How can we improve the yield and quality of cherries?

Cherry belongs to deciduous fruit trees in Rosaceae. Cherry is bright red when it is ripe, beautifully carved, delicious and nutritious, and has high medical and health care value, also known as "Han Tao". The cherries cultivated as fruit trees in China include China cherry, sweet cherry, sour cherry and hairy cherry. Cherry ripens early and has the reputation of the first fruit in early spring. The output of cherries in China is 35 million Jin, only 29g per capita, which is equivalent to three big cherries or 15- 17 cherries in China. It can be seen that cherry has a broad market prospect. The sweet cherry varieties cultivated in China are mainly European and American varieties, which perform well in northern China. Because European sweet cherry generally needs a low temperature below 7.2℃ for 900- 1400 hours to complete its dormancy in winter, it has limited its large-scale cultivation in southern China. Therefore, China cherry is still the main cultivated variety in southern provinces of China. At the same time, there are few excellent cherry varieties in China, and the cultivated varieties generally show many shortcomings, such as small fruit, sour taste, fruit cracking before harvest, fruit dropping and so on. The successful breeding of black pearl, an excellent cherry variety in China, has made up for these shortcomings.

Domestic distribution

Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Sichuan. Born on sunny slopes or beside ditches, often cultivated, with an altitude of 300-600 meters.

nutritional ingredient

In the fruit family, the iron content is generally low, but cherries stand out from the crowd: the iron content per 100 gram of cherries is as high as 59 mg, ranking first among fruits; Vitamin a content is 4 ~ 5 times more than that of grapes, apples and oranges. In addition, cherries also contain vitamins B and C and mineral elements such as calcium and phosphorus. Every 100g contains 83g of water, 0.4g of protein/kloc-0, 0.3g of fat, 8g of sugar, 0.4g of carbohydrate/kloc-0, 66kcal of heat, 0.4g of crude fiber, 0.5g of ash, 0.8mg of calcium/kloc-0, and 0.4g of phosphorus/kloc-0. Nicotinic acid 0.4 mg, ascorbic acid 3 mg, potassium 258 mg, sodium 0.7 mg, magnesium 10.6 mg, and rich in vitamin a.

Cherry variety

1. Italian Zaohong: a very early-maturing variety introduced from Italy. It ripens around May 20th, with an average fruit weight of 9g. It is bright red, thick and sweet. It is the earliest mature sweet cherry with large fruit shape, which has high commercial value and is the best variety planted in greenhouse.

2. Ukrainian cherry ebony is very early. The fruit is large and tidy, weighing 6-7 grams, heart-shaped, with thin red skin, compact and easy to peel. The pulp is bright red and juicy, fresh and refreshing, with grape sweetness and rose juice. The stone is big, round and detached, and the fruit matures 28-32 days after flowering, with consistent maturity and high quality fresh food.

Plants are robust, cold-resistant and drought-tolerant, bearing bouquets and annual branches. Fruiting began in the third to fourth year after grafted seedlings, and the yield of mature trees was about 900 kg per mu (7m×7m planting, per mu 14 plants).

3. Ukrainian cherry-great. The fruit is large, with a single fruit weight of 6-8g and purplish red. The flesh is purple-red, the texture is white, semi-hard, juicy, juicy, purple-red, the taste of grapes is sweet, and the quality of fresh food is excellent. The fruit ripens 32-35 days after flowering. These plants are robust, cold-resistant and drought-tolerant. Grafted seedlings began to bear fruit in the 3 ~ 4 years after planting, with annual branches and 2 ~ 5 years old bouquets. The life span of bouquets can reach 1 1- 14, and the annual yield is high. The yield per mu of adult trees is about 750kg, with the highest yield per mu1020-1040kg, which has high economic benefits.

4. Red light: Dalian Academy of Agricultural Sciences is a hybrid of Naong× Huangshi. Matured at the end of May, the average single fruit weight of large fruit is 9g, the maximum is 12g, the fruit surface is purplish red, bright and shiny, the juice is fleshy and thick, the sugar content is 14 degree, the taste is sweet, the tree is strong, the germination rate is high and the yield is high. It is an excellent early-maturing variety with large fruit shape and is an ideal variety for greenhouse cultivation.

