What are the artistic features of Yichang silk and bamboo?

Yichang Sizhu is the only unique instrument in Hubei folk instrumental music classification. It is an instrumental art variety composed of "Sizhu" as the main instrument and percussion instrument. Therefore, Yichang silk and bamboo, also known as "fine music", is popular in the east of Yichang, and Yaque Ridge in Yichang is the most prosperous. Because of its delicate, euphemistic, auspicious and elegant playing effect, it is widely used in various folk auspicious events and grand ceremonies. So what are the artistic characteristics of Yichang silk and bamboo? Let's learn about the artistic characteristics and historical origins of Yichang silk and bamboo! Yichang Sizhu is the only unique category of Hubei folk instrumental music. It is an instrumental art variety with "Sizhu" as the main musical instrument and percussion as the main musical form. Therefore, Yichang Sizhu, also known as "Joy", is popular in the eastern part of Yichang, with Yaque Ridge in Yichang being the most prosperous, with more than 60 classes and more than 700 students. Yichang Xile, with its delicate, euphemistic, auspicious and elegant performance, is widely used in various red occasions such as folk auspicious celebrations and grand ceremonies. It is mainly popular in Yaque Ridge and Longquan in Yiling District, and radiates to neighboring counties and cities such as Zhijiang, Zhicheng and Dangyang with Yaque Ridge as the center.

I. Historical origin

Yichang Sizhu is an ancient traditional folk music circulating in Yaqueling Town, Yiling District, Yichang City. Folk artists must read the description in Notes on Rites and Music: "The Three Emperors and Five Emperors have their own music, which is used to worship their ancestors in temples, enjoy ghosts and gods in heaven and earth, show their prestige in court, and feast guests, so-called rites and music." From this perspective, "Yichang Sizhu" belongs to the traditional rites and music of China.

Music is divided into "big music" and "fine music". Generally speaking, percussion instruments are the main instruments, and the instruments played are tuba, suona, drum, gong, cymbal and hairpin. Fine music is mainly composed of string and bamboo flute, and the instruments played are generally erhu, flute, flute and sheng. It is also known as Yichang Sizhu.

Yichang silk and bamboo has a long history and profound cultural tradition, which has been passed down for nearly 200 years and experienced seven generations of musicians. When Ouyang Xiu was appointed as the magistrate of Yiling County in the Northern Song Dynasty, he described the local folk customs as "the temporary combination of fish and salt in Lashi, and the temple was full of drums and drums". Su Shi, a famous writer, also wrote a poem, "The ancestors of the temple worshipped and danced, beating drums and playing the flute to kill the white sheep." According to the Qing Dynasty's "Donghu County Records" (now Yiling District), the customs of Yichang are generally "Lantern Festival, drum music and parade".

2. Artistic features

1. Silk and bamboo are in harmony.

"Silk" and "Bamboo" are two categories in the classification of musical instruments with eight tones in the Zhou Dynasty. Silk refers to playing stringed instruments and bamboo refers to bamboo wind instruments. Silk and bamboo music refers to the ensemble of bamboo wind instruments and stringed instruments, with meticulous playing style, beautiful and lyrical expression and lively interest. Such as "Thirty-six" and "Walking in the Street" by Jiangnan Sizhu; Eight Horses Plum Blossom Exercises in Fujian Nanqu; The signature music of the duet "South Embroidered Pocket" and "Pushing Wheel" and so on.

As a form of performance, silk and bamboo (or orchestral string) have the words "Silk and bamboo are more harmonious" and "Where this song is first a song, then a orchestral string." Account. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there have been many records about the combination form of silk and bamboo bands and the music of silk and bamboo, which shows that the music of silk and bamboo has a long history.

