A model essay on western architecture

After nearly 200 years of development, under the impetus of social productive forces, the architecture in western countries has made remarkable progress in both scale and form, forming an architectural style different from classical architecture. The following is the content of the paper on western architecture that I collected for you. Welcome to read the reference!

On Western Architecture and Civilization: 1

The first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus, also called Octavian, said, I got a brick Rome, and I left a marble Rome. The Pantheon in Rome was built for him. "Glory to Greece, greatness to Rome" said the European.

Keywords Roman Empire; Ancient Greece; Civilization; Architecture; three rows

"Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture, and we often go back to the achievements of this small nation in philosophy and many other fields. Hellip& amphellip's all-encompassing talents and activities ensure our incomparable position in the history of human development "―― Selected Works of Marx and Engels. It can be seen how the culture here is and how accomplished it is in astronomy, geography, physics, mathematics, philosophy and art.

Ancient Greek civilization, from Crete to Mycenae and then to Athens, in the middle of 2000 BC, the countries on the island of Trit ruled the Aegean world. For hundreds of years, he has been engaged in handicrafts, sailing and piracy. The largest city is the city of Knossos, which is called "the city of cities". The ruler is both a leader and a sacrifice. Their architectural types include houses, palaces, villas, hotels, public bathrooms and workshops, but there are no temples. Palaces are often centered on a courtyard of 60*30 meters, and there are many small patios with light and ventilation. Houses are built according to the terrain, ranging from one floor to four floors, and the interior is complex. The ancient Greeks called it a maze.

The inside and outside of the house are mostly separated by pillars, and the rooms are also separated by pillars. Pillars are a great achievement of ancient Greece.

In ancient Greek architecture, Roman architecture and European architecture to this day, there is an indispensable square, which can also be said to be a theater. There is a main amphitheater in the northwest of Knossos, and the audience at the back is gradually rising, which can accommodate hundreds of people. The earliest amphitheater was built here.

Around 1500 BC, Crete was destroyed, and the foreign enemy may be Mycenae, who became the most powerful ruler in the Aegean world. In the Balkan Peninsula of Greece, Mycenae is heavily guarded and very dangerous, with huge stones as walls. It can be seen from the Lion Gate of Mycenae that the architecture of Mycenae is very different from that of Crete. One is bold, one is beautiful, one is extremely defensive, and the other is unguarded.

Crete and Mycenae cultures once came to an abrupt end.

In the 8th century BC, many slave city-states were established in the Balkans, the west coast of Asia Minor and the islands of bora bora. These countries have close economic relations, but they seek unity. They are collectively called ancient Greece.

Ancient Greek architecture is also one of the pioneers of European architecture, and some basic principles and artistic experiences in architecture and architectural design. It has deeply influenced the architectural history of Europe for more than two thousand years. When commenting on Greek art and epic, Marx said, "It can still give us artistic enjoyment, but to some extent, it is still an unattainable model."

From 500 BC to 499 BC, the Persian Empire invaded and destroyed the democratic Greece in Asia Minor. The Greek city-states united, bravely resisted the enemy and defeated the invaders. Athens played an important role in the war to defend freedom and democracy, making Athens an ally of the polis. People and wealth poured in. The politics, culture and economy of Athens are developing vigorously. At this time, the holy land architecture and temple architecture have matured, and the highest representative of ancient Greek holy land architecture and art-the Acropolis and the highest representative of temple art-the Parthenon was built.

Double colonnade, compact mountain flowers, and a collection company that uses perspective correction technology.

From 43 1 year to 404 BC, the Pelosini-Dun War broke out. The city-state headed by aristocratic despotism Sparta defeated the city-state headed by free and democratic Athens. After the war, slavery further developed. In 338 BC, the king of Macedonia unified Greece, and then Alexander the Great established a great empire across Europe, Asia and Africa.

Three pillars are the most famous in ancient Greece. Doric is also called a male column, Onek is also called a female column, and Corinth is also called a female column. At that time, people made great research on the aesthetics of the width, height and distance of the two columns. Another achievement of ancient Greece was the temple. Combined with the joint-stock company, the Acropolis is the greatest achievement of ancient Greece.

