How to make PCB circuit board by hand?

First of all, we should use protel and other circuit design software to draw the circuit schematic diagram and PCB (component packaging diagram) on the computer. As shown in the figure below:

2. Put the thermal transfer paper into a common printer, adjust the appropriate printing ratio, and print a black-and-white PCB diagram. As shown in the figure below:

3. Use sandpaper to polish off the oxide layer on the surface of the copper clad laminate, so that the copper clad laminate looks smooth and bright. As shown in the figure below:

4. Fix the thermal transfer paper printed with PCB in step 2 on the polished copper clad laminate in step 3, and send it to a thermal transfer machine (ordinary heating iron can also be used instead of the thermal transfer machine) for printing, so that the toner containing PCB can be printed on the copper clad laminate by hot pressing, and gradually tear off the thermal transfer paper, as shown in the following figure:

5. Pour the etching solution into the plastic box, and then put the copper clad laminate printed with PCB pattern in step 4 into the etching solution. After etching for a period of time (the length of time varies with the concentration of the etching solution), pour out the etching solution and take out the corroded copper clad laminate.

Gently polish off the carbon powder on the PCB pattern on the copper clad laminate with sandpaper, and you can get a copper circuit trace exactly like the PCB pattern, as shown in the following figure.

6. Put the copper clad laminate obtained in step 5 into a drilling machine, drill holes one by one according to all the holes in the PCB drawing, and finally weld the corresponding components, so that the whole PCB plate-making process is over. As shown below.