From the political, economic and cultural aspects of the history of the development of the world newspaper industry (1500 words)

This is a detailed, too much if you can delete some ......

Ancient Newspapers

Generally believed that China's Tang Dynasty "newspaper" and the Roman Empire's "Daily Chronicle" is the world's first official newspaper. "is the world's earliest official newspaper.

China in the Han Dynasty (206 BC ~ 220 AD) there are counties and states in Kyoto set up residence, pass money edicts and zhangzhang, court news, political news. Tang Dynasty, the name of the "dynasty newspaper". This official newspaper later continued to exist in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties under the name of "Di Bao", which became the "Government Gazette" after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. Because of its nature as an official gazette, it continued to exist for more than 2,000 years without ever evolving into a modern newspaper.

The consuls of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC ordered the publication of the official newspaper "Daily Chronicle". It was a hand-copied bulletin published in the public **** places of Rome and the provinces, and it contained referendums, appointments of officials, government orders, treaties, wars and religious news, etc. It was published in the Roman and provincial public **** places. In 476 A.D., the fall of Western Rome, "Daily Chronicle" with the end of publication.

The emergence and development of printed communication

Printed communication refers to the modern media such as newspapers. The biggest difference between newspapers and handwritten tabloids is that it is mechanically printed, so newspapers become printed communication.

1, the invention of printing

(1) China's earliest invention of printing

As early as the 6th and 7th centuries A.D., during the Sui and Tang dynasties, China invented engraved printing (inspired by the inscription, ink topography). In 1045 of the Northern Song Dynasty, Hua Sheng pioneered the collodion movable type typesetting technique, and then someone else invented wooden movable type printing. During the Southern Song Dynasty, metal movable type cast in tin alloy also appeared in China. In the late Middle Ages, Chinese printing technology gradually spread to Central Asia and Europe, and at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries, engraving and woodblock printing were also introduced in Europe.

(2) The Development of Printing in Western Countries

In 1450, a German artisan invented the metal movable type typesetting printing technique. He also made a wooden printing press that relied on the pressure of a screw on a printing plate, replacing the purely manual operation, thus improving the quality and efficiency of printing. He then printed important books such as the Latin Grammar, the Forty-Two Line Bible, and the Church Lesson Reader. In the following ten years, Italy, Switzerland, France, Netherland and other European countries introduced Gutenberg's metal type printing. By 1500, 250 printing presses had been built in various European countries, and in the 16th century this technology was spread to Mexico and other parts of the American continent.

2, the initial application of printing

Printing was mainly used to print religious books, Bibles, and ransom notes. Only after the rise of the capitalist commodity economy, printing technology is widely used in the field of news dissemination.

3, the germ of print communication

Toward the end of the fifteenth century, some printers have begun to print some of the narrative pamphlets, the recent major battles, natural disasters, festivals and celebrations. To the general reader, these accounts had a journalistic quality. Some of the more famous of these are, among others, The Brazilian Expedition issued by Augsburg in 1482. They are considered to be the germ of printed news dissemination.

4, the embryo of printed communication

The end of the 16th century, in the popularity of handwritten tabloids at the same time, Western Europe and other places appeared irregularly printed, reporting on certain important events, which is more than the notational pamphlets, the news is significantly stronger. Mostly in the form of books, known as news books, there are also single-page news leaflets. Due to the opening of new shipping routes, geographical location, and the birthplace of movable metal type printing, this kind of news print developed relatively early in Germany.

In the late 16th century, regular, fixed-name newsprint began to appear. The earliest was produced in 1588 by the Austrian Michael? Von? Aizin's Chronicle of the Expositions, and a Latin publication in K?ln called the Fabian Courier, issued annually from 1594-1635, which was marketed in England and elsewhere. Later there were some monthly and semi-monthly magazines with chronological representations in Augsburg, Antwerp, etc. These news books had existed for a considerable period of time development, they are the prototype of modern newspapers.

Three, the emergence and development of the modern newspaper industry

(1), the background of the modern newspaper industry

1, the rise of capitalist market economy and the resulting social changes, the formation of the inherent social demand for journalism

(1) from the economic point of view, people in order to compete in the marketplace and the survival of the development of the demand for information has increased dramatically. The demand for information has increased dramatically. Some important commercial cities or ports became the birthplace of modern journalism. For example, Germany at the end of the 16th century was the connecting point for traffic and trade between southern and northern Europe, and it was an important trading center in Europe, as was Antwerp in Netherland, and thus the printed news in these places appeared earlier than in other countries.

