Who put forward the Four Diagnostics in the Warring States Period?

The four diagnostic methods of "looking, smelling, asking and cutting" were summarized by Bian Que.

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Four diagnostic methods, summarized by Bian Que, a famous doctor in the Warring States Period in ancient China, are four basic methods for diagnosing diseases, namely, inspection, smell, diagnosis and pulse, which are collectively called "four diagnostic methods".

Inquiry is a method to infer the disease by observing the patient's external spirit, color, shape, state, and various secretions (such as phlegm, stool, pus, blood, urine, menstruation, bloody belt, etc.). ) with the naked eye.

Olfactory diagnosis, through the doctor's hearing and smell, collects materials such as the voice of the patient's speech, the smell of breathing and coughing, and serves as a reference for judging the condition.

Inquiry is a way for doctors to understand patients' subjective symptoms, the occurrence and evolution of diseases, and treatment experience. By talking with patients or insiders, as a basis for diagnosis.

Pulse diagnosis, mainly pulse-taking, also includes palpation of some parts of the patient's body surface. In traditional Chinese medicine, fingers are often used to press the radial artery (wrist inch) of patients, and the internal changes of patients' syndromes are understood according to the comprehensive signs composed of the position, frequency, intensity, rhythm and pulse waveform of patients' superficial arteries.

The above four methods of diagnosing diseases are not isolated from each other, but interrelated. Traditional Chinese medicine has always emphasized "four diagnoses combined with reference", that is to say, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the diseases collected by four clinics, remove the rough and extract the essence, and remove the false and retain the true, so as to make a comprehensive scientific judgment from the outside to the inside.

According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Bian Que, on one occasion, Bian Que went to the State of Jin to practice medicine, and Zhao Jianzi was seriously ill. He has been unconscious for five days. His relatives and staff were very worried and asked Bian Que to treat Zhao Jianzi. Through pulse-taking, Bian Que noticed that Zhao Jianzi's heart was still beating slightly, and learned through consultation that the political struggle in the state of Jin was very fierce at that time, so he concluded that Zhao Jianzi was in a coma for a period of time because he used his brain too much in the political struggle, and did not die. After careful treatment by Bian Que, Zhao Jianzi recovered within 3 days. This shows that Bian Que is very proficient in the Four Diagnostics. The four diagnoses have a profound scientific foundation. Neijing, an ancient medical classic in China, said: "Man is related to heaven and earth and corresponds to the sun and the moon." In other words, people and the external environment are unified, and the external environment has an impact on people's functional activities. The external environment includes natural environment and social environment. Man is the product of natural evolution. A certain natural environment is a necessary condition for human survival. There is material identity between man and the natural environment. The influence of natural environment on human function involves many aspects, such as the change of seasonal climate, the difference of regional environment and so on. Even the change of 24 hours a day has a certain influence on the activities of human functions. Neijing pointed out: "Therefore, the sun is dominant in one day, the sun is healthy in the middle, and the sun is weak in the west, so close the valve." In other words, the activity of the human body's yang is fluctuating day and night. This trend is very consistent with the daily fluctuation curve of human body temperature revealed by modern physiological research. Modern chronobiology research shows that almost all functional activities of human body have circadian rhythm changes. Scientific facts have proved that the understanding of ancient Chinese medicine is very correct. As for the violent social environment, it has a greater impact on people's physical and mental functions. Zhao Jianzi, mentioned above, was unconscious because he used his brain too much in the political struggle, which is an obvious example. Therefore, ancient physicians in China attached great importance to consultation. Through consultation, understanding the external environment of patients is helpful to find the root cause and essence of the disease, so as to make a diagnosis. Ancient Chinese medicine also believed that man was an organic whole. All kinds of zang-fu organs are interrelated and influenced each other in physiology and pathology. "What is inside must be outside", that is to say, there is a definite correspondence between the external appearance of the body and the internal situation. This determines that doctors can observe the external pathological manifestations of patients, guess the pathological changes of internal organs and make a diagnosis through consultation, smell diagnosis and pulse diagnosis.

The "Four Diagnoses" summarized by Bian Que, a folk doctor in China during the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, fully conforms to the holism, system theory and dialectical theory in modern science, which is admirable. Four diagnosis is a traditional method for diagnosing diseases in TCM, and acupuncture is an important means for treating diseases in TCM. In the world medical forest, acupuncture can be regarded as the oldest wonderful work. It is the oldest, because it originated from human childhood. Living about 500,000 years ago, "Beijingers" have been able to make pointed stone tools and bone implements and learned to use fire, which is not only of great significance for human beings to seek food and clothing, but also for human beings to overcome diseases. Due to the use of sharp stone tools, bone tools and fire, primitive medical instruments have been provided for human beings.