Are there water vessels, jade articles, cookers and containers in every culture?

It should be about the same. Bowls made of mud have existed since primitive times, and have been improved and developed since then.

big

About 700 thousand years ago, in primitive times, people found that soil became hard after drying and burning, and could be made into various shapes to hold water, put food and so on This is the beginning of pottery. pottery

This invention is an important process of human civilization, which opens a new page for human beings to use, transform and confront nature. It is of great historical significance and a milestone in the history of human production and development. From our river

According to the late Paleolithic pottery fragments found in Nihewan area, Yangyuan County, Northern Province, the pottery in China has a long history of 1 1700 years. 1977 pottery found in peiligang village, Xinzheng county, Henan province

Carbon 14 Determination About 8000 years ago, cultural sites of the same period were also discovered in Cishan, Wu 'an County, Hebei Province. Painted pottery with Yangshao culture dating back more than 7,000 years has a strong flavor of life and a unique artistic style. It came in.

Pottery is painted on the pottery blank before firing, and the color pattern is fixed on the surface of the ware after firing, which is not easy to fall off. Some people will paint a layer of white pottery before painting, so as to make the painted patterns more vivid. Painted pottery patterns are mainly floral patterns and geometric figures.

There are also some animal patterns. Geometric patterns mainly include chords, meshes, sawtooth patterns, triangles, squares, pendants, swirls, circles, zigzag patterns, wide-band patterns, and patterns such as the moon, the sun and the Big Dipper.

Sample. Animal patterns, such as fish, birds and frogs, are common. There are many animal patterns, such as pig pattern, dog pattern and deer pattern. Some of them are running while others are standing. The appearance of these animal images reflects the primitive social life of fishing and hunting at that time.

Important position. The numbers are few. 1973, a pottery bowl was produced in Datong County, Qinghai Province. There are three groups of dancers painted on the inner wall of its mouth, a group of five people. The dancers are neat, elegant and delicate. Plant grain

For example, in the pottery of Hemudu culture in Zhejiang province 6800 years ago, rice and wheat grains, branches and leaves, petals were found, and some of them were even summarized into geometric shapes and mixed with geometric patterns to form patterns, forming a unique one.

Style, don't have some fun. Red pottery of Dawenkou culture more than 6000 years ago and black pottery and white pottery of Longshan culture more than 4000 years ago. Among them, the firing temperature of black pottery is about 1000 degrees, including fine mud, argillaceous and

There are three kinds of sand, especially the fine mud thin-walled black pottery, which has the highest production level and the reputation of "black as paint and thin as paper". This piece of black clay has been washed.

Wheel system, the tire wall thickness is only 0.5- 1 mm, it is black and bright after grinding and firing, and it is known as "eggshell pottery" with amazing skills and enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. Black pottery in this period is mostly polished plain, but there are also decorative patterns.

Less, there are chords, scratches, holes and so on. White pottery refers to a kind of pottery with white surface and fetal quality. Made of porcelain clay or kaolin, the firing temperature is about 1000 degrees. White pottery is basically made by hand.

Then Dorobou disk system and wheel system were gradually adopted. White pottery appeared in the late Longshan culture. The production of bronze wares in Shang Dynasty was brilliant, but the main utensils in the daily life of ordinary people were still gray pottery. At that time, there were different workshops specializing in firing argillaceous gray pottery and argillaceous mixed sand gray pottery. But in the later period, white pottery and printed hard pottery developed greatly, especially white pottery. The pattern adopts the artistic characteristics of bronze ware, which is gorgeous and precious. In the early Neolithic period, gray pottery appeared in the cultural sites of Khan Lee. There are a certain number of gray pottery in Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, especially cookware, most of which are gray pottery with sand. In the Xia Dynasty (early Erlitou culture), gray pottery and sand pottery occupied the main position. At the same time, primitive blue glazed porcelain with kaolin as the tire appeared in Shang Dynasty.

After the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many kinds of pottery, including bricks and tiles, pottery figurines and building utensils. This period is the heyday of the development of relief hard ceramics, and its raw materials are basically close to the original green according to the chemical composition analysis.