(2) Politically, the birth of capitalist relations of production and system, especially at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the social and political unrest, the amount of social information increased dramatically, and the demand for news and information from all social classes also increased dramatically. In particular, the emerging classes and political forces had a more urgent need to disseminate information, publicize political views, and sway public opinion in order to promote social change. Therefore, the modern newspaper arose in the context of the transition from feudal to modern society in Europe.

2, the development of social and material and technological conditions

The increasing progress of printing and the development of the paper industry for the modern newspaper industry provides the technical and material basis; transportation and postal services are increasingly developed to expand the space of newspaper distribution, enhance the timeliness of the newspaper; the increasing concentration of the population and the gradual increase in the number of cities for the newspaper provides a large number of and more concentrated market.

(2), the emergence of modern newspaper industry

The main form of modern journalism is the newspaper. The birth of the modern newspaper is marked by the appearance of a regular weekly publication.

1, the earliest periodicals were produced in the German region

In 1609, two kinds of weekly newspapers appeared in the German region: (1) "Circulars - Reports or Newspapers", which was issued in Wolfenbüttel; (2) "Reports", which was published in Strasbourg.

Why did regular newspapers arise in the German region? Because after the opening of the new shipping routes, Europe's trade distribution center gradually moved to the Atlantic coast, Britain, France and Germany have appeared in a number of important commercial cities, which replaced Venice and other Mediterranean cities and became the new information center. Germany is the birthplace of movable-type metal printing, and is the southern Europe and northern Europe transportation and trade connection, so the regular newspaper appeared earlier.

2. The earliest daily newspapers were also born in Germany

The "Neue Zeitung" (New Arrival News), which was founded by a bookseller in Leipzig in 1650, is often regarded as the world's first daily newspaper. 1663's "Leipzig Zeitung" (Leipziger Zeitung) is also one of the earliest daily newspapers in the world. German daily newspapers were created 50 to 100 years before the Daily News in England in 1702, the Paris News in France in 1777, and the Pennsylvania Evening Post in the United States in 1783.

(3) The development of the modern press

1. The political press during the period of bourgeois revolution

The development of the bourgeois press was closely connected with the development of the bourgeois revolution. 1566 the people of Netherland unraveled the prelude of the bourgeois revolution, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France successively carried out bourgeois revolutions. 19th century after the mid-century, Germany, Italy, and Japan also evolved from the feudal society to the bourgeois revolution. After the middle of the 19th century, Germany, Italy, Japan and other countries also evolved from feudal society to capitalist society.

(1) Before the bourgeois revolution, the bourgeois press was suppressed by the feudal rulers, who suppressed the spread of dissenting ideas and information by means of publication licensing, content censorship, and the establishment of the "Star Court" in Britain. The feudal rulers suppressed the dissemination of dissenting ideas and information by means of publication licensing, content censorship and even the establishment of the "Star Chamber" in Britain. On the other hand, the feudal rulers published official newspapers and fostered the imperial press to create public opinion and maintain their feudal rule. In the bourgeois press, debates centered on major issues such as revolution, improvement, conservatism, or the maintenance of feudal rule from the perspective of their respective class interests, which is known as the period of political newspapers.

(2) In the course of the bourgeois revolution, bourgeois thinkers first raised the banner of freedom of the press, propagated the idea of democracy, and discussed the importance of freedom of the press. After the bourgeois revolution, a bourgeois regime was established, and the process of development of the bourgeois press was governed by two factors: 1) whether the bourgeois revolution in each country was complete and what kind of political system was established; and 2) whether the bourgeois *** and system in that country was consolidated, and whether there was any feudal restoration.

2. The party press after the bourgeois revolution

After the bourgeois revolution, the newspaper industry in all countries, no matter how fast or slow the development was, went through a period dominated by the party press. The ****same characteristics of these party newspapers are: a clear political tendency; content focusing on current political news and statements; readers are mainly politicians and upper-class people.

From the point of view of the characteristics of political party newspapers, they are the development of political newspapers.

3, 18th century after the industrial revolution: cheap newspapers

cheap newspapers, refers to the industrial revolution after the countries have appeared in the lower and middle classes of the popular tabloids, because of the low price of the name. The world's first successful cheap newspaper is the 1833 young Benjamin? Dai in New York, the United States, founded the Sun. After this other cheap newspapers appeared one after another. In this way, the newspaper from the "party newspaper" era to "popular newspaper era".

