What are San Xuan's Four Books, Five Classics and Six Arts?

San Xuan: Zhuangzi, Laozi, Zhouyi; Four books: University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius; Five Classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu; Six arts: ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, writing and counting.

I. San Xuan

1, Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, is a Taoist classic, written by Zhuangzi in the middle of the Warring States Period and later scholars. After the Han Dynasty, Zhuangzi was honored as a real person in the south of the Yangtze River, so Zhuangzi was also called a classic in the south of the Yangtze River. His books, Laozi and Zhouyi are called "San Xuan".

Zhuangzi mainly embodies Zhuangzi's critical philosophy, art, aesthetics and so on. Its content is rich and profound, involving philosophy, life, politics, society, art, world outlook and many other aspects.

Zhuangzi's articles, with fantastic imagination, ingenious conception, rich and colorful ideological world and literary artistic conception, Wang Yang's wanton writing style, romantic artistic style and magnificent mystery, are typical works of pre-Qin philosophers.

Zhuangzi's words seem to praise Wan Li with infinite imagination, but they are well-founded and more important than historical materials. Zhuangzi, Gui Zang, Four Classics of Huangdi and Laozi are several original classics of the Chinese nation. They are not only important carriers of philosophy and culture, but also the crystallization of ancient sages' wisdom about literature, aesthetics, art and aesthetics.

Zhuangzi and other Taoist thoughts have historically been regarded as official learning and Taoism besides Confucianism.

Zhuangzi is not only a philosophical masterpiece, but also a fable masterpiece in literature and aesthetics. But also exerted an inseparable and far-reaching influence on the development of China's literature and aesthetics.

The publication and research of the fable of Zhuangzi has inherited and developed the excellent tradition of China culture and carried forward the spirit of the Chinese nation. In a practical sense, it laid a spiritual foundation for the construction of socialist civilization.

2. Lao Zi

The philosophical works of Laozi (Li Er) in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Tao Te Ching, Tao Te Ching, Laozi, Five Thousand Words, and Laozi's Five Thousand Articles, were a work before the separation of the pre-Qin philosophers in ancient China and an important source of Taoist philosophical thoughts.

Tao Te Ching is divided into two parts. The first part of the original text is the Tao Te Ching, and the second part is the Tao Te Ching, without chapters. Later, it was changed to the Tao Te Ching in the first 37 chapters, and the Tao Te Ching in the last 38 chapters, divided into 8 1 chapters. ?

The text of Tao Te Ching takes "morality" in the philosophical sense as the main line, and discusses the ways of self-cultivation, governing the country, using troops and keeping in good health, but most of them aim at politics. It is the so-called "inner sage and outer king", known as the king of all classics, with profound meaning and wide tolerance. ?

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest works in the history of China, which has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.

According to the statistics of UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most widely translated and published cultural masterpiece except the Bible.

3. Zhouyi

The Book of Changes, one of the Three Changes of the Book of Changes (another view: the Book of Changes is three changes, not the Book of Changes), is one of the traditional classics. It is said that it was written by Zhou Wenwang Jichang, and its contents include the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.

Classics are mainly composed of 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams, each of which has its own interpretation (hexagrams) for divination.

The Book of Changes did not put forward the concepts of Yin-Yang and Taiji, but was influenced by Taoism and Yin-Yang theory. There are seven kinds of words * * * 10 explaining hexagrams, which are collectively called the Ten Wings and are said to be written by Confucius. ?

During the Spring and Autumn Period, official schools began to evolve into private schools. There is a gradual development before and after the Yi-ology, and a hundred schools of thought contend, so it is easy to divide.

Since Confucius praised the Book of Changes, the Book of Changes has been regarded as a Confucian classic and the first of the Six Classics by Confucianism. In addition to Confucianism, there are two schools of Yi-ology and Confucianism-Yi-Yi, which develop in parallel: one is Yi-ology, which still exists in the old forces; The other is Laozi's Taoist Yi, which began to be divided into three branches.

The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu divides the origin and evolution of Yi-ology into "two schools and six schools". Two schools, namely, the school of mathematics and the school of righteousness; Six cases, one is divination, the other is auspiciousness, the third is accident, the fourth is old Zhuang Zong, the fifth is Confucianism, and the sixth is history.

