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Indians

Also known as Amerindian or Amerind.

Also known as Native Americans, it is a general term for all Native Americans except Eskimos. Indians are the Native Americans. This race is distributed in the countries of North and South America, belonging to the American branch of the Mongoloid race. The use of Indian languages, including more than a dozen language groups, so far there is no recognized language classification.

The Indians are the earliest inhabitants of Latin America. They were called "Indians" mainly because Columbus and other explorers thought they had reached a "new land" in India, and called the local inhabitants "Indians". (English pronunciation of the word "Indian".)

The Indians used to be called Reds because their skin was often red, but it was later realized that the red color was a misperception due to the habit of applying red paint to the face.

Researchers believe the Indians' ancestors may have crossed the Bering Strait from Asia to the Americas about 20,000 years ago, or traveled across the land bridge through the frozen strait. They shared some cultural traits with their Asian contemporaries, such as the use of fire, the taming of dogs and certain special rituals and medical practices.

The Indians, after more than 20,000 years of differentiation, produced many different peoples and languages, established four empires in their history, the most important being the Aztec Empire in Central America and the Inca Empire in South America, invented the Mayan script, and were quite proficient in the study of astronomy, supplying the world with crops such as corn, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and cocoa. Because the colonizers persecuted and killed the Indians, the destruction of Indian culture, resulting in the remnants of the ancient civilization of the material is now not much, but the current research is increasingly attracting the attention of the archaeological community, the Americas countries have also begun to make great efforts to excavate the ancient Indian culture.

Indian distribution

North America

Western North America

Western North America, the Great Plains and the Paleo-Indian (Paleo-Indian), in spite of the different environments, but similar economic activities. In what is now the western United States -- from Oregon to northern Mexico, from the Pacific Coast region to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains -- Indians of desert cultures were scattered and lived by hunting and gathering fruit, but primitive agricultural techniques were already developed.

The Late Archaic period saw advances in tool technology, such as grooved stone axes and hammers, and a system of trade between tribes in different geographic regions. In 3000?2000 B.C., the climate became warmer, so some Indians followed the grazing bison into the Saskatchewan River and Alberta, and further north into the Arctic tundra.

Circa 2000 BC, Native Americans in the southwestern United States began to cultivate corn. A cold period in 200?700 A.D. hampered agricultural development, and in 700?1200 a village-based culture developed in the Mississippi Valley, characterized by progressive farming methods and complex religious ceremonies. Native Americans scattered throughout the Southwest during this period, such as the Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam, were pre-Pueblo societies. The agricultural techniques of the Mogollon were modified by the Anasazi, who utilized rain and channeled river water to irrigate their crops; the Hohokam cultures of southern Arizona used irrigation to sustain their agricultural economies. During the first 1,000 years AD, the Pueblo culture developed the technique of building dwellings out of stone and made significant advances in pottery production. 1300?1700 was the regressive Pueblo period, when many of the stone dwellings fell into disuse as the population migrated to the east and south. The modern Pueblo period began in the late 16th century when the Spanish came to settle the area. Certain features of Pueblo culture and farming methods remain today.

During the colonial era, European countries adopted different policies toward the North American Indians. The Spanish absorbed Native Americans as Christians and made them reside in designated areas. The French established trade relations with the Indians. The British declared in 1763 that the area west of the Appalachian Mountains was to be given to the Native Americans, which was to last until the end of British rule, and was then adopted by the U.S. After the discovery of gold in California in 1848, many whites moved westward, and long wars broke out between the white Europeans and Indians over the land, including the 1876 war between the Sioux and Cheyenne, which was fought by Custer and Custer. Most Indians moved onto reservations in 1887, the year the Dawes General Allotment Act deprived Indians of nearly 348,100 square kilometers (134,400 square miles) of their lands, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 implemented the Dawes General Allotment Act. The Reorganization Act of 1934 implemented measures to improve the lives of Native Americans, and since the 1950s, as a result of new policies and social interest in civil rights, Native Americans have formed a number of organizations and brought national attention to their problems.

