road were killed and the ground sank three or four feet". It was also the sound of "Hui Hui Cannon" that destroyed the wall of Xiangyang, and the Xiangyang War, which lasted for three years, was finally settled in the roar of "Hui Hui Cannon".

The progress of gun shape saves manpower and improves the technical requirements of gun. The use of guns is no longer a task that can be completed by strength. A gunner's copy was established in Yuan Taizong. It seems that the use of guns has become a "family heirloom" at this time. In the 11th year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan, the "General Management Office of Rifleman" was established. China artillery finally has its own "organization". In the eighteenth year of Zhiyuan, it was renamed "Marshal Gunner's Mansion". Twenty-two years later, the "gunner craftsman Wanjiazhai" was established.

The most legendary progress of Mongolian artillery is to "drill" the first large-scale chemical warfare and biological weapons attack in the history of war. During the Warsaw War, the Mongolian army fired a large number of poisonous smoke bombs with guns, which filled the whole city with arsenic and wolfsbane smoke. The defenders had no resistance and had to surrender. After the Mongolian army attacked Constantinople, it could not be captured for a long time, and the plague prevailed in the army. This is bad news for the Mongolian army. Unwilling to taste the sweetness, Mongolian artillery threw the bodies of dead soldiers into the city, causing the plague to rise and the city to fall. However, a few businessmen in the city fled by boat and brought the Asian plague to Europe, which triggered the "Black Death" that reminded Europeans and killed one-third of the people in Europe at that time. Of course, this is a medical and sociological problem, which does not belong to the research direction of this paper.

"Fade out" is a film art term, the meaning is not difficult to understand, and it is also appropriate to use it on guns. Because the gun didn't suddenly quit the war stage one morning. Until the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were still records about guns in Qi Jiguang's New Book of Ji Xiaoxin. In the era when emerging artillery was already very active, it was an "antique" for artillery to be so photogenic. But it is an indisputable fact that guns gradually fade out in China's equipment sequence.

Nest car, look at the building, the ancients said: "climb high and look far"; Sun Ziyun, a soldier saint, said, "He who can face the enemy's changes is called God"; Contemporary military strategists believe that mastering the right to information is an important guarantee to win the war. Imagine that when attacking a city, if you can see the enemy's deployment from a height, you will naturally get twice the result with half the effort. No problem, there is a car, look at the building to solve your troubles. The nest car takes its meaning, from Zuo Zhuan, "hanging the tower high, like a bird's nest." It is to erect a high pole on the underframe of a four-wheeled vehicle, which is called a "lookout pole". There is a floor on the pole, which is made of Mengniu skin and surrounded by a lookout hole for observing the enemy. The earliest documented use of the nest car was the battle of Yanling in 575 BC, and the king of Chu boarded the nest car to watch the battle accompanied by Taizai Bozhou. (17) As the advertisement says, "Buy only the right ones, not the expensive ones." Woche and watchtower, although ugly and unknown, are not weaker than those "famous families". In the battle of Guandu in 200 AD, Yuan Li's watchtower was forced, and the crossbows flew like locusts, which made him afraid to show up and was miserable. Fortunately, Cao Cao broke it with the tactic of "thunderbolt car", otherwise, it is still unknown whether Cao Cao and Cao Can can burn out the nest.

Ladder, siege tower and Ladder are the main ministers of siege warfare, and the date of birth and death is unknown. Historians have three views: Xia, Shang and Western Zhou. However, one thing is certain: the Zhou attack and worship in the 1 1 century BC was the first tough battle in the history of China. At that time, Shang Zhou had no choice but to help him and zhou bo attacked him. According to Chongyi, Zhou Jun stayed at the gate for more than 30 days. Later, King Wen got the methods of "Hook Aid" (a primitive ladder) and "Close Rush" (a primitive siege tower) to destroy the city and worship righteousness. It should be said that the ladder is inseparable from the siege war. If there is no city and no tough battle, even if there is a ladder method, it is only a kind of "dragon slaying", and the ladder is not a real ladder. Therefore, the battle of cutting worship can be said to be the first "baby crying" of the ladder. If this legend is too bloody, then another legend is nobler and older. During the Warring States Period, Lu Ban built a ladder for Chu to attack the Song Dynasty. Mozi led his disciples to the king of Chu to stop him. It is "take the belt off as the city, take death as the weapon, the public transport class set up a siege machine change in nine, and Mozi refused in nine." The attack of the bus class is exhausted, and Zi Mozi's self-defense is more than enough. "The king of Chu gave up his attempt to attack the Song Dynasty and was saved from World War I.. (18) If Master Lu's ladder is the same as the wooden ladder we climb up and down every day, it is an insult to carpenters all over the world. However, there is no history of Luban's ladder, and we can generally learn from Wu Yao, Ji Xiao and Mozi. Prepare a ladder (pictured) and imagine the wisdom of the ancients.