Rome is a small village in Italy. Through the annexation and expansion of the war, he absorbed the cultures of the small countries around him to enrich himself. Persian, Egyptian, ancient Greek. He absorbed and inherited the Greek temples and columns, and further developed the architecture.

Rome discovered concrete volcanic ash and created arch coupons, structures and plates. , tube arch, transverse arch, using segmental casting technology. In terms of space, human scale, static seal and no orientation created the Roman five pillars after the Greek three pillars.

Tasgan column, Doric column, Ionian column, Keslin column, composite column.

With the development of architecture, architectural works came into being. Augustus is still using the Ten Books of Architecture written by military engineer Vitruwe, and some words are still in use. It is the first book on urban planning of architecture in the world, which is solid, practical and beautiful, laying a foundation for European architectural science.

In Rome, due to the endless stream of slaves, Rome developed water conservancy, established water delivery channels, and regularly washed away the filth in public toilets with tap water. Roman citizens became supporters of regency. So the public buildings in Rome are very developed. At its peak, there were 300,000 unemployed people in Rome, squeezing slave labor.

The consul built baths, squares and arenas. This square is for citizens to relax and give speeches. There are more than 0/000 baths in Rome, large and small/kloc. The life of the Romans naturally wakes up every day, puts on a bathrobe, takes a bath and goes home to sleep at night. The most famous bathing places in caracalla are shops, libraries, concert halls, sports fields and sunbathing, where people talk about business and watch performances. Bath culture has become lewd and sexually transmitted diseases are prevalent.

If you ask how Rome died, a famous family disappeared in the bath. When the Romans took a bath, because there was aluminum in the water, many Romans were infertile and died long ago.

There are cold water rooms, salt water rooms and sunbathing in the bath, which shows that Roman architecture was very developed at that time. Another famous building in Rome is the Colosseum, a four-story building. The first floor is Dorian column, the second floor is Ionian column, the third floor is Corinthian column, and the fourth floor is stone wall. There are 80 arch coupons on each floor, and there is an underground floor, so it can also handle the running water system and the people flow system. At that time, the society should ensure the non-conflict between classes, safety, the safety of building water and so on, which shows the high achievements of architecture at that time.

The first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus, also called Octavian, said, I got a brick Rome, and I left a marble Rome. The Pantheon in Rome was built for him. "Glory to Greece, greatness to Rome" said the European.

In 395 AD, ancient Rome was divided into East Rome and West Rome. In Italy and the west, it is West Rome, the capital of Rome. To the east of Italy is East Rome, and later the Byzantine Empire.

In 479 AD, Western Rome perished, and Western Europe was in chaos, forming a feudal system, and the whole of Europe was shrouded in the church. Later, due to the conflict between the prosperity of East Arabia and the teachings of the Roman Orthodox Church, East Rome experienced a crusade in history, which lasted for 200 years. After that, the Crusaders attacked East Rome, which was destroyed by Turkey in 1453.

Byzantium created a sail arch among the builders, which is what we see as a dome building. The most brilliant representative is Hagia Sophia, which influenced Russia, Armenia and Bulgaria.

The Middle Ages began with the decline of Western Rome and lasted from14th century to15th century.

Western Europe formed a feudal system on the wasteland, and the people suffered greatly from it, and developed _ _ which advocated asceticism and fraternity, and later ruled the West 1000. From the appearance of early suburban monasteries to the appearance of city churches in the center of the city, churches have become towering to show people's smallness, resulting in a kind of awe-inspiring Gothic architecture.

Most of the churches that appeared in Europe were built at that time and went straight into the sky.

The corruption of the church oppresses human nature, hinders the development of capitalism and hinders human nature. In addition, after the demise of Eastern Rome, bachelors fled to Italy with ancient Greek civilization, which led to the first Renaissance in Italy. Pico, a humanist at that time, said to Adam under the pretext of God in On Human Dignity: "I have given you freedom without any restrictions, and you can decide your nature for yourself &; Hellip& amphellip "Of course, the Renaissance is also inseparable from medici family's sponsorship of art.