Central America

More than 10,000 years ago, Indians entered Central America between Nicaragua and northern Mexico. The development of farming techniques dates back to about 4500 B.C.E. Steady progress in agricultural technology led to the establishment of agrarian societies around 2,000 B.C.E. The stabilization of the food supply led to the evolution of small settlements into large towns and stimulated the growth of pottery and other works of art. The stabilization of the food supply led to the evolution of small settlements into large towns and stimulated the growth of pottery and other art. The first 1,000 years after CE is known as the Classic Period, with the rise of the Mayan civilization, when the people were ruled by a monastic class. Their most important god was Tlaloc, the god of the harvest, whose symbol, the jaguar, is a common motif in surviving carvings. In later cultures, the jaguar was replaced by the traditionally more warlike eagle, and human sacrifice became a common religious practice. After 1000 AD, the Toltec and Aztec empires replaced these religiously based social patterns until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. At its peak, the Aztec Empire controlled almost all of Central America.

The earliest immigrant races can be divided into several different cultural branches, depending on where they lived. One of them made its living in the coastal, desert, and mountainous regions of what is now northwestern Mexico. Another group, the Tarasco, settled in the mountains of Michoacan. The Maya occupied parts of Guatemala, the Yucatan Peninsula, and Chiapas, Mexico. Aztecs are concentrated in the highlands of central Mexico and today's Mexico City. The fifth branch was on the southern coast of Mexico and the highlands. The cultural characteristics of the Mesoamerican Indians are characterized by the settlement of small communities with individual families as the basic unit, with men and older people in leadership positions. Community activities centered on the marketplace and another center was the government office, which also conducted religious ceremonies. Catholicism, introduced by the Spaniards, is the main form of worship, but spirit worship, superstition and divination still exist.

The technology and tools of European industry were introduced to Central America with the Catholic Church and the Spanish conquest, and later mines, farms, and cattle became the economic centers of colonial societies. the revolution of 1821 freed native-born Spaniards and other mestizo descendants of Mexico and Guatemala from European control to form a new ****national government. 1910 saw another revolution in Mexico, which removed the exclusionary social and economic conditions and established a new government. Another revolution in Mexico in 1910 eliminated exclusionary social and economic policies and began to recognize the political, cultural, and economic contributions of the Indians, and in the late 20th century a more complete non-discrimination of Indians emerged in Mexico's urban and rural societies.

South America

According to the archaeological record, South American civilization began in 10,000 B.C. with the arrival of the first North and Central American settlers. They settled in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, southern Chile, the south-central plains of the Mansion Valley region and parts of the Central Andes. Their groups were based on kinship and classed according to gender and age. These nomadic groups were later replaced by highly agricultural societies. Agrarian societies were located along the Arawak coast and inland forests of Brazil and the Greater Antilles. They were able to maintain large and stable social units because of the abundance of food. Other peoples who settled along the Caribbean coast and in the northern Andes emerged with more complex social organization based on military and religious rituals, supported by agricultural technology.

The indigenous civilizations of South America took root in the central Andes around 2300 B.C.E., and progressed rapidly thereafter, developing farming and technology over thousands of years. Around 1000 A.D., there were the kingdoms of Chimu and Tiwanaku, and later the Inca Empire. The Inca's prosperity did not decline until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. Its territory extended from Peru to northern Chile, and it developed an efficient irrigation system and a complex system of controlling the production, storage and distribution of food. The population peaked at 3.5 million. Its social classes were divided into hereditary royalty, nobility, artisans and peasants. The most notable innovations of the Inca civilization were the replacement of custom with law in the organization of society and the attainment of a high standard of artistic production.

The European conquest of South America in the 16th century led to the complete replacement of the agricultural and political customs of the Inca Empire with Spanish ways, and Catholicism with the Inca religion. The Inca nobility and artisan class were incorporated into the colonial class system, while the peasants were reduced to servitude. In the less developed areas, the Incas maintained some of their cultural traditions and maintained economic transactions with modern industrial centers. Other South American Indians, such as the Araucanians, successfully resisted Spanish rule until the late 19th century, when they were suppressed, assimilated, or sent to reservations.

Ethnicity

Indians, yellow people, the oldest inhabitants of the Americas. They are said to have migrated from Asia through the Bering Strait 15,000-25,000 years ago, and were distributed in North and South America. In North America, there are Athabascan, Algonquin, Iroquois, Sioux and Muscogee; in Central America, there are Aztecs, Mayans, Caribs, Chibcha, etc.; in South America, there are Incas, Guarani, and Araucanians. The language belongs to the Indian language group. Before the 16th century, most of them were still in the stage of matrilineal clans, and a few of them, such as the Maya, the Aztecs and the Incas, had already formed the early slavery system and had a high culture. 16th century onwards, they were ravaged and killed by the European colonizers, and their development was interrupted, and their population declined. There are now more than 32 million people. They are mainly engaged in agriculture. In North America, there are about 800,000 people left, most of whom have been driven into reservations and live in hardship. In Central and South America are generally discriminated against and assimilated by the rulers of the countries in which they live.