After all, the ladder and siege tower are relatively primitive and simple siege weapons, with their fatal weakness: Mozi? It is pointed out in "Prepare Ladder" that "the ladder is heavy and difficult to move", so the use of ladder is not hidden and sudden. Countless soldiers frantically rushed to the city along the ladder until they killed each other or were killed by each other. It's not uncommon to see rivers of blood and corpses everywhere. The image of the ancients in China is called "Ant Attached". Indeed, in this madness of human nature, the value of life has long since disappeared.

Trolley, pointed cart and wooden ox cart

Trampoline is a highly protective siege vehicle, which was widely used in the Spring and Autumn Period. In ancient siege warfare, it was usually necessary to approach and destroy city walls, gates or dig tunnels. If there are no corresponding protective measures, these actions will be easily attacked by weapons such as arrows and stones from the city, which is very dangerous. It is safer to use a bicycle because it has a multi-wheeled vehicle base; The sides and the top are protected with wooden boards and covered with hard leather; This car can hold more than ten people. When doing homework, people push the car under the city in the car, and then people work under the city. You can avoid the arrows and stones on the city. According to different types, different irregular carts are formed. The flat cart is called "wooden ox cart" and the two walls inclined at a certain angle are called "pointed donkey" (also called "pointed wooden donkey").

Trench bridge, bumper, door guard knife, etc.

Many big cities in ancient China had moats, so how to make moats a thoroughfare? Therefore, the earliest "pontoon bridge force"-moat bridge (pictured) appeared in the establishment of our army.

Once the enemy breaks through the moat and attaches to the ladder, it's time to hit the pole. As long as several people work together to hit the pole, Qi Xin's ladder will inevitably collapse.

If the enemy knocks down the city gate or city wall with a wooden ox cart, the knife-blocking cart will "stand up" and "shut the enemy out".

★ Fire

Listen-"Be careful with candles when the weather is dry." From a distance came the banging of the bellboy. Zhu Rong, the Vulcan, has always been a nightmare for this city. The so-called "fire and water are ruthless", people have learned the tyrannical temperament of fire while lighting up the history of civilization with fire. From the first spark polished by Suiren to Brahmos (19) in Indian legend, both the mountain king who likes the dark moon and the strategist who is used to strategizing have a special liking for the destructive power of fire. (commercial break: once you have it, you want nothing more. ) The time when fire was first used in war can't be verified, because people can't know which primitive man had a brainwave and set fire to his opponent's hut intentionally or unintentionally. A more reliable legend is that Athens was in danger because of the great potential of the Persian army in an attack on Greece by the Persian expeditionary force. Archimedes, a famous scholar, offered a plan to organize women in the city to illuminate the sails of Persian warships with mirrors, thus solving the siege of Athens in one fell swoop. (Another version says that Archimedes built a big concave mirror, which is technically more feasible, while the former is full of romance. ) China used fire earlier in the military than the West, and fire meter was listed as an important means of war in Sun Tzu's Art of War. Mozi regarded fire attack as an important subject of the city defense. (20) It can be seen that as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of fire was very common. However, these are just a prelude to the use of firearms, and they are not really firearms. It was not until the end of the Tang Dynasty that the firearms made the first baby cry. (2 1)