The church that appeared in the Renaissance, the main church in Florence appeared ribbed arch, which was built by brunelleschi, a craftsman. He is proficient in machinery and casting. He is an outstanding sculptor, painter, craftsman and scholar.

Renaissance is a great era, with three new masters, Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, and three later masters, Michelangelo, Raphael and Da Vinci.

These outstanding people are famous in painting, architecture and sculpture, especially Michelangelo, whose architecture is also praised by the church.

The Renaissance ushered in the great development of architecture.

Paper 2 Western Architecture on Plants in Eastern and Western Architectural Decoration

Paper Keywords: architectural decorative scroll grass pattern comparative culture

Starting from scroll patterns in architectural decoration, it analyzes the differences between eastern and western architectural decoration from the perspective of comparative culture, and discusses the different spiritual connotations and cultural characteristics of architectural decoration in different nationalities, regions and times, so as to understand the eastern and western decorative culture from a broader perspective.

The form and content of architectural decoration are very rich, and the potential spiritual symbol is of profound significance. We choose plant patterns from the forms of architectural decoration. Based on this, this paper analyzes the differences between eastern and western architectural decoration from the perspective of comparative culture, and discusses the different spiritual connotations and cultural characteristics of architectural decoration in different nationalities, regions and times. Edit.

There are a large number of plant patterns in architectural decoration all over the world, among which the grass scroll pattern is the most representative plant decoration pattern in different cultural forms. The first appearance of grass scroll pattern is of great significance in the history of decorative art. There is an internal connection between the grass scroll patterns in the east and the west. Different regions have different understandings of which plant the rolling grass pattern belongs to. From the aspects of form and composition, they are all very similar. They are all connected with plant vines, interlaced with each other, decorated with leaves, interspersed with several buds, and continuous. Both the gold and silver patterns in the east and the hemp patterns in the west have formed vivid organic patterns, which make people feel the human emotions carried by the stylization and generation of a plant pattern.

First, scroll decorations in ancient China and Egypt.

China's scroll grass pattern appeared around 300 AD, which is common in palaces, temples and other architectural decorations. China's scroll grass pattern was originally called honeysuckle grass pattern, which was introduced into China with Buddhism and had some religious meanings. Any symbol of religious nature, as long as it has artistic potential, can become a main or purely decorative motif over time. When a motif is frequently used in various fields, especially in architecture, a formula will be produced because it is related to religious significance. Gold and silver patterns, together with their homologous lotus patterns, were widely developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, mainly reflected in the decorations such as stone carvings and murals at that time. The decorative arts in the Southern and Northern Dynasties had a strong surrealist style, and the formation of this style was inextricably linked with the social background at that time. After the demise of the Han Dynasty, the three countries stood in the balance, and the people lived a miserable life for several years, eager to get rid of reality and enter a beautiful spiritual realm. At this time, Buddhism was introduced into China, and statues were opened everywhere. It was also from this time that the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang began. This style has a certain influence on the formation and development of grass roll patterns, making them free, casual and beautiful. Gold and silver patterns are characterized by three or four petals, which form rhythmic patterns in various organizational forms, including single petal pattern, two-way continuous pattern, four-way continuous pattern and other different forms. With the development of the times, the scroll pattern is constantly changing, and the original meaning of this initial religious decorative symbol gradually faded, and it evolved into a richer form in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the architectural decoration style was gorgeous and rich. The pattern of rolling grass was combined with the patterns of grapes, lotus flowers, pomegranates, peony, precious flowers and auspicious birds and animals, creating an idealistic plant decoration image, which was used in all aspects of buildings such as stone carving, wood carving, algae wells, door decorations and murals with its smooth and stretching style.