Zhouyi is the theoretical source of natural philosophy and humanistic practice in China's traditional ideology and culture, the crystallization of China's ancient thoughts and wisdom, and is known as the "source of Tao". The content is extremely rich, which has had a far-reaching impact on China's politics, economy, culture and other fields for thousands of years.

Two or four books.

1, University

Da Xue was originally an article in the Book of Rites, which had never been published separately before the Southern Song Dynasty. It is said that it was written by Zeng Shen, a disciple of Confucius (505-434 BC).

From the Tang Dynasty when Han Yu and Li Ao praised the University (and the Doctrine of the Mean) to the Northern Song Dynasty, they even called it "the University", a suicide note of Confucius, and they began to learn German.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu inherited Cheng Zhu's thoughts, and also took Daxue out of The Book of Rites, which became one of Zhu's four books when he wrote The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean.

According to Zhu and Cheng Yi, another famous scholar in Song Dynasty, Daxue is a suicide note left by Confucius and his disciples, and an introductory reading of Confucianism. Therefore, Zhu listed it as the first of the "four books".

2. The golden mean

The Doctrine of the Mean is a monograph of China's ancient moral philosophy on the realm of life accomplishment, and it is one of the Confucian classics. Originally the thirty-first chapter of the Book of Rites, it was said that it was written by Zi Si during the Warring States Period.

Its content affirms that "the golden mean" is the highest standard of moral behavior, regards "sincerity" as the noumenon of the world, thinks that "sincerity" reaches the highest realm of life, and puts forward the learning process and cognitive methods of "erudition, questioning, deliberation, discernment and perseverance".

It was extracted from the Book of Rites in the Song Dynasty and merged with Daxue, Analects of Confucius and Mencius into four books. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it became an official textbook, and the imperial examination was compulsory, which had a great influence on the ancient education and society in China.

Its main annotations include Cheng Hao's The Doctrine of the Mean, Cheng Yi's Interpretation of the Doctrine of the Mean, Zhu's Chapters of the Doctrine of the Mean, Li Yong's Biography of the Doctrine of the Mean, Dai Zhen's Supplementary Notes on the Doctrine of the Mean, Kang Youwei's Notes on the Doctrine of the Mean, Ma Qichang's Friends of the Doctrine of the Mean and Hu's Brief Comments on the Doctrine of the Mean.

3. The Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. Confucius (55 BC1-479), named Zhong Ni, was born in Qufu, Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The founder of Confucianism, the most famous thinker, politician and educator in ancient China, had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's ideology and culture. The Analects of Confucius was written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was recorded by Confucius' students and their retranslators.

The Analects of Confucius covers many aspects such as philosophy, politics, economy, education, literature and art, and is the most important classic of Confucianism. In terms of expression, The Analects of Confucius is a model for recording prose, with concise language and vivid images.

In terms of arrangement, The Analects has no strict compiling style, each article is a chapter, and each chapter is a chapter. Articles and chapters are not closely related, but are roughly classified and repeated chapters appear.

By the Han Dynasty, there were three editions of The Analects of Confucius (20), The Analects of Confucius (22) and The Analects of Classical Chinese (2 1).

4. Mencius

Mencius was listed as "Four Books" by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty (the other three books were Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and The Analects of Confucius). In the mid-Warring States period, Mencius and his disciples Zhang Wan, Gong Sunchou and others.

There are eleven pieces of Mencius recorded in History of Han, and there are seven pieces and fourteen volumes. The total number of words is more than 35,000 words and 286 chapters.

According to legend, there are four other books of Mencius, which have been lost (this book of Mencius is a fake of Yao Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty). This book records the politics, education, philosophy, ethical thoughts and political activities of Mencius and his disciples.

Three, five classics

1, The Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, and * * * contains 305 poems of the Zhou Dynasty. Originally called "Poetry" or "Poetry 300", Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty began to call "The Book of Songs". The existing Book of Songs was handed down by Mao Heng in the Han Dynasty, so it is also called Mao Shi.

