Cultural and Historical Roots of Psychological Counseling in Introduction to Psychological Counseling (2 1 reading plan 2)

Theoretical basis is the cornerstone of a deep understanding of a subject, and we should master its cultural and historical basis and development process. Of course, theory is not as interesting as practice, and it is brain-burning to read, but without the support of theory, being an excellent consultant is floating without confidence. How did psychological counseling develop and evolve in more than 200 years? ?

"People of any age in any society will always experience emotional or psychological depression and behavioral problems." I think this is also life. I think this is also the difference between human beings and animals. This book mentions the Iroquois among the Indians. They believe that one of the reasons why people get sick is the existence of unfulfilled wishes. Actually, some wishes only appear in dreams. It can be seen that among ancient people, especially among some tribes, I think they are closer to the subconscious and will make more use of the subconscious to develop.

Speaking of psychological counseling and psychotherapy, their origins can be traced back to the early18th century, but they were not widely used in life until the second half of the 20th century. Before that, people first sought a solution from the perspective of religion. Many emotional problems and interpersonal problems will be dealt with by local priests. McNeil also talked about this ancient religious therapy system, called soul therapy, that is, confession and subsequent confession. Well, this kind of confession does solve some people's emotional and psychological problems to some extent. Albee also wrote that capitalism needs a high degree of rational development, accompanied by the suppression and control of seeking happiness. Especially depends on the strict control and inhibition of sexual desire. According to him, the key psychological changes are root causes and social changes, that is, from the traditional center to the individual's internal orientation. Skur also pointed out that during the period from 1800 to 1900, people's work became more mechanized and more oriented to commercial interests. Gradually, the government also provided labor opportunities for those members of society with poor production capacity, which is the so-called poor workshop system. But soon an obvious phenomenon appeared, mental illness became more and more changeable and difficult to control, and the system of poor people's workshops ended.

1845, the adoption of the Mental Hospital Act and the development of mental hospitals marked the first time that a systematic institution managed by the government was established in European society to take care of and control those mental patients. But at the beginning, the mental hospital was just a kind of shelter, and this kind of treatment was also regarded as a form covered by moral supervision. Gradually, medical professionals found that the psychiatric industry was very profitable, so many medical professionals took control of mental hospitals. This is also an important historical moment. Science has replaced religion as the dominant ideology in the treatment of mental patients. Then, the biological explanation of mental illness began to form, but the theme of this era is to oppress women with mental hospitals. /kloc-psychologists in the 0 th and 9 th centuries also believe that living in the same body of normal people is better than living in a special mirror mental hospital. Gynecology calls this era a beautiful era. One of them is that the agency society has developed various means to suppress and imprison those physical and sexual indulgences.

In the19th century, psychiatry occupied a dominant position, and the mental patients mentioned here are now classified as "mental diseases". The first doctors who claimed to be psychotherapists were Van Ritter and Van Eden. They opened a heuristic psychotherapy clinic at 1887. /kloc-medical experts in the 0 th and 9 th centuries have developed a strong interest in hypnosis. At the same time, hypnosis is widely used as anesthesia in surgery. 65438+In 1980s, the French Shaker and Janet began to experiment with hypnosis as a treatment for hysteria. Hypnotism and hypnosis appeared in Europe in the 18 and 19 centuries, and were regarded as the representatives of the assimilation of traditional cultural forms by modern science and medicine. sigmund freud was undoubtedly the key figure among them, but he quickly quit hypnosis and developed his psychoanalytic techniques.

From 65438 to 0909, Freud and Jung Feloz visited the United States to give speeches, and at the same time spread psychoanalysis to the United States. This is why psychoanalysis has a strong appeal to Americans, which is also closely related to American culture. However, in American culture, there is also the strongest resistance to psychoanalysis, which comes from theoretical psychology. From about 19 18, American theoretical psychologists believe in the method of behavioral psychology. Rogers, Bourne and Alice developed a set of treatments with American characteristics in the 1950s and 1960s. A remarkable contribution of Rogers is that he invented a systematic method to study the process and results of Siri treatment. 1947, Rogers became the first president of American Siri Society as a consciousness of psychotherapy.