The ancient Egyptians first created memorial buildings. They built temples and tombs with very durable stones. Ancient Egyptian art was the first art to transform plant images into decorative forms. There are two kinds of plants closely related to Egyptian culture, namely lotus and papyrus. In ancient Egypt, the pattern of rolling grass was composed of lotus, palm and papyrus, and flowers and buds were interspersed between curly stems and leaves to form a beautiful curve, which was considered as the basis of rolling grass decoration. Lotus and papyrus grow along the Nile. Lotus symbolizes beauty. Papyrus can be used for writing, which is closely related to people's lives. They are of special significance in Egyptian culture, and are often used for building capitals, columns, murals, lintels and other decorations. Egyptian architectural decoration is symbolic, which is a powerful representative of the combination of religion and politics in eastern culture. They are not only pure decoration, but also to express the nation's own thoughts, feelings and thoughts.

Second, the scroll decoration in ancient Greece and Rome

Rich in rhythm, the rhythm is distinct, and the plants roll grass patterns, forming a beautiful landscape in Greek architectural decoration. Although it originated in the ancient East, it was endowed with formal beauty by the Greeks. The rolling grass patterns in ancient Greece and Rome are mostly used for the decoration of columns. Ancient Greece, including the Greek Peninsula, the Aegean Islands, the coast of Asia Minor, southern Italy and Sicily, experienced different historical stages such as Homer's period, antique period, classical period and Hellenistic period. Ancient Greek civilization and Aegean civilization are the cradles of western civilization. In the west, the grass scroll patterns are mainly buttercup leaves and grape grain, which form curved vines and are used for architectural decoration. At first, HEMEROCALLIS HEMEROCALLIS was a low perennial herb, which grew along the Mediterranean coast. In the west, "day lily" is worshipped and admired for its extraordinary vitality, symbolizing rebirth and resurrection. Temple buildings in ancient Greece and Rome are mostly decorated in the shape of buttercup leaves, and the Corinthian stigma is carved with the shape of buttercup leaves, which symbolizes the eternal life of the temple. For example, the Corinthian stigma decoration of the Lisi Clardy Monument in Athens, as well as the architectural decoration of the columns, lintels and doorframes of the Erik Dion Temple, are all decorated with buttercup leaves as the main body and with soft and smooth grass-rolling shapes. The leaf pattern of Ranunculus ternatus later developed into Roman scroll pattern. This strange, curly and energetic leaf spread around it, which affected the formation of Arab vines (Arab vines evolved into decorative patterns of Arab temples, full of momentum and unlimited expansion). In the architectural decoration of ancient Greece and Rome, the grass pattern of grape rolls is also very common, based on horizontally extending stems, with grapes and grape leaves arranged on both sides. Grape roll grass pattern spread from Persia to the west, because it symbolizes harvest, productivity and happiness, it is loved by people. In the west, it has gradually become the dominant plant decorative pattern, which is widely used in architectural decoration, just like the grass pattern of Ranunculus ternatus.

The different cultural backgrounds of the East and the West make architectural decoration have different characteristics. Based on some characteristics of human spirit and emotion, different cultures have various wonderful connections and integrations. As the most representative plant decorative pattern in different cultural forms, grass scroll pattern covers the mutual infiltration and development of eastern and western cultures. Analyzing and comparing eastern and western architectural decoration from the perspective of comparative culture can enable us to understand architectural decoration culture from a broader perspective of society, history, politics, economy and psychology.

References:

(1) Kazuo: Comparison of Eastern and Western Patterns, translated by Sun, China Textile Publishing House, 2002.

(2) (Austria) Alowa &; Middot riegel: Style, translated by Liu Jinglian and Li Weiman, Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2000.

③ Zhao Zifu and Li Tang: Culture and Art of Foreign Classical Furniture, Liaoning Fine Arts Publishing House, Shenyang, 200 1.

On Western Religious Architecture and Its Culture

Architecture has a soul, and spirit is attached to matter. Nowadays, many buildings ignore the relationship between architecture and its thought and spirit, so it is of great practical significance to study the architectural spirit. This paper discusses the culture embodied in architecture from the perspective of western religious architecture and interprets the perfect combination of architecture and spirit.

Western civilization originated in Greece. Greek civilization is permeated with humanistic spirit, that is, God is the embodiment of the most perfect person.

