The Development Trend of Competitive Wushu Routines from the Tenth National Games

Li Zhen1 Wu Zhihong1 Zheng Xiaoqin2 Zhu Lin1

(1.The People's Liberation Army Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 510500, the first author, master's degree; 2.Guangdong Public Security Higher Specialized School)

Abstract: In the late 1940's, the history of the development of the Chinese nation is a period of new and old, and wushu also started Wushu also began its historical transition from modern martial arts to modern martial arts, and entered a new period of development. From the historical process, modern wushu is closely related to the rise and fall of old China after 1911, while the birth of new China has pushed Chinese wushu onto a new historical runway - wushu has started its era of great changes. By the founding of new China began the modern wushu, so far it has been more than 50 years, in the party and the government attaches great importance to the rapid development of wushu sports, but also emerged a lot of new content, new issues. In this regard, experts and scholars have made a lot of efforts to do a lot of research work from different perspectives and published hundreds of papers. The main themes of the research are as follows: the problem of terminology related to wushu; the problem of culturology in the development of wushu; the problem of popularization and promotion of wushu; the problem of Olympic strategy; and the problem of marketization of wushu.

Keywords: Wushu, development, marketization

The late 1940s was a period in the history of the development of the Chinese nation in which the old and the new changed, and Wushu also began its historical transition from modern Wushu to modern Wushu, and entered a new period of development. From the historical process, modern wushu is closely related to the rise and fall of old China after 1911, while the birth of new China has pushed Chinese wushu to a new historical runway - wushu began its era of great changes. By the founding of new China began the modern wushu, so far it has been more than 50 years, in the party and the government attaches great importance to the rapid development of wushu sports, but also emerged a lot of new content, new issues. In this regard, experts and scholars have made a lot of efforts, done a lot of research work and published hundreds of papers. The main themes of the research are as follows: Wushu-related terminology issues; Wushu development of cultural issues; Wushu popularization and promotion issues; Olympic strategy issues; Wushu market-oriented issues.

1 Wushu-related terminology issues

With the rapid development of wushu sports, many previously seldom seen disciplinary terms appear frequently in theoretical research, which is a sign of the development of wushu discipline construction. However, at the same time, we are also concerned that many thesis articles are perhaps biased in their understanding of certain terms or stray from the logic of perspective, thus causing some confusion in the use of terminology. Zhou Weiliang, a doctoral student at the Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, elaborates on them by categorizing them into four research levels respectively.

1. 1 "Ancient Wushu", "Modern Wushu" and "Modern Wushu" in the historiographical perspective

These three terms are actually related to the staging of the history of Chinese Wushu. the staging of the history of Chinese martial arts. Everything has its own law of development and performance characteristics. The staging of the history of wushu should be based mainly on the characteristics of the movement and diffusion of wushu as manifested in the process of historical development.

Ancient Wushu refers to the Wushu before 1911, and formed the Wushu theoretical system with Taiji, Yin-Yang and Five Elements as the theoretical framework;

Modern Wushu refers to the Wushu from 1911 to 1949, and gradually flowed into the city from the original inheritance in the countryside to be introduced into the school, and began to organize and research on it by using the method of modern sports science and put forward the slogan of the era of the scientificization of Wushu;

The history of Wushu should be staged based on the main basis and standard of the movement derivation characteristics shown in the historical development process.

Modern Wushu refers to the Wushu after 1949 to the present, and has become a part of the new Chinese sports.

1.2 "Competitive Wushu", "Fitness Wushu" and "Technical (Practical) Wushu" derived from functional purposes

Competitive Wushu is to maximize the performance of individual or collective sports. Competitive martial arts is in order to maximize the individual or collective sports function, and strive for excellent results in the process of training and competition activities, it has a very strong utilitarian color;

Fitness martial arts is based on the good martial arts activities to get rid of disease and prolong the life of the fitness awareness of the value of the awareness of the proposed concept of terminology. This kind of martial arts activities are generally spontaneous, individual exercise-based, but also collective form. Compared with competitive wushu and martial arts, it has a great deal of autonomy, arbitrariness and fun in the method of martial arts, content, and its organization and management form is also very loose. Even though some competitions are sometimes used, the purpose of this method is mainly to promote and popularize, and does not purely pursue the results;

Technical (practical) wushu refers to the purpose of martial arts from the practice of martial arts to the practice of martial arts means to the practical skills as the starting point and value of the martial arts practice. Compared with the competitive martial arts, it is not subject to the restrictions of the rules, the form of expression and requirements is to emphasize the practical attack and defense.