gunpowder

Fire and medicine are two unrelated words, and their combination is purely accidental. Taiping Guangji recorded an interesting story: In the early years of Sui Dynasty, a young man named Du Zichun visited a Taoist priest to find a way to make an alchemist. Taoist priests are refining an elixir, which is mainly composed of saltpeter and sulfur. It was the night Taoist who warned Du Zichun not to talk nonsense. As soon as he woke up, the blast furnace suddenly caught fire. Bearing in mind the Taoist priest's warning, he stood quietly and watched the house catch fire. Since then, the mixture of sulfur and saltpeter has been called "gunpowder" that can catch fire. Although the alchemist did not realize the wish of immortality, he made an important contribution to the invention of gunpowder. When and by whom gunpowder was invented is still difficult to determine, but what is certain is that alchemy prevailed from Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Interestingly, although gunpowder is "violent", it is even more inedible (perhaps the alchemist genius who invented gunpowder took his invention "Ascension to Heaven and Immortality"). However, the main components of gunpowder are found in medical skills. There is a record of sulfur in Huainanzi, an ancient book in the Han Dynasty, and Shennong Herbal Classic, a medical dictionary compiled at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, lists sulfur as the second kind of "traditional Chinese medicine", with 120 people. Nitrate ranks in the top eight (sixth) in 120 "excellent drugs". It can be said that the family background is good and the blood is noble. More romantically, the earliest existing gunpowder formula is also derived from a Taoist medical book, The Mystery of the Old Gentleman in Taishang (22). The real black powder was born at the end of the 9th century.

In the late Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was "enlisted into the army" at the latest in 10 century, and the original firearm-starting gun Fei Huo was made. According to Lu Zhen's Records of Nine Kingdoms, in the early Tang Dynasty (AD 904), Zheng caught fire and burned the dragon shaman to death in the city.

The word gunpowder was formally used in the book General Theory of Jason Wu written by Li Qing in the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1044), which recorded the gunpowder formulas of three kinds of firearms. The official promotion of gunpowder marks that the application of initiating explosive devices has been greatly strengthened.

During the Northern Song Shenzong period (A.D. 1068- 1085), the government set up the Military and Political Supervision Office in Bianliang, the capital, and all local offices were used as courtyards. There are "3,700 craftsmen in Wanquan and 5,000 craftsmen in Dongxifang" in the military supervision. There are eleven tasks under the supervision of military equipment. It can be seen that China's military industry had reached a fairly high level at that time.

1In the 1920s, gunpowder was introduced to the Middle East with Genghis Khan's westward expedition, and then to Europe through Arabs in the14th century. Since then, smoke has replaced wolf smoke, and guns have covered the golden drums on the world war stage.

fireball

It is a kind of combustible spherical firearm with gunpowder, sometimes called "cannon" and "thunderbolt". Its structure is generally powder as the center, cloth or paper as the shell, coated with grease and other moisture-proof materials. Big as a bucket, small as an egg. When in use, the fire rope is lit and thrown at the enemy. Fireballs mainly include thunderbolt fireballs, poisonous fire smoke balls and Tiexi melon cannons. There are only eight kinds of fireball firearms recorded in the general introduction of martial arts classics. In the first year of Jingkang, Song Qinzong (A.D. 1 126), the Jin people attacked the capital of song dynasty, and the general Li Gang of Song ordered the soldiers to shoot thunderbolt guns, which dealt a heavy blow to the Jin army. According to Wu Beizhi (23) published in the Ming Dynasty, the thunderbolt gun was made of bamboo with a diameter of inches, dried in two or three stages, wrapped in iron sheet, gunpowder and bamboo into balls, with one inch left at each end, one end as a handle and the other end as medicine. If it sounds like a thunderbolt, it's called a thunderbolt fireball. Inspired by this, the Jin people created the world's earliest metal bomb-Zhentianlei, which was widely used in the war against Mongolia in the future.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, gunpowder and fireball made great progress. The Tale of Tokyo, written in the first year of Kangding (A.D. 1040), recorded the situation of the government gunpowder factory-"gunpowder green kiln" at that time. At this time, the fireball has used different formulas according to different needs, and there are as many as 14 words to be tested. At that time, the fireball also had a clear division of labor, and smoke, poison, explosion and combustion performed their respective duties. Obviously, the manufacturing technology of fireball has reached a rather complicated stage.