Cultivation techniques of cherry

As the saying goes, cherries are delicious, but trees are hard to grow. The difficulty of planting trees is mainly determined by the characteristics of cherry root system. Cherry root system is very shallow, so it is afraid of drought; The root system needs more oxygen than other fruit trees, and it is most afraid of waterlogging. If the rainy season lasts a little longer, it will affect root respiration, ranging from yellow leaves to death. If you want to plant cherry alive, you must do a good job in garden building, planting and subsequent water management.

First, the choice of gardens. Choose sandy loam plots with high terrain, low water level, low groundwater level, neutral or slightly acidic soil layer and good air permeability. If the soil quality is poor, soil improvement measures such as deep ploughing and applying organic fertilizer should be taken before the garden is built, because cherries require high ecological conditions, and the deep living soil layer and strong soil fertility can make cherries have developed roots, lush trees, strong stress resistance and high fruit quality and yield. Especially the rhizosphere soil, it is difficult to improve after planting and building the garden.

Second, the design of irrigation and drainage. There must be good drainage and irrigation facilities around the garden to ensure timely watering during drought and timely drainage and flood control during rainy season. For newly-built gardens, main ditches and branch ditches should be scientifically designed, and it is best to plant gardens by ridging on flat land or large plots of land, so as to use ridges and ditches for irrigation and drainage. Trench irrigation can also prevent the root soil from hardening after watering, which is beneficial to slow down seedlings and roots.

Third, scientific planting.

1. Planting time: It is best to plant cherries in autumn. Due to the spring drought in northern China, traditional spring planting has increased the difficulty of water management. Moreover, if the spring planting is too early and the temperature is unstable, it is prone to freezing injury; Planting too late in spring, sprouting quickly and rooting slowly will cause dead seedlings. When planted in autumn, seedlings can be delayed in the current season and germinated early in the following spring, which is easy to form strong seedlings. Before the soil freezes after autumn sowing, it should be buried to prevent freezing.

2. Planting method: "Small pit deep planting and shallow burying method" should be adopted. The traditional fruit tree cultivation method of digging big pits is not suitable for cherry, because the root system of cherry is shallow and it is not tolerant to waterlogging. For example, when cultivated in a large pit, the soil in the pit is looser than that around the pit, and waterlogging is easy to occur in rainy season, and in severe cases, dead seedlings will appear. The method of "deep planting and shallow burying in a small pit" is to dig out three or four shovels of soil, apply two shovels of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, level the soil near the pit, mix it with the soil miscellaneous fertilizer in the pit, then put the seedlings (coarse seedlings with developed roots), cover them with a layer of shallow soil, and only bury the original soil marks at the roots. Then slightly compact the soil so that the root neck is about 15 cm below the ground, forming a small tree nest under the seedlings. In this way, "deep planting" reduces the center of gravity of seedlings, which is beneficial to lodging resistance, and "shallow burying" is beneficial to root respiration, which slows down the growth of seedlings and makes them grow well.

3. Water resources management. After planting, Qin Ying watered it, but avoided flooding it. Combined with the weather, small water is often poured during drought, and drainage is actively carried out during waterlogging to keep the surface layer of rhizosphere soil dry and wet.

Key points of cherry planting

First, protect flowers and fruits.

"How to protect flowers and fruits", cherry growers should pay attention to the following points:

1. Most cherry varieties with pollinated varieties have extremely low or no self-pollination, so pollination trees must be equipped. Pollination varieties should have good affinity with the main varieties and meet at flowering stage, and at the same time, mutual pollination ability and complementary pollination should be considered. It is better to have more than two pollinated varieties. The main varieties and pollination trees can be arranged according to 5: 1, which are evenly distributed in points or rows. If the pollinated varieties are not properly configured or the quantity is insufficient, the pollinated varieties can be inserted for grafting.

2. Artificial pollination at the initial flowering stage, collecting bell buds from pollinated varieties to make pollen, and carrying out artificial pollination at the initial flowering stage and full flowering stage respectively. Manual acupuncture, mechanical powder spraying, chicken feather rolling brush and other methods can be used. The best pollination time is from sunny morning 10 to 5 pm.

