What is Confucius' Confucian belief?

The core of Confucianism is benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, kindness and other virtues, which have been respected by Confucian scholars in past dynasties.

The latest research results put forward in Teenagers Asking for Changes published by People's Publishing House hold that the core of Confucianism, as far as individuals are concerned, is the "five elements" of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and morality; As far as society is concerned, it is a moral concept, that is, fraternity, kindness, fairness (covering "China"), justice (covering "righteousness"), honesty, trustworthiness, innovation, civilization, harmony, democracy and the rule of law. It is the cornerstone of the core values of our society. Confucianism is very rich. Personally, I think there are thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, holiness (faith), forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety and so on. According to the theory of elements, the ancients wrote three virtues, five elements, Liu De and other virtues. Confucius and Mencius talked about the "holy" side; Dong Zhongshu changed it to "letter"

Benevolence:

The theoretical core of Confucius' ideological system. It is the highest ideal and standard of Confucius' social politics, ethics and morality, and also reflects his philosophical views, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations. "'Benevolence treats people in an orderly and harmonious way' is the origin of Confucius' thought and the core of Confucianism." (Chen Zhisui's "Tang Jingji") Ren is embodied in educational thought and practice as "teaching without distinction". In the Spring and Autumn Period, learning was in official schools, and Confucius first opened private schools. Disciples can come to be taught regardless of their origins. Benevolence is embodied in politics by emphasizing "rule by virtue". The basic spiritual essence of governing the country by virtue is to love and help others. Confucius introduced benevolence into the ceremony and changed the traditional "rule by virtue" into "rule by virtue". He did not deny "rule by virtue", and his "rule by virtue" is undoubtedly the inheritance and transformation of "rule by virtue". Love is the essence and basic content of benevolence, and this kind of love is pushing yourself and others, from kissing to being popular.

Meaning:

The original meaning is "appropriate", that is, the behavior is suitable for "ceremony". Confucius regards "righteousness" as a moral principle to judge people's thoughts and behaviors. "Righteousness (friendship) suits people. Duan Yucai commented on Shuo Wen Yan Wen Bu, saying: "Righteousness and benefit, ancient and modern characters, Zhou Zhiyi and Han Yi are all words of benevolence and righteousness today." Righteousness consists of gentleman's righteousness and villain's righteousness. A gentleman is more righteous than me, and a villain is less righteous than me. Big self, for the public, for society; The ego is partial to the party, and so is the so-called' buddy loyalty' today. "(Chen Zhisui's Collection of People in Beijing and Tang Dynasties")

Ceremony:

Political ethics category of Confucius and Confucianism. In the long-term historical development, "Li", as the moral norm and living standard of China feudal society, played an important role in cultivating the spiritual quality of the Chinese nation. However, with the reform and development of society, especially in the late feudal society, it has increasingly become a rope that binds people's thoughts and behaviors and affects the progress and development of society.

Wisdom:

Using "knowledge" is the basic category of Confucius epistemology and ethics. Refers to knowing, understanding, opinions, knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, etc. The connotation mainly involves the nature, source, content and function of knowledge. Regarding the nature of knowledge, Confucius thinks that knowledge is a moral category and a knowledge about human behavior norms.

Letters:

Refers to the attitude of being honest and not deceiving, and being consistent in words and deeds. It is one of the "five permanents" of Confucianism. Confucius regards "faith" as an important embodiment of "benevolence", and "benevolence" is an essential moral character of sages. Anyone who is honest in words and actions can gain the trust of others. Those in power will keep their word, the people will treat each other with sincerity, and they will not bully the weak and fear the hard. In addition, there is forgiveness: don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you. This is forgiveness and tolerance.

Loyalty:

If you want to be a man standing, you want to reach out and be a man. Confucius believes that loyalty is manifested in loyalty and honesty in dealing with people.