The characteristics of cheap newspapers are: 1) politically independent, not subject to a political party; 2) economically independent, not dependent on political law or party subsidies; 3) readership for the general public, also become a popular newspaper; 4) content focus on local news, social news and a variety of small first line of interesting soft news; 5) the form of the text of the popular and lively, readable; 6) the operation is completely commercialized, a large number of articles; 6) the newspaper is a popular newspaper, the newspaper is a popular newspaper, the newspaper is a popular newspaper. The operation is completely commercialized, and a large number of advertisements are published, so as to reduce the selling price, expand the circulation, and then win more advertisements.

The emergence of cheap newspapers made commercial newspapers more prosperous, gradually becoming the main body of the bourgeois press and laying the foundation for its evolution to the modern press.

4. The emergence and development of the proletarian press

After the Industrial Revolution, the society split into two separate classes: the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat. The former gathered great wealth in the development of production, while the latter became increasingly impoverished. The working class launched the workers' movement to improve their conditions of existence, and the workers' press arose as a result. The workers' press was a product of the workers' movement.

(1) The period of development of the proletarian press:

The workers' press first appeared in England, then in some countries in Europe and America. Until the October Revolution in Russia, the development of the proletarian press can be divided into three periods:

1) The childhood period of the workers' press. Most of the earliest workers' newspapers were founded by workers' organizations such as associations and mutual aid societies, and their main content was to call for the protection of workers' lives and the improvement of labor conditions, to propagate the ideology of utopian socialism, and to advocate economic struggle. Early workers' newspapers were founded in extremely difficult circumstances, among which the famous ones were Ingo's Poor People's Herald and the North Star.

2) The proletarian political press from the second half of the 1840s to the 1990s. Marxism was born and gradually integrated with the workers' movement, which gradually developed from economic to political struggle. The workers' press also evolved into the proletarian political press with the development of the proletarian political movement. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung, founded by Marx and Engels in 1848 in Cologne, was the world's first Marxist daily newspaper.

3) The development of the Bolshevik press in Russia.At the end of the 19th century the workers' movement in Russia emerged and the workers' press appeared. The newspapers of this period include: the first Marxist all-Russian political newspaper, The Martian, founded and led by Lenin in 1900; after the newspaper was usurped, the Bolsheviks founded and published Pravda in 1912, which, after the October Revolution, became the central organ of the world's first ruling proletarian political party.

(2) Characteristics of the proletarian press:

1) The purpose of the press is to defend the interests of the proletariat and the masses of workers and to publicize the program of the organization. 2) Its content is mainly to criticize the old world and to fight against all kinds of class enemies, as well as to fight against all kinds of erroneous ideas and bourgeois influences within the workers' movement. 3) It maintains broad and close contact with the masses. (4) It is the propaganda organization of the Party and the trade unions, and the leaders of the Party and the trade unions are often the heads or editors-in-chief of the newspaper.

Fourth, the emergence and development of the modern newspaper industry

(1) The newspaper industry in the transitional period

The newspaper industry in the late nineteenth century to the First World War, due to the changes in social, political and economic conditions, the modern newspaper industry gradually transitioned to the modern newspaper industry, and the characteristics of the newspaper industry in the transitional period are:

(1) commercial newspapers independent of the government or political parties gradually replaced the political parties, and the newspapers became the main body of the newspaper industry. newspapers as the main body of the newspaper industry.

(2) Newspapers were distributed to the public and sales increased greatly, with some major newspapers having a circulation of more than one million copies.

(3) Newspapers merged and concentrated in competition with each other, and conglomerates with many newspapers emerged.

The biggest change in the newspaper industry during this period was the proliferation of "yellow journalism" and the emergence of newspaper groups.

(2) The Development of the Modern Newspaper Industry

After World War I, world history entered the modern era, and with it the modern newspaper industry.

The emergence of commercialized newspapers and the emergence of newspaper groups are two major signs of the emergence of the modern newspaper industry.

1. The development of modern newspaper industry in capitalist countries

Britain, the United States, France and other developed capitalist countries continue the process of commercialization of newspapers, Germany, Italy, Zhi and other countries also use administrative means to make its newspaper industry on the road of fascist monopoly.

(1) After World War I, monopolization was the basic feature of the development of their newspaper industry. The monopolization of the newspaper industry was marked by two factors: an increase in circulation and a decrease in the number of newspapers, and the widespread phenomenon of "one newspaper in one city".