3. When cherry blossoms 10%, put bees or wallbees in the orchard for pollination.

4. Spraying fertilizer on the leaves at flowering stage: spraying 0.3-0.5% borax solution or 0.3% urea +0.3% borax +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at bud stage and full flowering stage respectively; Spraying 0. 1-2 times of 0. 15% green Wei Fen foliar fertilizer after flowering.

5. Hormones protect flowers and fruits. About 2 weeks after flowering, the young fruit stalks can be coated with gibberellin 100- 150 mg/L, which can reduce fruit drop.

6. Irrigate or spray water in areas where early spring flowering is prone to low temperature. Irrigation before flowering can delay flowering for 3-5 days and stagger low temperature weather; Or spraying water during flowering can also reduce the influence of low temperature on flowering and fruit setting.

Second, high yield and high quality

To improve the yield and quality of cherry, we can adjust the yield and quality by pruning, thinning flowers and fruits.

1. Cyclobalanopsis is the main tree shape for shaping and pruning, with a stem height of 0.4-0.5m and a tree height of 2.5-3.5m. On the central trunk, there are 15-25 main branches with uniaxial extension and nearly horizontal angle. Except for the lower three main branches, 2-3 lateral branches can be directly planted on other main branches, and no lateral branches can be cultivated. This tree shape can make the number of branches of the tree increase rapidly, with strong three-dimensional fruiting ability and high group benefit. Pruning and coring in summer promote flower bud differentiation of young trees: light coring (about 5 cm from the top): it can produce 1-2 new shoots, and then leave 15 cm for new shoots to form fruiting branches after continuous coring; Moderate coring (about15 cm from the top when the new shoot grows to 40 cm): 3-4 branches can germinate to form fruiting branches; Severe coring (when the new shoot grows to more than 40 cm, leave about 15 cm to remove the top): it can promote germination and branching, and also make the lower part form short branches or foliage branches to form fruit-saving branches. Twisting branches: Twisting branches means twisting 180 degrees on the vigorous growth of long and competitive branches during semi-lignification, weakening their growth, promoting flower bud differentiation and transforming them into fruiting branches; Taking branches is to move thick and long branches upward from the base by hand, so that the injured xylem is not broken, which inhibits growth, changes the angle and promotes the formation of flower buds. Culture of fruiting branches: in the growing season, the shoots are twisted or pitted violently, and then released slowly, which can form compact fruiting branches; Small uniaxial fruiting branches can be cultivated by light enucleation and light cutting. Medium and short cuttings in winter and moderate coring in summer can be cultivated into large and medium-sized fruiting branches. In addition, spraying paclobutrazol on leaves in June and July can also inhibit the vigorous growth of branches and promote flower bud differentiation.

2. Combining thinning with pruning in winter, pruning drooping branches, slender branches and fruiting branches that bear fruit for many years; Cut off too many underdeveloped weak flower buds, weak flower buds and abnormal flower buds in bud stage; After flowering, the abnormal flowers and weak perianth with two chambers are thinned out. Each inflorescence can retain 1-2 flowers.

3. Fruit thinning is carried out on the basis of flower thinning, and the time is generally carried out after physiological fruit dropping. Principle of fruit thinning: strong trees have many strong branches and weak trees have few weak branches; Fruit thinning order: first inside and then outside, first up and then down. Fruit thinning targets are weak fruits, deformed fruits, fruit diseases and insect pests, poor pollination and fertilization, and too many fruits on weak branches.

Cultivation techniques of cherry in greenhouse

Greenhouse structure and variety selection

1. The structure of the solar greenhouse should be sheltered from the wind and sunny, with sufficient water resources and flat terrain, sandy loam or loam, and the solar greenhouse should be built away from pollution sources. The solar greenhouse has a span of 7.5 ~ 9 meters and a ridge height of 2.9 ~ 3.3 meters. Arch beams can be made of bamboo or steel bars. The east and west gables and the back wall are both 50 cm thick double-layer hollow brick walls. The back wall is 180 cm high and the greenhouse is 50 ~ 80 meters long. Its lighting, heat preservation, compression resistance and other properties are very good. Bamboo structure is low in cost and steel structure is high in cost, but it is firm and its service life is over 10 years, which is the future development direction.