"Greece is a country of pantheism. All its scenery is embedded in&; Hellip& amphellip is in a harmonious framework &; Hellip& amphellip Every place needs its own god in its beautiful environment. " The ancient Greeks worshipped gods. They believe that every city-state and every natural phenomenon is dominated by one god. The Greeks worshipped the gods, built temples for them and provided holy places for the gods to inhabit, so large and small temples were spread all over ancient Greece. Paster Enon is the main representative of architecture and sculpture in the heyday of Greece, and is known as "the national treasure of Greece". The Parthenon is dedicated to Athena, the patron saint of Athens. The name of the Parthenon is transliterated from Athena's nickname "Parthenon", which means "virgin" and is one of the important witnesses of ancient Greek civilization. The Greeks and God have the same status. As the Italian thinker Vico said, God did not create man, but man created God in his own image. The ancient Greek nation attached great importance to man, put man above nature and society, and advocated man's transformation and conquest of nature and society. The Parthenon fully embodies the humanistic spirit of ancient Greek culture: architecture itself is regarded as a means and method for people to March into nature, thus conquering and controlling nature. It is located in the countryside, majestic and unique.

As one of the most famous buildings in the world, the Parthenon is the largest Dolique-style temple in Greece, representing the highest achievement of Dolique-style in ancient Greece, and also a globally recognized representative of Dolique-style. It condenses the essence of ancient Greek architectural art and combines the styles of Dolique and Ionian in ancient Greece. Doric column gives people a strong masculinity, and Ionian column gives people a relaxed, lively, free and beautiful femininity. This kind of external multi-Ricker column and internal Ionian column modeling is soft inside and rigid outside, which embodies the understanding and respect for human beauty, human temperament and character. People-oriented and respect for the human body are the most beautiful humanistic spirits.

The size of the temple is close to the Greek favorite "golden ratio" in every corner of its overall structure, such as: the width ratio of abutment is longer, the diameter of column bottom is greater than the distance from the center line of column, and the height of horizontal cornice on the front is wider than that on the front. Hellip& amphellip is basically 4: 9, which makes it orderly, complex and not chaotic. The ancient Greeks believed that the human body was the most beautiful. Through exploration and wisdom, they discovered the golden ratio in human body structure, which has the sacred beauty of mathematics. The Parthenon accords with the proportion of human beauty in structure, on the one hand, it is out of the pursuit of beauty; On the other hand, it is more important to worship people, and the humanistic spirit of admiration and admiration for human beauty stems from the admiration for human beauty and the pursuit of harmony.

The Parthenon embodies the unique architectural concept of the ancient Greeks in the aspects of site selection, modeling and structure: man is the spirit of all things, man is the foundation of all things, and man is the respect of all things. It is this will, momentum and spirit that makes architecture no longer a cold solid. It inspires people with its unique architectural language, that is, the people-oriented spiritual soul of the Greek nation. The Greeks created this spirit, and it is this spirit that drives the Greeks and even the whole mankind to create a new world and a new spirit.

The front of the Pantheon in Rome is a porch, supported by two rows of Corinthian columns, with a semi-triangular forehead wall and a huge circular temple behind it. The Pantheon is a sacred place dedicated to the gods. Because the Greeks believed in polytheism, every god there had his own temple, such as the temple of Athena, the temple of Zeus and so on. The religious beliefs of the Romans basically inherited the Hellenistic trend, but under the influence of Etruscan architecture, the Romans gathered gods to worship, that is, several shrines could be set up in a temple. The ancient Greek temples here are surrounded by colonnades, which look brighter, so the building plane is rectangular; The Pantheon in Rome, because there are many temples dedicated to gods, can be round, but the space must be grand, so on the basis of Etruscan arch structure, this closed vault structure was created. The Pantheon adopts a dome-covered centralized column system. The reconstructed Pantheon is a representative of a single space and a centralized combined building. The Pantheon is simple in structure and shape. Its main building is circular, and the top is covered with a large arc roof with a diameter of 43.3 meters, and its top height is also 43.3 meters. This simple and clear geometric relationship makes the single space of the Pantheon appear complete and unified.