1.3 According to the division of martial arts groups "military martial arts", "folk martial arts" and "mass (social) martial arts", "professional team (competitive) martial arts. professional team (competitive) martial arts", "school martial arts";

Ancient military martial arts had a profound impact on the formation and development of Chinese martial arts, but there are still obvious differences. In terms of content, boxing by the military martial arts as "no pre-war" skills, and many of the martial arts in the strange weaponry, in the military has no status to speak of. In the killing method, martial arts to formation discipline as a prerequisite, is a collaborative collective behavior, and martial arts fighting is usually a low-intensity single combat, coupled with martial arts and by other traditional culture and become more colorful;

Folk martial arts refers to the traditional social form, the majority of the lower class people's various martial arts activities, is a conceptual term corresponding to the military martial arts;

Mass (social) martial arts are martial arts activities carried out among the population at large as opposed to school martial arts and professional team (competitive) martial arts.

School wushu refers to the wushu training and teaching process carried out in schools around the goals and tasks of school sports, in order to enhance the physical fitness of students, to master the knowledge and skills of wushu, and to improve the level of athletic technology, in a planned and organized manner.

Professional team wushu refers to the planned and organized to improve the technical level of sports, the purpose of competing for points to win medals for the purpose of the professional crowd of wushu training and competition.

1. 4Traditional Wushu and Modern Wushu in the Sociological Sense of Culture

Traditional Wushu refers to the traditional Wushu that has been formed and developed under the historical and spatial background of the agrarian civilization and is still spreading to this day, with the main contents of the routines, sparring hands, and gongfu exercises. In contrast to the traditional Wushu, the modern Wushu, the term "modern" is not only a historical period, but also contains cultural and sociological connotations. Traditional martial arts and modern martial arts are not a generalized concept with an obvious hierarchical structure, and the many contents are combined according to the intertwined and overlapping interrelationships, showing a subjective pattern of Chinese martial arts culture.

2 Culturological Problems in the Development of Wushu

Wushu, not only is a traditional sport of the Chinese nation, but also, because it is rooted in the fertile soil of traditional culture, contains the profound wonders of traditional Chinese philosophy, is the carrier of thousands of years of the history and culture of the Chinese nation, and has a strong oriental cultural background. However, the 21st century will be the era of the convergence and fusion of Eastern and Western cultures, and the influence of culture will play a greater and more profound role in a wider range of fields, and is profoundly affecting the inheritance and development of national cultures around the world. Wushu, as an important part of national culture, is inevitably subject to impact and collision in this cultural change. At present, there are two tendencies in the development of Wushu, one of which is to doubt and criticize the innovation, cutting off the national traditional sports from the world sports and the development of modern society; the other is to explain and analyze our national things completely with the theories of western sports, adding the national traditional sports with the footnotes of western and world sports.

2.1 Doubts and Criticisms of Innovation

Yu Zhijun, in his article "Review of the Development of Chinese Wushu after Liberation," expresses doubts and worries about the development of competitive wushu routines. He believes that today's competitive routines are entirely based on the methods of Western gymnastic competitions: they are divided into prescribed and self-selected routines; the scoring method also imitates that of Western gymnastics, with scores based on the standardization of movements, technical difficulty, coordination of movements, and the impression of aesthetics; and the technical development puts forward the slogans of "high, difficult, beautiful, and new". This is a completely westernized line of martial arts. Under the guidance of this line, today's wushu routines have undergone fundamental changes compared with traditional wushu: firstly, the competitive routines have discarded the traditional wushu's technical content, and replaced them with combinations of body movements that have no technical use, such as jumping movements, punching (palming) movements, kicking movements, spinning movements, and splitting movements; secondly, the competitive routines have discarded the traditional wushu's connotations of essence, qi, and god; thirdly, the competitive routines have discarded the traditional wushu's kung fu; and thirdly, the competitive routines have Thirdly, the competitive routines have abandoned the kungfu of traditional wushu; fourthly, the competitive wushu has abandoned the traditional cultural and philosophical connotations of traditional wushu. He believes that traditional Chinese martial arts contain the philosophical connotations of "softness over strength" and "weakness over strength", and emphasize "induction", i.e., two people fight because of their feelings; the viciousness of Western boxing is a continuation of human instinct, not a continuation of human instinct, but a continuation of human instinct. Western boxing is a continuation of human instinct, do not believe that the weak can overcome the strong, is the initiative to attack, not because of the feeling, its philosophy is the Western philosophy of the strong. In Yu Wen's view, the Olympic Games is a purely Western product, Chinese martial arts into the Olympic Games is "cut the foot to fit the shoe", is "self-destructive road, will not work".