Second, the choice of cherry varieties. Early-maturing varieties are more suitable for cultivating cherries in solar greenhouse, which makes them early-maturing and improves economic benefits. The varieties with better cultivation performance are Hongguang and Italian Zaohong.

Plastic trimming

First, plastic surgery (a) naturally happy appearance. The trunk is 20 ~ 40cm high and there is no central trunk. The whole tree has 2 ~ 4 main branches with an opening angle of about 40 degrees. There are 2 ~ 3 layers of lateral branches on each main branch, each layer is 30cm apart, and there are various types of fruiting branches on the lateral branches. (2) natural spindle shape. The stem is 40 ~ 60 cm high, and the central stem is equipped with 6 ~ 10 uniaxially elongated main branches, on which a large number of fruiting branches are borne. When pruning, bow your head in time and be willing to control the height of the tree. When shaping, leave 50 cm stems in the same year, and after fixing the stems, choose long branches with strong growth potential and good orientation as the main branches, and pull them into horizontal angles in the growing season. When cutting in the winter of the following year, the extended branches of the central trunk are cut into short sections of 40 ~ 60 cm. When cutting in winter, the competitive branches and back branches should be drained or cut short, and the rest oblique branches and moderate branches can be slowly put or lightly cut. In the third year, 50 cm of the central trunk was reserved for coring, and the angle continued to open in the growing season, and the back branches and long branches in the hole were cored to cultivate fruiting branches.

Second, pruning (1) pruning in the growth period. Mainly in the growth period of new shoots and after fruit harvesting. The former mainly inhibits the growth of new shoots, promotes branching, and can be coring for many times. Pruning after fruit picking is mainly thinning branches. For biennial branches, cut them short at axillary buds and then prune them from the base after fruiting. (2) Pruning during hibernation. Young trees should be properly cut short to promote branching and increase fruit branches and leaves, and should be properly retracted after fruiting to maintain tree growth and improve fruiting ability.

Eliminate pests and diseases

First, purple-brown spots appeared in the early stage of perforated leaves, and the diseased spots dried up and fell off in the later stage, which led to perforation of leaves, and in severe cases, leaves fell off early. Strengthening fertilizer and water management, strengthening tree vigor, improving disease resistance, cutting off diseased branches and eliminating diseased leaves are the fundamental to prevent and control the disease. Spraying 500-600 times of 65% mancozeb wettable powder solution or 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder solution for 2-3 times, or spraying zinc sulfate lime solution for control. Spraying bordeaux mixture after fruit picking for control.

Second, gummosis mainly occurs in branches, especially in branches. Generally, the disease begins after harvest and gets worse with the increase of rainfall. It is mostly caused by freezing injury, insect pests and mechanical damage. Therefore, the most important thing to prevent and treat this disease is to protect the trees. Paint white on trunks and branches before winter to prevent freezing injury, stem borers and mechanical damage. Cure the branches with gummosis in time and apply smoothing agent to prevent the spread.

Third, the red-necked beetle is an important pest that harms branches. The main control methods are as follows: (1) Capturing adults artificially during the adult occurrence period. (2) Before the adults lay eggs, apply whitening agent (quicklime 10, sulfur 1 0 and water 40) on the trunk and main branches to prevent laying eggs. (three) when scraping the skin, insect holes are found, and the larvae that harm the phloem are pricked or hooked with needles or iron wires. (4) For the larvae injected into xylem, 100 times of dichlorvos liquid medicine can be injected into the wormhole, or 1/4 aluminum phosphide tablets can be stuffed into the wormhole, and then the larvae in the wormhole can be smoked to death with plastic film or soil.