Wedding

Chief Indian wedding with a strong national color. Wedding location more choice in the Indian settlement public **** building held, generally a larger wooden house. When the wedding was held, friends and relatives, neighbors, village residents have come to the wooden house, people sitting on the ground, greet each other. Men, women and children dressed in national costumes, new styles, colorful. Although the Indians are cheerful, but the wedding occasion is very quiet, even if the speech is also softly spoken.

Introduction Indians (Indians)

Also known as Amerindian or Amerind.

Also known as Native Americans, it is a general term for all Native Americans except Eskimos. Indians are the Native Americans. This race is distributed in the countries of North and South America, belonging to the American branch of the Mongoloid race. The use of Indian languages, including more than a dozen language groups, so far there is no recognized language classification.

The Indians are the earliest inhabitants of Latin America. They were called "Indians" mainly because Columbus and other explorers thought they had reached a "new land" in India, and called the local inhabitants "Indians". (English pronunciation of the word "Indian".)

The Indians used to be called Reds because their skin was often red, but it was later realized that the red color was a misperception due to the habit of applying red paint to the face.

Researchers believe the Indians' ancestors may have crossed the Bering Strait from Asia to the Americas about 20,000 years ago, or traveled across the land bridge through the frozen strait. They shared some cultural traits with their Asian contemporaries, such as the use of fire, the taming of dogs and certain special rituals and medical practices.

The Indians, after more than 20,000 years of differentiation, produced many different peoples and languages, established four empires in their history, the most important being the Aztec Empire in Central America and the Inca Empire in South America, invented the Mayan script, and were quite proficient in the study of astronomy, supplying the world with crops such as corn, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and cocoa. Due to the colonizers persecuted, killed Indians, the destruction of Indian culture, resulting in the remnants of the ancient civilization of the material is not much, but the current research is increasingly attracting the attention of the archaeological community, the Americas have also begun to make great efforts to excavate the ancient Indian culture

Culture

Indians believe that "animism "They revered nature and held every blade of grass, every tree, every mountain and every stone in the natural world in awe. Indians have been assimilated to a considerable extent by the European Christian faith, in today's United States most Indians believe in Christ, but the original Indian faith still exists, it is mixed with Christianity, becoming a strange religious beliefs. Cayet says that religious beliefs occupy a high place in Indian life, and that the most important tribal chief is the religious leader, who has authority over the tribal head in internal matters. In most tribes, the tribal head is responsible only for external affairs, mainly dealing with the federal or local government, and he represents the tribe externally, but his power of appointment lies with the religious leader, whom he listens to even more in internal affairs.

The Indian language is one of the most interesting and difficult to understand in the world. [It is said that at the time of World War I (Pacific Theater of World War II?) At the time of the Allied Powers (U.S.?) Indians serving in the Allied (U.S.?) armies during World War I (Pacific Theater of World War II?) were said to have specialized in making telephone calls in which they communicated troop "orders" to each other in words that were then translated into English or other languages. This method was the most reliable and secretive, as no one but them understood the secrets. --------- See The Wind Whisperer

The Language of the Indians

The Indians have a strange language. Translations into English often involve using the same letter in succession. For example, the name of the state of Massachusetts in the United States, Massachusetts, is translated from Indian. Also, the Indian word for "myself" is mostly "doo". There is an Indian Museum in Washington, D.C., which has a lot of information about Indian culture.

Life

For historical reasons, most Indians now live in isolated rural areas. Like the Mayans, most of the other Indian nations have retained their traditional living customs. When Indians cook, they still like to use rough-textured clay pots, stone bowls and wooden spoons. When someone is sick, they pick herbs, or light them on fire to smoke the patient, or cook soup for the patient to bathe. To this day, they wear traditional clothing that is characteristic of their people. The Mayan women of the Yucatan Peninsula, young and old, wear loose white embroidered dresses and brightly colored flowers on their heads; men wear loose white pants, straw hats, and straw sandals. Indian women on the Central Plateau love to wear embroidered smock and vertical stripes of the wide skirt, wearing a kind of upper body called "Reboso" multi-purpose shawl. This shawl can not only shade the sun, but also can keep out the cold, but also can carry children, pack things. Extremely rich national characteristics of the dress has become a clear symbol of the Indians. Many Indians still live in primitive houses. In the Yucatan Peninsula, the Maya carved out a flat piece of land in the woods, took the materials on the spot, fixed the thick branches one by one on the ground, formed a big circle, put the big leaves of palm trees on it, and the house was built.