The Book of Songs is the source of China's poetry and the glorious starting point of China's poetry history. It has many forms: epic, satirical poem, narrative poem, love song, war song, carol, holiday song and labor ballad.

Rich in content, it reflects all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty, such as labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and feasting, and even astronomical phenomena, landforms, animals and plants.

It can be said that The Book of Songs is a mirror of Zhou society. The language of The Book of Songs is the most important material to study the general situation of Chinese from the 6th century BC to the 6th century BC.

2. Shangshu

Shangshu, which means "The Book of Ancient Times", is a compilation of China's ancient historical documents and some works describing ancient deeds. Records can be traced back to the legendary Yao and Shun period to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (mid-Spring and Autumn Period), about 1500 years.

The basic content is the records of ancient imperial edicts and conversations between monarch and minister, so the author should be a historian. Historical Records Confucius Family said that Confucius' "Biography of Preface Book was compiled from Tang Yu to Qin Miao", which is said to be compiled by Confucius.

There are two versions of Shangshu, one is Jinwen Shangshu, and the other is Guwen Shangshu. At present, the popular version of Notes to Thirteen Classics is a co-editor of Jinwen Shangshu and Pseudo-Guwen Shangshu.

3. The Book of Rites

The Book of Rites, also known as The Book of Rites of Little Dai and The Sutra of Little Dai, was written in the Han Dynasty and compiled by Dai Sheng, a ritual and musicologist in the Western Han Dynasty.

The Book of Rites is an important collection of laws and regulations in ancient China, with 20 volumes and 49 articles. This book mainly focuses on the pre-Qin ritual system, which embodies the pre-Qin Confucian philosophical thoughts (such as the view of heaven, world outlook and outlook on life).

Educational thoughts (such as personal cultivation, educational system, teaching methods, school management, etc.), political thoughts (such as educational politics, building a harmonious society, etiquette and criminal law) and aesthetic thoughts (such as touching theory and the theory of harmony between rites and music) are important materials for studying the pre-Qin society and a compilation of Confucian thoughts.

4. Zhouyi (Introduction)

5. Spring and Autumn Annals

Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu, which was revised by Confucius. Because the text is too simple to be understood by later generations, exegetical works have appeared one after another, explaining and explaining the records in the book, which is called "biography".

Among them, Zuo Qiuming's Zuo's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period, Gongyangyan's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period and Gu Liangchi's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period are collectively called Three Biographies in the Spring and Autumn Period, which are included in Confucian classics.

Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are exquisite brushwork to illustrate the Spring and Autumn Period and Lin Jing, but Lin Jing has no subsequent chronology. Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, Chunqiu Guwen and Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography, is an ancient chronological historical work.

It is a sequel to Lin Jing written by Confucius and a chronicle of Lu, so it is tied with Lin Jing. Historical Records called the author Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty think that it was adapted by Liu Xin, and some people think that it was compiled by people in the early Warring States period according to historical materials of various countries (and it is said that it was written by historical officials in Lu dynasties).

Its sources include royal archives, Japanese books and the history of vassal states. The chronicle basically follows the order of the twelve princes in the Spring and Autumn Annals, including wars, alliances, conquests, weddings, funerals, usurpations, etc. , had an important influence on later history and literature.

Although Zuo Zhuan is not a Confucian classic, it was written by self-learners and attached to Chunqiu, which was gradually regarded as a classic by Confucianism.

Fourth, six arts

1, Li

Etiquette (similar to moral education today). Five rites, auspicious, fierce, guest, army and Jia also.

2. Music

Music. Six kinds of music: Cloud Gate, Daxian, Dashao, Daxia, Daxie and Dawu.

Step 3 shoot

Archery technique. These five shooting methods are: white arrow, joint, injection, ruler and well instrument.

4. Royal

The skill of driving a carriage.

5. books

It refers to the six books of calligraphy (writing, literacy and composition): pictographic characters, fingering, knowing, pictophonetic characters, phonetic notation, phonetic notation and borrowing books.

6. Numbers

It refers to rational number and qi number (the law of use), that is, the law of movement of yin and yang and five elements.

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