Soil, fertilizer and water management

Cherry is a shallow-rooted tree species with strong root respiration, so it is necessary to meet the requirements of root growth for water, fertilizer, gas and heat as much as possible. Intertillage should be carried out 4 ~ 5 times in each growing season, and the depth of intertillage should be 5 ~ 10 cm. After harvest, shallow turning should be carried out to promote root regeneration and growth. Base fertilizer should be applied in late summer or early autumn, mainly organic fertilizer, with appropriate amount of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer. Topdressing 2 ~ 3 times in the growing season, and topdressing quickly and for a long time before and after flowering, and applying 0.5 kg urea or 0.5 kg ternary compound fertilizer to each plant. After the fruit is harvested, each plant can be applied with 0.5 kg urea or 65438+ 0 kg calcium superphosphate and 50 g borax. Water after application, promote flower bud formation, supplement nutrition, and apply fertilizer to the leaves for 2 ~ 3 times. In addition to applying base fertilizer in autumn, topdressing before and after flowering, and topdressing twice after harvest, 1 double water should also be applied, 1 double water should be applied during fruit expansion, and 1 double frozen water should be applied before freezing.

Temperature and humidity control

1. The temperature control mainly depends on ventilation window's switch, door operation and weeding. Covering the greenhouse with plastic film can increase the ground temperature by 2℃ ~ 3℃. Before film mulching, the temperature was kept at 18℃ ~ 20℃ in the daytime and 2℃ ~ 5℃ at night. From germination to flowering, the temperature is kept at 18℃ ~ 20℃ during the day and 6℃ ~ 7℃ at night. At the peak of flowering, the daytime temperature should be kept at 20℃ ~ 22℃ and should not exceed 25℃; The temperature is kept at 20℃ ~ 22℃ during the day and 7℃ ~ 8℃ at night. During fruit expansion, the temperature was kept at 22℃ ~ 25℃ during the day and 10℃ ~ 12℃ at night. After that, the daytime temperature was kept at 22℃ ~ 25℃, and the nighttime temperature was kept at 12℃ ~ 15℃.

Second, the humidity control from plastic film mulching to germination, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at about 80%. The humidity is too low, the flowering is irregular, and it is easily affected by high temperature; Too high humidity is not good for pollen and germination, and it is easy to get sick. The relative humidity of flowering period is kept at 40% ~ 60%, and the stigma is easy to dry due to low humidity, which affects fruit setting. The humidity during fruit expansion is controlled at 60%. From coloring period to maturity, the humidity is controlled at about 50%. Soil moisture can be adjusted by irrigation, and more water is needed in the fruit expansion period, but it is advisable to irrigate with a small amount of water frequently at this period, with a depth of 10 ~ 15 mm each time. The suitable irrigation amount before fruit ripening is 5 ~ 7 mm deep. (Huang Wei, Li Hao, Song Yu)

Early high-yield cultivation techniques of big cherry

Big cherry fruit ripens early and has the reputation of "the first fresh fruit in spring". Because of its bright color, excellent quality, rich nutrition and high value, it is favored by consumers. Because of its high economic benefit, short fruit growth period and easy management, it is deeply loved by growers. However, there are some problems in production, such as late economic output and slow effect, which restrict the development of big cherry. Therefore, exploring the early high-yield technology of big cherry is the key to promote the development of big cherry.

Big cherry has strict requirements on soil and climate conditions, and it must have a garden with deep soil layer and good fertilizer and water conditions, which is the basis of normal fruit and high yield. The soil should always be loose. Tillage once a year in spring, summer and autumn, with a depth of about 25 cm, is beneficial to root expansion. Fertilizer management should apply sufficient base fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. Apply base fertilizer from mid-September to 65438+ 10 every year. In order to facilitate the growth of fruit trees next spring. 30-50kg of organic fertilizer, 0.5kg of urea and 0.5kg of 65438+ calcium superphosphate are applied to each plant. At the early growth stage (before May), 0.75 kg urea was applied to the plants to promote the growth of new shoots. After June, each plant was applied with 1.5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 1.2 kg of potassium sulfate. Water management should adapt to the characteristics of large cherry that it is neither waterlogging tolerant nor drought tolerant, and the relative humidity of soil should be controlled between 60% and 80%. Among them, from germination to early flowering, water can be poured once according to the soil humidity, so that the soil relative humidity is about 80%, and then the soil relative humidity is controlled between 60% and 70%.