In the 14th year of Jiading, Song Ningzong (A.D. 122 1), the Jin people attacked qi zhou (now Qichun County, Hubei Province) and built 17,000 rockets, 3,000 tribulus cannons and 20,000 leather cannons in one day. In A.D. 1257, Zengbo Li, Minister of Song Dynasty, went to Zhenjiang to inspect armaments. At that time, there were 100,000 iron cannons in Jinghuai, and Jingzhou (now Jiangling, Hubei) could make one or two thousand iron cannons in January. The output is amazing. As far as the thirteenth century is concerned, its scale can be compared with the nuclear arsenal of today's superpowers. )

So-called: there are nine kinds of dragons, each with its own differences. The traditional fireball gradually developed a lot of "personalized design". "Guo's bottle" is a kind of ceramic bomb, with a ceramic bottle outside and gunpowder inside. It was created by Zheng Chenggong in the Ming Dynasty, hence its name. Firebrick, the brother of fireball, is a brick-shaped hand-thrown firearm, mostly made of paper and veneer. The materials are easily available, and the finished products are easy to store and transport, and can be stacked, so they do not roll after being put into enemy lines, which is of great significance to the tough battle in mountainous areas. Therefore, refractory bricks became "mass goods" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

However, fireballs are powered by manpower and have limited range, so they can only be used in urban defense warfare. With the continuous application of new firearms, fireball began to decline in the14th century, and rockets and ware began to glow. However, in some remote towns without artillery guarding the city, fireballs are still the "first device guarding the city" (pictured)

rocket

It is a weapon that flies to the target to kill the enemy by relying on the reaction force of its own backward injection of gunpowder gas. In China, the word "rocket" first appeared in Chen Shou's Three Kingdoms. In the second year of Wei Taihe (A.D. 228), Zhuge Liang of Shu attacked Chencang, and Zhao Hao, the general of Wei, "shot a rocket at the ladder, and the ladder burned, and all the ladders burned". But at that time, the "rocket" just tied flammable materials to the arrow, lit it and fired it with a crossbow to set fire. The real rocket was created by Yue of Song Dynasty in 969 AD. It mainly relies on the recoil of gunpowder to provide power. Although the name is still in use, its meaning is completely different.

Rocket was used in military affairs shortly after its invention, and in Song Renzong period (1023- 1063), rocket officially "joined the army" and became the standard equipment of the army. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, rocket technology was rapidly improved, with a wide range of uses and a hundred flowers blooming, and it was called "a sharp weapon in the army". Qi Jiguang, a famous soldier, praised in Ji Xiaoxin's book: "The rocket is also an amphibious weapon, and its contribution is no less than that of the Bird's Nest". And a large number of standard "three flying arrows" with a range of 300-500 steps (each step is about 1.55 meters) are equipped in Qijiajun. Rocket's first "genealogy" also appeared in the Ming Dynasty-that is, Jiao Yulu's "The Dragon Classic". Rockets not only killed thieves for the country on the battlefield against Japan, but also made achievements in the anti-Japanese bonfire. 1938, in order to open the Pingda Highway and divide our base area in central Hebei, the Japanese invaders gathered more than 3,000 Japanese puppet troops to occupy Hejian City. In the case of insufficient firepower, our People's Army creatively used a large number of rockets to conquer Hejian City. It is said that at that time, Zhang Tian, Yan Guo and Wei Zhen were hundreds of miles away, and the Japanese army thought. Defeating the modern Japanese invaders with primitive rockets not only embodies the superb war wisdom of our people, but also embodies the fearless spirit of the soldiers and civilians in our base area to kill the enemy heroically. Of course, revisiting this "legend" today will make us more alert. Speaking of which, let the brothers and sisters of the rocket meet with you:

A swarm of bees is found in Mao's Wu Bei Zhi in Ming Dynasty. 32 rockets are packed in 32 compartments of a big cabinet. Once launched, 32 arrows were shot at once, which was unstoppable. At that time, 10 arrows were shot at a time, which was called "fire crossbow meteor arrow"; Send 20 arrows, known as "dragon arrows" in history; Send 40 at a time, which is called "the leopard rushes to the arrow"; Send 100 arrow, that is, "a hundred tigers pounce." (24)

The "fire chariot" that appeared in the early Ming Dynasty was the earliest multi-barrel rocket launcher in history. Its shape is a human unicycle, equipped with 6 boxes of 160 rockets, three people * * *, equipped with two guns and two spears, which is powerful and suitable for both distance and distance. The museum of Chinese history has restored objects.