Other:

1,Indian weddings have a strong national color. Wedding location more choice in the Indian settlement public **** building held, generally a larger wooden house. Held a wedding, friends and relatives, neighbors, village residents have come to the wooden house, people sitting on the ground, greet each other. Men, women and children dressed in national costumes, new styles, colorful. Although the Indians are cheerful, but the wedding occasion is very quiet, even if the speech is also softly spoken.

2, the Indians believe in "animism", they respect nature, the natural world of a grass, a tree, a mountain and a stone are reported to the attitude of reverence. Indians have been assimilated to a considerable extent by the European Christian faith, in today's United States, most Indians believe in Christ, but the Indian primitive faith still exists, it is mixed with Christianity, a strange religious beliefs.

3,When Indians cook, they still like to use rough-textured clay pots, stone bowls, and wooden spoons. When someone is sick, they pick herbs, or light them on fire to smoke the patient, or boil soup for the patient to bathe. They are still wearing traditional clothes that are rich in their own national characteristics.

4,Religious beliefs in Indian life occupies a high position, the most important tribal chief is a religious leader, he is higher than the tribal head of power in internal affairs. In most tribes, the tribal head was responsible only for external affairs, mainly dealing with the federal or local government, and he represented the tribe externally, but his power of appointment rested with the religious leader, to whom he was more subject in internal affairs.