2.2.2 Explaining and transforming wushu with western sports theories

Lv Jiguang, Sun Guiqiu, Tang Jun and others believe that in today's society, where the classification of sports is becoming more and more refined, and there is a fierce competition in the market economy, the values of "higher, faster and stronger" have become the values of the times. The development of Wushu should reflect the characteristics of the times, there should be thrilling and exciting scenes, and advocate the use of Western fine science to explain and transform the Chinese Wushu, and completely abandon the traditional philosophical ideas of Chinese Wushu, such as yin and yang, five elements, etc. They say that "the ancient and modern styles of Wushu have become more and more sophisticated. They said, "Ancient and modern schools of martial arts have opened their mouths and closed their mouths to learn, but in fact, one generation after another has been deceiving itself and others." Wushu Soul, 1997, No. 3, Li Zijian (Wushu vertical and horizontal talk)

This kind of research and interpretation can only be one kind of old-fashioned, and the other is the pursuit of complete alienation. The real transformation of the national into the world's culture will not develop healthily in such an environment. We should follow the tolerant cultural development mentality of "inclusiveness and practice", recognize that tradition is the source of modernity, and focus on the idea that "the only competitive advantage of a nation's traditional sports lies in its ability to create the uniqueness and value that people in other parts of the world aspire to". " for the scientific inheritance of traditional martial arts.

3 Problems of popularization and promotion of Wushu

Wushu sports not only have a vast number of enthusiasts in urban and rural areas of China, but are also loved by friends from all over the world. In order to bring wushu to the world for the further benefit of mankind, over the years China has been systematically sending wushu teams and coaching groups to many countries to perform and teach their skills. At the same time, it invites friends from the international wushu community to visit large-scale wushu competitions in China, discusses plans for the development of wushu sports, and has also successfully organized several international wushu invitational tournaments. Under this influence, the European Wushu Federation, the Pan American Wushu Association, the Asian Wushu Federation, the Oceania Wushu Federation and the African Wushu Federation and other continental and regional wushu organizations have been established one after another, and international wushu tournaments have been held frequently, so that the scale and influence of the wushu movement have been expanding. However, we also need to see that there are still many difficulties in the process of wushu to the world, there are many urgent problems to be solved. In this regard, martial arts workers have put forward many valuable opinions, views.

Tong Shimin and others believe that the Chinese martial arts to the world there are six major difficulties: ① the understanding of martial arts is limited to a variety of boxing routines, sparring, sparring, or fitness and self-defense function of the "small martial arts" view; ② the current middle and primary physical education classes, the proportion of the content of the wushu is only 8%, and there are schools of physical education simply do not have wushu content, and wushu is not the same as the content of the physical education. There is no wushu content, and wushu birthplace status is extremely disproportionate; ③ both understand wushu technology, and understand the cultural connotations of wushu teachers are too few.

Liu Tongwei and other needles put forward the 21st Century Wushu development of specific recommendations: ① fitness Wushu to further simplify the routine, so that it is easy to learn, easy to remember, easy to fitness; ② competitive Wushu to highlight the characteristics of the project for development. Set highlights the characteristics of competition, improve the level of art, and encourage the development of innovation; Sanshou explicitly and insist on strengthening physical fitness, comprehensive techniques, highlighting the direction of personality, fast, fierce, skillful and accurate; ③ unswervingly organize weekend Sanshou King Competition, the U.S.-China Wushu Match, Sino-European Wushu Match and China's Wushu and Muay Thai, Taekwondo, Karate and other commercial events, to further expand the influence of wushu; ④ by Through the hype and publicity in the media such as athletic competitions, films and advertisements, continuously packaging and creating stars, pushing out new ideas and improving the vitality of wushu. ⑤ Through the long-term planning of policy and regulation departments and education departments, add wushu contents in the syllabus and the national standard of physical exercise and train wushu teachers, so as to enable wushu to flourish in universities, middle schools and elementary school. (6) Encourage localities to organize wushu festivals and expositions, so as to set up a stage for wushu and sing for economic and trade activities, so as to raise wushu and develop the city with wushu. (7) Further dispatching martial arts emissaries to perform and publicize martial arts all over the world to penetrate martial arts culture to the West.