"Shenhuo Flying Crow" is a kind of winged rocket, which improves flight stability and increases altitude and range. The "Shenhuo Flying Crow" is made of cotton paper and thin reeds, filled with gunpowder and fired four rockets. After the ignition, "if you fly more than 100 feet, you will land. There is a crow on the side and there are flames everywhere." If you use it to defend against the enemy, you will burn ships in the water and be invincible. ".(25)

According to the Fire Dragon Classic written by Jiao Yu in the Ming Dynasty, "the dragon came out of the water with a 5-foot-long bamboo as the carrier, with four large rockets tied to it, weighing 1.5 kg, and four small rockets in its belly. Among them, the big rocket is a carrier rocket and the small rocket is a combat rocket. The two are connected by a fuse, with a range of more than one kilometer. In all fairness, the power of "Dragon Out of Water" is still limited, but if the opposing soldiers suddenly see the legendary sacred objects, they will panic and their courage will be broken. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that "Dragon Out of the Water" is a special psychological warfare equipment in the early days. (26)

Firearms, rifles, flying rifles

It is a kind of firearm with a barrel and the originator of modern guns. In the second year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (A.D. 1 132), the musket was invented according to the usual practice. Its shape is a big bamboo with a diameter of several inches, which is filled with gunpowder and distributed to two shooters. In battle, it fires to kill the enemy. (27) In the year of Song Lizong Kaiqingyuan (1259), Shou Chunfu (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province) invented the musket, which took the projectile as the main killing means and already possessed the main characteristics of modern guns. However, both muskets and muskets can only be far away, not close. Therefore, people combine spears and muskets to form a dual-purpose musket that can both stab at close range and spray fire at a distance. Pear musket is one of them. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a man named Li Quan, who took his pear blossom gun and dominated Shandong. He had the reputation of "pear blossom gun for 20 years, invincible in the world". At that time, the Jin army also used a weapon that combined fire breathing and assassination, called flying hair gun, which was a standard firearm equipped by the Jin army in large quantities and was the first dual-purpose musket equipped with cluster soldiers. In the sixth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1233), Jin Aizong retreated to Germany, and the commander-in-chief of the Jin Army, Pucha Guannu, organized a 450-member musket team with 450 flying muskets, which dealt a heavy blow to the pursuing Mongolian army. (28)

Firearms made of bamboo and wood are easy to burn and have short range, so it is imperative to use "rough" metal materials.

This device is the floorboard of metal barrel gun in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, also known as "fire tube". The earliest existing artifact is the Xixia bronze cannon unearthed in Wuwei, Gansu Province in 1980. Gun length 100 cm, weight 108.5 kg. Experts judge that it is a product of the early 3rd century. Compared with this "black household" with unknown origin and no "hukou". A medium-sized porcelain in the Chinese History Museum is much more "innocent". There are three lines of inscriptions on his body, which introduce his "native place" and "resume" in detail: Ben Qi was born in the third year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1332), and was equipped in the Yuan Frontier Defense, Suiyuan Qiukou Army, the factory name was Mashan, and the number was 300. The total length is 353 mm, the caliber is 105 mm, and the weight is 6.94kg..

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the artifacts were "successful in official career", which not only had a lot of equipment, but also began to affect the outcome of the war. In the 19th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1359), Zhu Yuanzhang was at war with Hu Dahai and Lv Zhen in Shaoxing. According to the Ming Dynasty Lu's "Chen Jia ... Ma Jun and others led a strong man ... with dozens of incendiary bombs, they had to be released at the same time, and the enemy could not support them. ""The enemy troops ... came from outside Chen Cheng ... from the fire pipe ... and the iron bullets entered the city, and their front was extremely sick. " Zhu Yuanzhang won the world, and making good use of firearms is an important factor. 1363 In July, Zhu Yuanzhang led 200,000 sailors to fight Chen Youliang, which is known as 600,000, in Poyang Lake. Zhu Jun used his ware to destroy more than 20 enemy ships at a stroke over a long distance, and won a great victory. This was the first large-scale ware water war in the history of China. In the thirteenth year of Hongwu, the Ming government stipulated that the garrison of the National Health Center should be equipped with firearms according to the compiled 10%, which was unparalleled in scale. In the Yongle period, the ware finally had its own "armed": in the eighth year of Yongle (A.D. 14 10), Judy of Ming Taizu established the "Magic Machine Camp", which was the first firearms unit in the world. (29)