(2) After the Second World War, with the economic recovery and prosperity, the newspaper industry entered a new period of development. The development of the newspaper industry in developed countries in the West was basically characterized by the following features: 1) the formation of a small number of "super newspapers"; 2) the emergence of cross-media or cross-industry monopoly; 3) the emergence of transnational and cross-regional monopoly.

(3) The two basic modes of newspaper monopoly in modern capitalist countries: market merger monopoly (the most typical of the United States); state administrative monopoly (the most typical of Germany).

2. The Development of Modern Newspaper Industry in Socialist Countries

The development of modern newspaper industry in socialist countries is roughly divided into the following three stages:

(1) With the victory of the October Revolution, the first socialist country emerged in the world. A new socialist newspaper system was established and formed in Soviet Russia.

(2) After the end of World War II, a series of countries in Europe, Asia and Latin America broke away from the capitalist system and took the road of socialism, and the socialist press was greatly developed.

(3) The structure and nature of the newspaper industry in these countries underwent major changes after the "Soviet East".

3. The development of the newspaper industry in developing countries

After World War II, national liberation in Asia, Africa and Latin America took off, and the vast number of countries that had gained their independence fell between capitalist and socialist countries, forming the "developing countries".

(1) They have their ****same characteristics:

1) Most of the early newspapers, especially those in the countries where the newspaper industry had its early beginnings, were founded by the colonizers;

2) As the anti-colonial struggle unfolded, the national newspapers of these countries gradually developed and promoted the anti-colonial and anti-feudalist process;

3) National newspapers were founded by colonialists after the victory of the liberation movement. After the victory of the liberation movement, most of the presses gained unprecedented development, but some national presses fell back under the control of their own dictators.

(2) The control of the press in developing countries is roughly divided into three categories:

1) The government or ruling party press predominates. All or most of the newspapers are official government newspapers or quasi-official newspapers of the ruling party class. The ruling authorities directly control the press and public opinion.

2) Political party newspapers and commercial newspapers coexist. Ruling party newspapers, opposition party newspapers, and private commercial newspapers ****exist within the limits of the law.

3) Commercial newspapers are predominant. Political parties seldom control newspapers directly and operate commercially.

Fifth, the basic trend of the global newspaper industry

Since the 1930s, the world's major developed countries in the newspaper industry, especially the United States, the development of the newspaper industry has seen a number of striking new changes, new trends.

1, conglomeration

One is that it is not just a newspaper group, but a cross-media group based on advanced technical information technology and radio, television and the Internet into one; two is that it is not satisfied with domestic mergers and acquisitions to expand and frantically penetrate into any part of the world that is profitable; three is that the media groups both fierce competition, but also to seek cooperation * * * win; four. The media groups emphasize both immediate benefits and cultivation of potential audiences.

2. Focusing

Focusing is a mode of communication that categorizes the audience and uses digital technology and other means of communication to let the information hit the target audience directly. With the rapid development of the economy and society, different social environment factors influence and contribute to the different needs of contemporary audiences. At the same time, the media began to appear from meet the needs of the masses to meet some of the people, to meet the needs of a certain aspect of the transformation from mass to niche.

3. Localization

In the United States, almost all daily newspapers are regionalized. That is, they are distributed only to readers in the city in which the newspaper is located and in the suburbs immediately surrounding the city. Media in other countries are also increasingly pursuing localization.

4. Networking

According to statistics, more than 5,000 newspapers around the world have settled on the Internet, and more than 1,500 newspapers in the United States have set up their own Web sites. Web site coverage is not a simple copy of the original media content, but more detailed than the original media content, the timeliness is faster. According to The New York Times, "Rich content and branding are the two main advantages of the online version of traditional media."

5, miniaturization

Britain's "Independent" in September 2003, the success of the "thinning", "The Times" followed into a tabloid version. According to the World Association of Newspapers statistics, 36% of the world's newspapers into a tabloid version of the 4, in 2004 alone, there are 56 major newspapers into a tabloid version of the second half of 2005, a representative of the major Western countries have carried out miniaturization reform.

References:

1, The History of Foreign News and Communication, by Zheng Chaoran, Cheng Manli, and Wang Taixuan.

2. China Newspaper Magazine, No. 12, 2009 by Dou Baoguo

3. Internet sources: Baidu/encyclopedia/History of the World Newspaper Industry

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