Plastic trimming

Establishing a tree structure that is beneficial to early high yield is the key to early high yield technology.

1. Tree culture: The swirl shape of big cherry is beneficial to the early stable yield. This kind of tree needs to be planted with strong seedlings over 1.5 meters, with a fixed stem height of 80-90 cm. When the main branch is not cultivated in that year, the branches sprouting on the main branch in winter are extremely heavy and cut short. When the main branch is cultivated in the second year, the level difference between the middle branch and the main branch can be increased, which is beneficial to cultivating the subordinate relationship. This kind of tree generally requires a height of 60-70cm and a height of 3.5-4 m. On the central trunk, plant 12- 15 branches every 20-25 cm, and the included angle of main branches is between 70-80 degrees. Do not cultivate lateral branches, cultivate large, medium and small branches on the main branches.

2. Pruning in summer: During the plastic surgery, the main branch should be pruned at an angle of about 70 degrees. When the extension branch is about 50 cm long, the branch tip is about 65,438+00 cm, and when it is shortened in winter, it is about 40-50 cm, so as to keep the branch axis compact. Prevent back baldness.

Summer pruning is mainly to relax the tree and promote the formation of flower buds. The main measures are as follows:

(1) Branching: Before summer or August-September, in order to avoid crown closure, the main branch opens and the lower branch dies. Branching can improve the germination rate, increase the number of short branches, promote early flowering and fruiting, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown, improve the quality of branches, prevent internal baldness, alleviate the outward migration of fruiting parts, increase the effective fruiting amount and improve the yield and quality. Pulling strong branches can alleviate the growth of branches and balance the tree potential. The opening angle of the auxiliary branch should be about 80-90 degrees.

(2) Bud carving: Before germination, cut a knife across the xylem on the buds and branches to promote the germination of new buds. Bud carving can improve the germination quality of lateral buds or foliage branches, increase the proportion of medium and long branches and the total number of branches, which is beneficial to plastic surgery and make up for the vacancy in the crown.

(3) Picking: the strong branches on the tree can be picked continuously. When the length of the long and middle branches germinated by the carved bud is 15-20cm, the middle branches are cultured by coring, and the effective fruiting parts are increased to promote early fruiting and increase yield. Excavating the core of flourishing branches can promote the growth of branches, increase the number of short branches, slow down the growth of the whole tree and achieve the goal of early fruiting. For vigorous branches, you can pick your heart 2-3 times a year. In order to improve the fruit setting rate, the coring time should be limited to 10- 15 days after flowering. Significantly reduce nutrient consumption, reduce physiological fruit drop, and fruit ripens early. The flowering rate of secondary branches germinated after enucleation is high.

(4) girdling: girdling is an effective measure to control vegetative growth and promote early fruit. The girdling of big cherry is very time-sensitive, usually from flowering to late flowering 10 days, on the trunk or branch. The peeling width is slightly larger than the standard of apple. Because of the bark regenerated by xylem parenchyma cells, the peeling healing speed is faster than that of apple.

(5) Thinning: Thinning over-dense, over-strong, bare and disordered perennial branches is very beneficial to adjust the tree structure, improve the light balance of the tree and promote flower bud differentiation. At the beginning of June, the branches became thinner and the wound healed easily. Strong branches in the crown that seriously affect ventilation and light transmission and have no reservation value can be drained from the base.

Young cherry tree period: mainly to establish a solid tree skeleton. On the basis of plastic surgery, the pruning degree of various branches should be light. In addition to properly thinning some branches that are too dense, crossed and disordered, we should keep as many middle branches and branchlets as possible, and lightly cut the annual branches of/kloc-0 to promote the growth of backbone branches. For 3-4-year-old young trees, the shortening degree of main branch extension branches should be determined according to the growth intensity and branch position. Generally, the extended branches should be cut off by 40-50 cm, and the extended branches should generally leave external buds. Varieties with strong upright branches can also leave inner buds. When cutting in the winter of the following year, we should use external buds as extension branches, which can open corners and inhibit their overgrowth. Branchlets on all branches in the crown are basically motionless. Make it form fruit branches as soon as possible, so as to facilitate early fruiting and high yield.