Zhu Liping waited to think that wushu must take more, multi-method, multi-level, multi-cultural values to replace the Chinese wushu history of the formation of the singularity, or the overall comprehensive values, will be divided into the content of its wushu competitions, and purely sports competition value and fitness, entertainment, biological value of this idea to start work, so that the Chinese wushu not only to become a professional sports competitions, but also to have a worldwide sports audience, and at the same time, to make the Chinese wushu not only to become professional sports competitions, but also to make the Chinese wushu to have a world-wide sports audience. Have a worldwide sports audience, at the same time more Chinese wushu into the world's people of all races practical and feasible fitness entertainment, so that will certainly make the Chinese wushu out of a road to the world.

4 Olympic Strategy Issues

Wushu sport consists of two major systems, the routine and the loose hand, has a unique competitive and fitness value, in the past century has spread all over the world, and is loved by people with different cultural backgrounds. Wushu's routines are composed of unique technical movements that embody the elegance of technique and the beauty of gymnastics, and have offensive and defensive connotations. There are unarmed, short equipment (knives and swords) and long equipment (spears and sticks) events. In addition to the highest level of the World Championships, youth competitions are also colorful. If wushu sets can be demonstrated on the same stage with other Olympic sports, it will help promote the diversity of world culture, enrich the Olympic movement and carry forward the Olympic spirit. in 1936, when the 11th Olympic Games, China had sent a wushu team to perform in Berlin, which was warmly welcomed.

In order to meet the needs of the world's flourishing martial arts movement, the IWUF Preparatory Committee was established in 1985, and on October 3, 1990, the IWUF Founding Conference was held in Beijing, China. 1994, the IWUF was admitted to the International Federation of Individual Sports as a member. 1999, the IWUF was provisionally recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Since 1991, the IWUF has held six biennial World Championships in China, Malaysia, the United States, Italy, Hong Kong, China and Armenia. As of November 2001, the IWUF has 86 Member Associations from all continents and a team of qualified and experienced technical officials. Beginning with the 11th Asian Games in Beijing in 1990, the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) decided to include Wushu as an official competition sport for three consecutive years, marking the acceptance of Wushu into the Olympic Movement.

Wushu routines, like other sports, honor the high ideals of the IOC and the Olympic Movement. The IWUF is committed to adhering to the rules of the IOC and has developed anti-doping tests and signed an agreement with the World Anti-Doping Agency.

The 2008 Olympic Games is approaching, wushu in the end should be in the form of what form to enter the Olympic Games, wushu community has a variety of opinions, there are advocates of the form of sets, there are advocates of the form of loose hands, and advocates of the sets and loose hands are indispensable components of wushu, should be entered into the Olympic Games at the same time:

4.1 advocate the form of sets

Chengdu Institute of Physical Education, Chengda Dali Prof. Cheng Dali of Chengdu Institute of Physical Education believes that the Sanshou competition, which is detached from the footwork of bow, horse, servant, virtual, and rest, has lost the original face of wushu and cannot be taken as a representative of Chinese wushu. Prof. Qiu Pixiang of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education also believes that competitive wushu is formed under specific conditions and values of the times, and that there are fundamental differences between traditional wushu and the traditional wushu inherited from the Ming and Qing Dynasties in terms of technique, training and purpose, and that theoretically there is no need to get the support of the traditional history and culture, and practically there is no need to have much inheritance of traditional wushu. They called Sanshou a "new martial art", as a product of the spirit of the times, and accepted it with a broad mind, but it could not represent the Chinese martial arts, and advocated that the set is an important form of preservation and development of the Chinese martial arts.