Filial piety:

Confucius believes that filial piety is the foundation of benevolence. Filial piety is not limited to supporting parents, but should focus on respecting parents and elders. He believes that if there is no filial piety, supporting parents will be regarded as raising dogs, which is a big violation and unfilial. Confucius also believes that parents may be at fault, and children should politely persuade and try to correct them, rather than obey their parents absolutely. These thoughts are the embodiment of China's ancient moral civilization. However, when Confucius talked about filial piety, he also said that "parents are here and don't travel far" and "it is filial piety if you don't change your father's way for three years", which shows the limitations of his time. Filial piety was defined as a complex ceremony by later Confucianism. It is stipulated in the Book of Rites that after the death of parents, "water slurry is not allowed to enter, and fire does not rise for three days", "crying countless times" and even "physical illness and physical death" become self-destruction of spirit and body. In Song and Ming Dynasties, filial piety was regarded as one of the most important categories in moral theory, and philosopher Zhu advocated the absoluteness of patriarchy. In the evolution of different historical periods, the concept of filial piety has some reasonable factors besides advocating feudalism, advocating children's "respect", "respect" and "support for the elderly" for their parents, combining filial piety with loyalty to the country's righteousness, and advocating thin burial after death.

Cloud:

Refers to feelings for brothers. Confucius attached great importance to filial piety. According to his thoughts, his disciples called filial piety and filial piety "the foundation of benevolence". Confucianism has made great contributions to China's science and technology and world civilization. According to the chronology of natural science events in the world, there were about 300 major scientific and technological inventions that affected human life before16th century, of which 175 was invented by China people. It is these great inventions (including discoveries) that have kept China's farming, textile, metallurgy and manual manufacturing technologies at the advanced level in the world for a long time. Confucianism has also left behind a large number of world-famous scientific works, such as Kao Gong Ji, Tiangong Wu Kai and so on. China was able to maintain the world-class level before the end of the Ming Dynasty, which was not unrelated to mohists, who was famous for his cartoon novels. So don't mention that China's first impression in ancient times was, of course, backward science and technology, Eight-Nation Alliance, or mohists, which was very popular in animation and had long since disappeared in Qin and Han Dynasties. This is not in line with historical facts.

The influence of Confucianism:

The core of Confucianism is "the moral thought of fraternity, kindness, fairness, justice, honesty, trustworthiness, innovation, civilization, harmony and rule of law". It is of great significance for us to seek theoretical support from traditional culture to consolidate and build a higher public opinion position, for the society to establish core values to seek long-term stability, for the modernization and internationalization of Chinese traditional culture, and for us to build a harmonious world of Baohe Taihe Xianning.

The development history of Confucianism;