Historical Reasons For historical reasons, most Indians now live in isolated rural areas. Like the Mayans, most of the other Indian nations have kept their traditional living customs. When Indians cook, they still like to use rough-textured clay pots, stone bowls, and wooden spoons. When someone is sick, they pick herbs, or light them on fire to smoke the patient, or cook soup for the patient to bathe. To this day, they wear traditional clothing that is characteristic of their people. The Mayan women of the Yucatan Peninsula, young and old, wear loose white embroidered dresses and brightly colored flowers on their heads; men wear loose white pants, straw hats, and straw sandals. Indian women on the Central Plateau love to wear embroidered smock and vertical stripes of the wide skirt, wearing a kind of upper body called "Reboso" multi-purpose shawl. This shawl can not only shade the sun, but also can keep out the cold, but also can carry children, pack things. Extremely rich national characteristics of the dress has become a clear symbol of the Indians. Many Indians still live in primitive houses. In the Yucatan Peninsula, the Maya carved out a flat piece of land in the woods, took materials from the ground, fixed a thick branch one by one on the ground, surrounded a large circle, put the large leaves of the palm tree on the top, and the house was built. CULTURE: In fact, the Maya were part of the Indian family. There are 56 Indian nations in Mexico I***, totaling about 10 percent of the country's population, about 10 million people. In the past, the Indians have been the masters of this part of Mexico. They created the world-famous Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Aztec and other ancient Indian cultures, Mexico has thus become a center of ancient Indian culture. It was only after the Spanish colonizers invaded Mexico in 1519 that the Indians became a minority in Mexico due to massacres and mestizos. Mayan culture is one of the world's most famous ancient cultures, known as the cradle of American Indian culture. The geographical area of Mayan cultural development includes the Yucatan Peninsula in present-day southeastern Mexico, Tikal in Guatemala, Copan in western Honduras, Vasaktun (the oldest known Mayan city), and parts of Belize and El Salvador, ****about 325,000 square kilometers. The development of Maya culture is divided into three periods: the Preclassic Period (ca. 1500 B.C.-A.D. 317), the Classic Period (A.D. 317-889), and the Postclassic Period (889-1697. The last organized Maya were conquered by the Spaniards in 1697.) Maize agriculture was the dominant economic activity of the ancient Maya. They used primitive slash-and-burn farming methods, cultivated the earliest crops such as corn and sweet potatoes, and mastered the techniques of raising turkeys, dogs, and dense bees, weaving with agave fibers and kapok, and making painted pottery. Commercially, the Maya mainly engaged in barter trade activities, sometimes using cocoa beans as a common currency. The Maya also achieved excellence in the fields of architecture, sculpture, painting, hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendars, and mathematics. Around the beginning of 1500 B.C., the Maya entered an era of sedentary agricultural life. Later in the century, city-states were formed. Around 300-900 A.D. was the heyday of the development of Maya civilization, with the emergence of more than 100 city-states of various sizes. These cities were populous, well-organized, architecturally magnificent and culturally rich. Religion played a very important role in Mayan culture, and the temples where great sacrifices were held were built on pyramids that served as altars, which were spectacular. Offerings of sacrifices were an important form of Mayan worship, including food, jewelry, and even living people. The Maya achieved a high level of mastery in both bust and shallow relief sculpture. Maya paintings were generally in the form of murals, in which the figures were expressively portrayed. In addition, pottery and metal disks contain splendid pictures. After BC, the Maya independently created hieroglyphic pictographic writing, in which they flattened strips of bark and saturated them with gum, then coated them with a layer of quicklime and painted and wrote hieroglyphics, figures, gods and animal images on the strips of bark. Ancient Mayan text consists of more than 800 shapes and symbols, with text juxtaposed with colorful drawings and pictures. Many of the codices contained Mayan history, myths and legends, and calendars, but most of them were torched by the Spanish colonizers as "the devil's work". So far, only three ancient Mayan codices have been preserved, all of which are collected in European museums. In addition to codices, the ancient Mayan language is also preserved in stone pillars, stone monuments and inscriptions of ancient buildings. The Mayans attached great importance to history, and every 20 years and in some city states to erect a stone pillar, with Mayan records of major events. Therefore, the Maya culture is the only culture in the ancient history of the Americas have a clear chronology can be based on. The Mayan tradition of erecting pillars to record history lasted for more than 1,200 years and was interrupted by the invasion of the Spanish colonizers. The Mayan calendar was created in BC, the calendar to 13 days for a week, 20 days for a month, 18 months for a year, plus 5 days for taboo days, 365 days a year, 52 years for a cycle. The Mayan calendar is more accurate than the ancient Greek and Roman calendars. The Maya also built astronomical observatories that could project the timing of eclipses and the orbital cycles of the moon and planets. The Maya had remarkable achievements in mathematics, which they used to perform calculations by means of fingers and toes***, using the twenty-digit method of calculation. It is particularly noteworthy that the Maya knew how to apply the concept of zero seven or eight hundred years before Europe. In the post-classical period of Mayan culture, due to natural and man-made disasters such as hurricanes, plagues and wars, the ancient Mayan civilization declined rapidly, and all major cities were abandoned. By the time of the Spanish invasion, the Maya city-states on the Yucata Peninsula were a fragmented, decaying and dilapidated landscape. I I As stated earlier, the Mayan culture was one of the most advanced ancient cultures of the Americas, and its material and cultural achievements were so impressive that it still has a significant impact on Mexico and parts of Central America. However, compared with the advanced civilization of the European continent at the same time, it appeared primitive and outdated. Therefore, when Spain invaded in the 16th century, the fragile Mayan culture was seriously Cui Can disabled ！！！！！

You can search on Baidu, you can also see my: 1,Indian wedding with a strong national color. Wedding location more choice in the Indian settlement public **** building held, generally a larger wooden house. Held a wedding, friends and relatives, neighbors, village residents have come to the wooden house, people sitting on the ground, greet each other. Men, women and children dressed in national costumes, new styles, colorful. Although the Indians are cheerful, but the wedding occasion is very quiet, even if the speech is also softly spoken. 2, the Indians believe in "animism", they respect nature, the natural world of a grass, a tree, a mountain and a stone are reported to the attitude of reverence. Indians have been assimilated to a considerable extent by the European Christian faith, in today's United States, most Indians believe in Christ, but the original Indian faith still exists, it is mixed with Christianity, becoming a strange religious beliefs. 3,When Indians cook, they still like to use rough-textured clay pots, stone bowls, and wooden spoons. When someone is sick, they pick herbs, or will be lit on fire to the patient for smoking, or cooking soup for the patient bath. They still like to wear the traditional clothing rich in national characteristics. 4, religious beliefs in Indian life occupies a high position, the most important tribal chief is a religious leader, his power in internal affairs than the tribal chief. In most tribes, the tribal chief is only responsible for external affairs, mainly with the federal or local government dealings, he represents the tribe externally, but his right of appointment in the religious leader, he has to listen to the religious leader in the internal affairs.