This chapter mainly talks about the relationship between the historical development of psychological counseling and psychotherapy and religious activities. Even some people will only say that in the Catholic church, the similar correlation between psychotherapy and confession is amazing. Psychotherapy is transplanted into the scientific world outlook, which is harms's view. He even thinks that the theory of departmental therapy can be regarded as a belief.

Carl rogers is also one of my favorite psychological counseling masters. He is the founder of the visitor-centered approach in psychological counseling and therapy. The article tells the story of Rogers' growth and his early life experience, and also explains how the dual influence of religion and science prompted him to become a therapist.

The so-called empty self is more obvious in Americans, especially in the19th century. With the great change and transformation of society, capitalism has occupied a stronger dominant position in the United States than in Europe. Due to the conflict of social contradictions, this high degree of social flexibility in the United States means that the traditional family social structure is gradually eroded, so a core experience of many Americans is the empty self-culture. One is psychotherapy, and the other is consumerism, so psychology in the United States has developed rapidly.

Psychological counseling developed into an independent profession, only in the 1950 s. Well, in many ways, Siri consultation can be regarded as a branch of in-game therapy. Psychological counseling is also deeply rooted in the voluntary service sector. The existence of psychotherapy tradition and religious tradition also means that psychological counseling always faces social problems directly. But in the post-modern world, individuals realize that they have the freedom to locate themselves. Every ego has its own design. Psychological counseling is a way for individuals to choose their own status. Since 1970, both the number of psychological counselors and the overall effect of psychological counseling have been significantly improved.

For Cushman and guildford, public acceptance of controlled care only reflects a new form of empty self-evolution, that is, multiple selves.

Neither Freud nor Rogers was the inventor of the theory, but they were able to express the thinking and working methods that have begun to take shape in our surrounding culture, express them in words and make it clear. These basic problems focus on: first, our understanding of the social significance of psychological counseling; second, psychological counseling theory has improved people's image.

From the historical development of psychological counseling, another aspect of the social essence of psychological counseling is related to the tense relationship between visitors and psychological counselors. Carl rogers also suggested that only visitors know what is right. And psychotherapy is to help visitors find the meaning of living again. .

From the perspective of practical standards, psychological counseling, whether psychotherapy or behavioral therapy, represents a way of observing people, an intention about what people are, and a moral scene. The id in psychoanalysis is just a part of personality that is usually hidden. Cognitive therapy is also mechanical to people's image. It thinks that visitors are like computers with program errors. As long as the wrong program is replaced by the correct program, the computer can still resume normal operation. Humanism's image of human beings is close to the way of thinking of botany. The profound individualistic nature of most psychological counseling only limits its applicability to visitors under the collectivist cultural tradition.

Issues for consideration and discussion:

1. Historical development of common psychological counseling institutions. A psychological counselor I am familiar with hates his development. At first, it was aimed at EAP projects, and later it developed into individual counseling.

2. Social survey, the definition of psychological counselor, psychotherapist, hypnotherapist and psychiatrist.

3. Regarding the relationship between my belief and psychological counseling, I think it is very important for my psychological counseling to learn Buddhist theory. Because some theories are interrelated, Buddhism can also explain some theories of psychological counseling, and conversely, some theories of psychological counseling can also confirm the scientific nature of Buddhism. Therefore, whether it is religious or departmental consultation, as long as this method can help people get emotional counseling and make people feel happier, I think it is necessary, important and correct. As the saying goes, you should show your figure according to your fitness. Some people may be more receptive to psychological counseling, while others prefer religion. No problem. The relationship between psychological counseling and religious belief is mutually inclusive. It's just a form of transformation.