Architectural historians say that the Roman Pantheon "moved the cloister of ancient Greece indoors", which is a typical imperial style in Roman temple architecture. The aesthetic style of the main building of the Pantheon can be summarized as simplicity, solemnity and sublimity, mystery and grandeur. The design of the round hole connects the idol with the sky, which is a mystery pursued by both eastern and western religions.

Every era has its own artistic style which represents its highest artistic achievement. For the Middle Ages, Gothic churches were undoubtedly the most outstanding representatives. Later generations called it a wonderful work of the Middle Ages.

The word "Goth" originated from Goth, and Goth art is a derogatory term. In the eyes of Europeans, Romanesque was an orthodox art, and later the new architectural form was reduced to "Gothic" (barbaric). However, after 12 century, Gothic art, as a novel form with strong mysticism, became a noble and elegant artistic style popular in Europe. Its highest achievement is in Gothic architecture. Many magnificent cathedrals still stand in the west today, such as Notre Dame de Paris and Milan Cathedral in Italy, which are masterpieces of Gothic architecture. Gothic architectural style can replace the previous Romanesque architectural style, which is ultimately rooted in the needs of religion.

Gothic architectural style is a great creation of French working people and a leap in the history of world architecture. Its characteristics are tall, straight, sharp and light. The power of the spirit is manifested through the church, which is the place where people talk with God, so its greatness lies in introducing people's souls into the sky. In the sacrificial ceremony, it retains the basic cross-shaped graphic design; Structurally, it no longer needs heavy stones, but can build higher and more diversified vaults. The structural system of Gothic church consists of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make a double-center skeleton tip coupon on the pillars at the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and the roof slate is supported on the coupon to form a vault. In this way, coupons with the same height can be made on different spans, and the vault is light in weight and clear in intersection, which reduces the thrust of the coupon foot and simplifies the construction. In this way, the space vacated by the wall can be used to educate believers with sculptures, paintings and glass paintings.

Using the stained glass technology learned from Arab countries, craftsmen wrote colorful religious stories, which played a role in propagating teachings to illiterate people and also achieved high artistic achievements. Colored glass is mainly red and blue, blue symbolizes the kingdom of heaven, and red symbolizes the blood of Christ. At the same time, artisans in Great cathedral glass use glass to describe spiritual symbols: soft light falls in through high side windows, and in a dim church, the light is concentrated on the altar, which can lead believers' thoughts to the sky. One of the typical features of Great cathedral glass is that the large flower windows are round, separated by delicate stone ribs, which, like spokes, symbolize the sun and Christ, while the embedded round flowers represent the Virgin Mary. "The light scattered through the stained glass window vividly shows the contents of the Bible &; Mdash& ampmdash; It comes directly from the mouth of God and becomes the body of Christ in the body of the Virgin. Windows are one of the things that most often remind people of the Virgin Mary.

The religious significance of Gothic church is clearly integrated into the artistic form of architecture. As a carrier of spiritual conversion, the church can explore more forms to express and tell people (such as sculpture), which can be said to be a "living Bible". In architecture and sculpture, Gothic art never gives up any details, which makes all architectural forms full of corresponding religious connotations and artistic expressions. In an external solidified form, it vividly reflects the mysterious religious feelings surging deep in the hearts of Western Europeans in the Middle Ages. In those typical Catholic churches, not only towering spires, huge ribbed arches full of grotesque exaggerated features, colorful flower windows and screens, but even every stone, glass and finely carved part are preaching the spirit and spiritual ideal of _ _ _ _.

References and materials:

[Ancient Rome] Vitruwei: Ten Books on Architecture, translated by Gao Lvtai, Intellectual Property Press, 200 1 Edition, p. 76.

Yu Taixing, editor. On the religious significance of Gothic church building structure and glass windows. The second issue. Academic exploration. 2006.

& gt& gt& gt More wonderful "Papers on Western Architecture" are on the next page.