When we talk about Confucianism, we must talk about Confucius and Mencius, and Confucius' thought also has its source. Confucius said, "Ancestor Yao Shun, Charter Wu Wen". Judging from the records in the bamboo slips "Xun Bao" (will), "Yao Shunyu's career is all about the middle way." Shun measures yin and yang. If you are salty but not rebellious, you will get it. Textual research on the sixty-four hexagrams of Shun Di's important Eight Diagrams of Yi in The Boy Asked Yi. "Confucius is old and changeable", after understanding the way of heaven and man, puts forward the categories of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom, and constructs a broad philosophical system of the Book of Changes. Mr. Li Xueqin pointed out at the international symposium on Yi-ology and Confucianism held in Qingdao in August 2005: "Confucius not only pioneered Confucianism, but also pioneered Yi-ology." The essence of Confucius' thought is the Book of Changes. Before Confucius could understand heaven and humanity, most of the chapters in The Analects of Confucius were empty words of propriety and righteousness. After Confucius learned Heaven, Tunneling and Humanism, he began to talk about "sex and heaven", which made a high-ranking disciple like Zi Gong feel that he was not knowledgeable enough to listen, that is to say, he could not understand. Meng Si School is the orthodoxy of Confucianism. As we know, Mencius "created" the theory of good nature, advocated "righteousness" and advocated "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch". In fact, all these ideas of Mencius come from the Book of Changes. Mencius was a great Yi-ology scholar who knew Yi Dao very well. Hang Xinzhai, a Confucian scholar in the Qing Dynasty, has long revealed this point: Hang believes that the knowledge of Yi lies not in doing things with his mouth, but in the moral significance of mind, law and heaven: "After Confucius, the first chapter of Mencius' Seven Chapters reveals the great purpose of benevolence and righteousness and turns to goodness and righteousness. Confucius' way of establishing people means that benevolence is righteousness and follows the direct line of good nature. See Mencius doesn't know "Yi"! The theory of "nature is good" comes from the theory of "Yin and Yang call Tao, and those who succeed are good, and those who succeed are also human" in Yi Zhuan. The banner of righteousness held high by Mencius is a restraint on Confucius' benevolence, which is also the theoretical basis for Mencius to denounce Mohism's "universal love". Mencius' theory of "valuing the people over the monarch" is Confucius' revolutionary theory ("changing the world"). Tang-Wu Revolution, depending on the day, should depend on people. When the skin is big! " ) development. Since Confucius, Mencius is only the fifth generation of Confucianism. After Confucius, "Confucianism was divided into eight schools". What is the connection between Confucius and Mencius? The "unsolved case" provides us with clues from Xunzi's attack on Meng Si School's "case is old, which is called five elements". Five elements have been unearthed in Mawangdui silk book and Guodian bamboo slips. The five elements of silk script are handed down from generation to generation, while the five elements of bamboo script are handed down from generation to generation (note). The appearance of the "five elements" in bamboo slips and silk books has re-highlighted the communication clues of the schools admired and respected by Song Confucianism. "The five-element theory of Meng Si School divides virtue into five elements according to the five elements (gold, wood, water, fire and earth), which mainly expounds the thought of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and holiness in the theory of virtue, which is of mathematical nature. The so-called "holiness" refers to the ability to understand heaven and human nature. " "The Boy asked Yi" said: "The school's performance of introducing numerology into Confucianism and holding high the banner of' humanitarianism' is a clear evidence of its attempt to turn Confucian moral projects into natural philosophy and philosophy of life. Its theoretical courage is enormous, and its influence on the way of thinking of China people is far-reaching. It can even be said that its influence on the development of ancient China society is far-reaching. From then on, I really embarked on a glorious course of treating diseases for the country and the people. Mencius once said that' 500 years is the prosperity of the monarch', which implies the meaning of alternating the beginning and the end. From this point of view, it should be the first time that the Meng Si School created the "Five Virtues".

Introduction to Confucius:

Confucius (55 BC1-479), named Zhong Ni, was born in Qufu, Shandong. My father's name is Shu and my mother's name is Yan Zhizai. Educators, thinkers and politicians in the late Spring and Autumn Period were the founders of Confucianism. Confucius lost his father when he was young and his family was poor. When he was young, he was an official, such as a Commissioner and a farmer. He had consulted Li and an official in Changhong. He had studied the piano in the division and read widely, and he knew it by heart and was knowledgeable. In 500 BC, Xiang Ding's envoy Qi returned to the area occupied by Lu. In 499 BC, he was appointed commander-in-chief, and later he was promoted to the rank of general manager, taking photos of important events and punishing ministers who were not honest. From 496 BC to 484 BC, he traveled around the world. In 484 BC (thirty-six weeks), he returned to Lu, set up an altar in Xinglin and wrote. The books he deleted included poems, books, rites, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn. He died in 479 BC and was buried in Si in the north of Lucheng (now). After his death, his disciples and re-disciples recorded the remarks and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled The Analects, which was regarded as a Confucian classic. Confucius, who was called "the sage of heaven" and "the multitude of heavenly eyes" during his lifetime, was a representative figure of China culture. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu put forward the idea of "abolishing a hundred schools of thought and showing six classics", which established and consolidated the dominant position of Confucius' theory in China culture. Later rulers or Confucian scholars addressed him as a saint, Wen Sheng, the most holy teacher, and the teacher of all ages. His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World".