When did the Japanese Bushido spirit rise?

191September 13, Japan held a grand funeral for Emperor Meiji. On this day, there came a shocking news: Nogi Maresuke, a Japanese army general, committed suicide by caesarean section with his wife in order to show his absolute loyalty to the Emperor, which set a precedent for modern Japanese samurai to be loyal by caesarean section. Since then. Naimu became the idol of Japanese soldiers. This is the so-called bushido spirit touted by the Japanese ruling class.

Bushido spirit is the unique spirit of Japanese samurai. When did this unique bushido spirit begin? Many Japanese scholars believe that Bushido spirit originated from Japan's modernization. In the 7th century, Japan transformed into a feudal society and gradually formed a special class, namely the samurai class. Bushido spirit appeared with the appearance of samurai class. As a samurai, we should pay attention to loyalty, bravery, integrity and self-discipline, and regard death as death. Once defeated, I would rather commit suicide by caesarean section than be humiliated as a prisoner to show my absolute loyalty to my master.

During the 100-200 years after the reform of Dahua, with the decline of imperial power, local powerful forces rose. In order to defend his manor, strongmen armed their families and servants, forming a military group combining blood relationship and master-slave relationship. The samurai is not only responsible for defending the manor, but also an important armed force for the ruling class to suppress the people's uprising and quell the local aristocratic rebellion. Since then, the Japanese samurai group has been active in Japanese politics.

Some Japanese scholars believe that although the samurai class appeared after the Dahua reform, the Bushido spirit has not yet formed, and the formation of Bushido spirit should begin in the Tokugawa era in Japan.

In feudal society, Japanese samurai groups often engaged in melee. By 1 1 century, Genji in Kanto and Shiping in Kansai became the two largest samurai groups in Japan. 1 185, Genji defeated Ping and took control of the central government. 1 192, Yuan Laichao, the leader of Genji Group, was awarded the title of "conquering foreign generals" and established the rule of shogunate generals. At this time, the emperor has become the puppet of the general, and feudal lords from all over the country have taken refuge in the shogunate. From then on, Japan's military rule lasted for more than 600 years, that is, the Tokugawa period (1 192~ 1867).

In order to control and manage the samurai, the shogunate rulers formulated various rules and regulations, and fixed the samurai's ideological style and code of conduct in the form of law. 1232, the kamakura shogunate issued martial law "empire success or failure", with the order ***5 1. The core of "overcoming success or failure" is to emphasize "loyalty, righteousness and courage". The so-called "loyalty" means that the lower samurai should be absolutely loyal to the Lord and blindly obey. And the Lord has the right to kill and seize the retainer. In the Eye of Defensive Success or Failure, it is stipulated that samurai must worship God and Buddha, and advocate monk-like cultivation to cultivate their ignorance and loyalty. The so-called "righteousness" means that a warrior should have the spirit of "righteousness". In war, if the monarch dies, the samurai will die for his son; If the monarch is defeated, the samurai should commit suicide by caesarean section without fear to save the humiliation caused by defeat. The so-called "courage" means that feudal warriors should not only be proficient in "bowing horses", but also serve the Lord. A samurai must wear a sword all the year round, be proud of fighting, and preach that a Japanese sword without blood is not a real samurai. Bushido is actually a hodgepodge of Confucianism, Buddhism, Zen and Shinto, and it is the product of military feudal absolutism.

There are also some Japanese scholars who believe that in the Tokugawa era, the samurai's ideological style and code of conduct were only stipulated in the form of law, emphasizing the samurai's efforts for the Lord, and the bushido spirit has not yet formed. The true formation of Japanese Bushido spirit should start from Meiji Restoration.

/kloc-After the 0/8th century, the shogunate regime gradually declined. The samurai class began to divide, and some junior warriors gradually separated from the main family. Turn to education, commerce, handicrafts, etc. Has become the main force against the shogunate. 1867, shogunate general Tokugawa Yoshinobu was forced to regain power and became Emperor Meiji. The following year, the bourgeois regime was established, and Japan gradually entered the capitalist society. After the establishment of the Meiji government, a series of reforms were implemented, namely the Meiji Restoration. One of the important contents is to transform a large number of samurai classes. The government abolished the privilege of the samurai to enjoy the feudal salary, abolished the samurai sabre system, and turned the samurai into "gentry" and the old feudal samurai class collapsed. The Meiji government developed its loyalty to feudal lords and generals into its foolish loyalty to the emperor. Vigorously promote the "Bushido spirit" inside and outside the military, beautify it in every way, and even pretend to be the inherent spirit of the Japanese nation.

In the early days of Meiji government, it was trumpeted that "the emperor is the son of the gods" and "the emperor of the eternal series since SHEN WOO". 1882, the meiji government issued the imperial edict for soldiers, which stipulated that soldiers must have five virtues, such as loyalty, courtesy, courage, faithfulness and simplicity, and put forward the specific bushido spirit. In the first volume of primary school textbooks approved by the Japanese government, the story of a soldier who died in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was disclosed, insisting on playing the trumpet and finally shouting "Long live the emperor". In the second volume, the story of Takeo Hiroseto, who died in the Russo-Japanese War, was publicized by Guang Lai and regarded as a "military god". As for Nogi Maresuke, because he forced soldiers to carry out a "suicide attack" in the Russo-Japanese War, that is, he captured Lushun with soldiers' flesh and blood, and was even more publicized as "the Holy General" and "the model of imperial army". Later, he devoted himself to the caesarean section of Emperor Meiji, and his deeds have been promoted as a model for Japanese soldiers for decades.

In World War II, Japan's bushido spirit was combined with fascism and militarism and reached its peak. 1943 in the second half of the year, Japan was defeated in the battle with the United States for the Pacific islands. However, Japan is still struggling, and the Japanese authorities require all officers and soldiers and nationals to make a final resistance. In the Japanese navy, there is a so-called "Kamikaze special attack team" composed of soldiers voluntarily. The pilots who took part in the "attack team" tried to crash the enemy ship with a plane full of ammunition and die with the enemy. Many planes were buried in the sea before they got close to the enemy ships. In the Battle of Saipan on 1944, almost all 43,000 Japanese defenders died or committed suicide, from commander Nan Yun to ordinary soldiers. Two-thirds of Japanese residents (about 22,000 people) committed suicide needlessly under the guidance of the Bushido spirit of "loyalty to the emperor", and some women even jumped into the sea with their children on their backs. This situation made the American troops who captured Saipan shudder.

1945 In August, the Japanese government announced its unconditional surrender, and as many as 572 Japanese elites committed suicide. Among them, celebrities who committed suicide by caesarean section are: General Amini, former army minister of Suzuki Cabinet; Koizumi Kazuhiko, former Minister of Health and Welfare of Tojo's Cabinet; And vice admiral Jirlangxi, known as the "father of maritime attacks".

The spirit of Japanese Bushido, centered on blind loyalty and obedience, has been used and publicized by the ruling class, which is very toxic and still has a certain influence in Japan. It shows that the bourgeois revolution in modern Japan is very incomplete.