4.2 advocate loose hand form

Hebei Institute of Physical Education, Department of traditional national sports, such as Lv Jiguang that the modern competitive set of "practical" moves in the interpretation, not a move is summarized from the actual confrontation in the fight, are based on the modern spectrum of boxing as a blueprint for the imagination. Today still emphasizes the "national style" has become a closed concept, inert thinking, solidified shape, subjective fabrication of the complex. Deeply influenced by the Song and Ming philosophies of empty talk about life and righteousness, emphasizing the utility of fantasy. Thinking that breaking through the set to the development of loose hands is the liberation of thought, is the embodiment of innovative consciousness, enterprising spirit, is the embodiment of the spirit of the times.

5 Wushu marketization problem

Sports industry in today's economy and society is a powerful brigade, pivotal, from foreign Adidas, Nike to China's Jianlibao, Li Ning are embodied in the economy and sports fit, and promote the material and spiritual progress of the whole society, and there are thousands of years of history of Wushu, in the eyes of foreign scholars is the representative of the Oriental culture, but with the industry economy Far from each other, although the popularity of kung fu films, professional dart masters favored, martial arts museum school income is considerable, reflecting the emergence of the martial arts industry, however, in the country, whether it is theoretical research or practical operation is almost a blank, and did not cause sufficient attention to all levels of wushu management,

Chengdu Institute of Physical Education, Zhang Xuanhui, "on the market of wushu competition," the paper through a large number of surveys, summarized that China's Wushu competition market has the following characteristics: 1. The combination of the source of funding for wushu competitions and social and economic entities is getting closer and closer. Examples have proved that wushu competitions cannot just rely on government funding, but must seek sponsorship from economic entities in society. Wushu competition and economic interdependence, mutual development, has become the trend of today's wushu development. 2, sponsorship of wushu competition business enterprises generally responded to the current economic benefits are not yet obvious. Questionnaire survey shows that: many sponsors attach importance to the cultural function of wushu, willing to contribute to the promotion of traditional national culture, wushu competitions or performances created a cultural atmosphere, so that they and more people into the atmosphere conducive to physical and mental personality inculcation, and even the use of wushu to expand the circle of life, make friends. From the current point of view, sponsors of martial arts competitions are still mainly focused on social benefits, spiritual civilization considerations. 3, the market size is small, the main market tender weak, buyers and sellers are not very coordinated; 4, the competition market development is not balanced. Sets and loose hand competition market development is not balanced, the uneven development of the regional competition. 5, both understand martial arts, but also understand the management of the shortage of professionals.

Jai Fenggang believes that: the development of wushu economy is lagging far behind the development of wushu sports itself. Has been confined to the old model of martial arts, and more decentralized business, so that the cause of the martial arts bound to climb to a higher level. He will be the development of China's martial arts into three modes: one is to martial arts to support the small development of martial arts, such as martial arts competitions, organization of martial arts activities, the opening of martial arts training courses, the construction of martial arts museums and schools, etc.; the second is the development of martial arts and other industries combined with the development of martial arts, such as martial arts film, television and television, martial arts costumes, publications, etc.; the third is to engage in the development of martial arts for the development of high-income large-scale development, such as the martial arts, finance, real estate, martial arts, trade, etc..

In the past few years, many of the martial arts tradition of regional party and government leaders, have the martial arts as the region's window to the opening, so that it has become an important part of economic construction, coincidentally put forward the "martial arts stage, economic and trade opera" strategic slogan. China Shaolin International Wushu Festival, China Cangzhou International Wushu Festival, China Wenxian International Taijiquan annual meeting and so on is in this economic decision-making has been successfully organized.

6 Conclusion

With the approach of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, under the high attention of the Party and the government, and the hard work of the martial arts enthusiasts, another boom of the martial arts movement is emerging. Today, wushu can be said to be a hundred flowers blossom, a hundred schools of thought, competitive wushu, mass wushu, practical wushu each show their skills; sets and loose hands each other; traditional wushu, modern wushu each hold their own views. In praise of the development of wushu in the good situation, but also to see the development of wushu hold their own views, each other, the constraints on the development of wushu, to a certain extent, reflecting the serious lag in the theoretical study of wushu, did not form a systematic, scientific, standardized theoretical system. Wushu people should seize the opportunity of history, scientific and rigorous study of wushu, wushu to the world as soon as possible and strive.