In traditional national instrumental music, there is a difference between silk and bamboo music and string Suo Le. Chords are purely played by stringed instruments, and there are no bamboo instruments in the band. But for some music, it can be played in the form of string ensemble or bamboo ensemble. Even for a certain kind of music, some music is played by string bands and some by bamboo bands. For example, the early band group "Wujiatou" of Cantonese Opera belongs to the silk and bamboo band, while the later "Sanjiatou" (Gao Hu, Yangqin and Qin Qin) belongs to the string band. However, today's Guangdong Music String Band and Sizhu Band are both in use. Because of their similarity in many aspects, the stringed Suo Le is usually considered as the music of silk and bamboo.

Chord band is represented by the band combination of thirteen chords, and the musical instruments are Huqin, Pipa, Sanxian and Zheng. Sizhu Band is represented by Jiangnan Sizhu Band. Commonly used musical instruments are Xiao, Sheng, Erhu, Zhonghu, Pipa, dulcimer, Xiaosanxian, banjo and polar drum.

2. Elegant and fresh

Yichang Sizhu is dominated by pentatonic melodies, some of which are out of tune, mostly passing through the melody as transitional tones, and some of which have the phenomenon of "signing". Yichang Sizhu is listed as a unique instrumental art variety in our province because of its unique style.

Yichang silk and bamboo have long been played in weddings, funerals and folk activities in local traditional folk, and the main musical instruments are silk strings and bamboo flutes. The qupai of this kind of music has obvious characteristics of sizhu qupai, including the qupai derivation method of "one tone gives birth to five tones, and five tones give birth to seven tones", and at the same time, the leading phrase is composed of the starting tone and the ending tone, which runs through the whole music. Yichang silk and bamboo have beautiful tunes and delicate expressions, and percussion music often gives people a feeling of elegance and freshness. Its melody is more gorgeous and its plates are more standardized. Qupai and minor are integrated with local folk songs to form a unique style.

Three. main content

"Qupai Quzi" is the main content of Yichang Sizhu, including solo, divertimento and couplet. A large number of music scores are scattered among the people, and there are more than 300 according to the census statistics. Yichang silk bamboo adopts scale symbols. Write straight from right to left, and in recent years, write horizontally in the form of annotations. In Gong Chi Pu, the sound level is marked by Chinese characters, such as "Tagong Fanyi" and its variants. There is a semitone between Gong Fan and Shang Yi, and a whole tone between the other two adjacent tones. The beats of the middle notes in Miyachi spectrum are represented by the board eye symbol, which is recorded on the right side of the first note of each beat. ","stands for board and "×" stands for eye. The length of sound is determined by the number of notes contained in a board or a glance.

It formed the original instrumental music by integrating local folk songs and foreign folk songs, and then evolved into a single musical style, that is, silk and bamboo instrumental music, and finally evolved into a joint musical style, forming today's style. The use of Qupai pays attention to structural integrity, and "Tang porcelain" (second-rate silk and bamboo Qupai) is mixed and used regularly. At present, the most commonly used forms of Qupai by old artists are "six-character second-rate"-"six-character second-rate (Tang Ci)"-"Sizhu Qupai"-"second-rate in Ci" (Tang Ci). The use of musical instruments has also undergone great changes, and each song can be played with one or more musical instruments.

There are 8 or 4 people in Yichang Sizhu Music Class. The 8-person class is mainly used for weddings, funerals and weddings. The organizational system consists of 2 batters, 2 string players, 2 pluckers, 2 bamboo flute players and 2 bamboo flute players. The applications for the four-person class are drummer 1, flute and Xiao, plucking 1 and string 1. The instruments used are erhu, Qin Qin, Qin Yue, bamboo flute, bamboo flute, side drum in the lobby, flower drum, constant gong, ma gong and Xiao gong.

Four. representative works

Yichang Sizhu has more than 60 pieces of music, and Yaque Ridge alone has more than 60 music classes and more than 700 musicians. Common tracks include water, playing ball, soup, door, guest funeral and so on.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) inherits meaning.

Yichang silk bamboo is on the verge of extinction due to the fault of inheritance and the aging of artists, and it needs urgent rescue and protection. It is of great significance to summarize and study the music combination and music derivative techniques of Yichang silk and bamboo to expand national music creation and carry forward national excellent traditional culture. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Yichang Sizhu was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

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