Porcelain used for printing hard pottery has high iron content and dark tire color, mostly purplish brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown and grayish brown. Printed hard pottery is durable, mostly containers. The Shang Dynasty printed hard pottery in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.

Found in the middle and lower reaches. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period, printed hard pottery was mainly popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong and Guangxi in the south. To the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, there were pottery figurines, pottery beasts and pottery buried with them.

This has become a custom. Therefore, the pottery industry is more prosperous. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum discovered in Xi 'an in recent years, and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Western Han Dynasty discovered in Xianyang, Shaanxi and Xuzhou, Jiangsu, are exquisite in shape and magnificent in lineup, which are rare in the world.

Due to the social stability and the rapid development of agriculture and handicrafts in the Han Dynasty, the wind of heavy burial prevailed among the people. The pottery industry burned a lot of pottery for burial. At this time, the painted pottery that appeared in the Warring States period was developed, and glazed pottery was also very common.

Applications,

In the Han Dynasty, a kind of glazed pottery with lead added to the glaze appeared, also known as "lead glazed pottery". The successful production of lead glazed pottery is an outstanding achievement of pottery-making technology in Han Dynasty. Adding lead to the glaze can reduce the melting point of the glaze, or make it

Glaze increases brightness and is smooth, which makes iron and copper colorants appear beautiful colors such as green, yellow and brown. Green glaze is the most, green as jade.

That's great. Lead-glazed pottery unearthed in tombs sometimes has a silvery white luster on the surface, which is mistakenly called "silver glaze". According to the scientific research of archaeologists, the reason for the formation of "silver glaze" is due to long-term glaze.

When wet, multi-layer deposits are precipitated on the surface of glaze layer, which produces silvery white luster under the refraction of light. Tang Sancai belongs to lead glazed pottery, which is made of kaolin and colored glaze. In the Song Dynasty, porcelain was produced quickly.

With the rapid development, the pottery industry tends to decline, but some special pottery varieties still have unique charm. Such as the three colors in Song and Liao Dynasties, the teapot in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the teapot in Ming Dynasty.

The pottery sculptures in Shiwan, Guangdong Province are unique and very ornamental. However, after all, pottery is a low-level product of the primary stage of civilization, and its own defects are destined to be gradually eliminated by history. With the development of history

Exhibition, over time, people once again found in life and production practice that a certain kind of clay will become more hard, delicate, beautiful and practical after high temperature firing, so porcelain came into being.

Porcelain is very old in China.

A great invention. In the long historical years, the industrious and wise Chinese ancestors constantly summarized, innovated, improved and created on the original basis, and wrote an unprecedented brilliant chapter for mankind.

Ming has made great contributions. According to historical documents, there is the word "porcelain" in the wooden slips unearthed at Mawangdui in the Western Han Dynasty. Xu Shen of the Jin Dynasty also explained the word porcelain in detail in Shuowen, saying that porcelain is a "solid tile".

However, with the deepening of research work and the application of modern scientific means in porcelain research, the theory of the origin of Shang and Zhou Dynasties has occupied an overwhelming advantage. Because porcelain is durable, clean and beautiful, not easy to corrode, and far better than gold,

Made of silver, copper, jade and lacquerware.

The price is low and the raw materials are widely distributed and abundant, so it develops rapidly and easily becomes an indispensable part of people's material life. As early as the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, the primitive Qing Dynasty appeared in China.

Porcelain Therefore, it can be said that the appearance of porcelain is the inevitable result of the development of ceramic manufacturing technology. When the following three conditions are met, porcelain will be created from the development of pottery technology. Firstly, porcelain stone rich in sericite is used as raw material of green tire,

Second, the masonry technology of kiln can raise the temperature of kiln bed to 1300 degrees, which is the invention and application of Longyao. Thirdly, the development of plant ash glaze. These three conditions were basically met in the Eastern Han Dynasty 1800 years ago.

Reach maturity, in Shangyu, Ningbo, Cixi, Zhejiang. Yongjia and other places have successively discovered the ruins of porcelain kilns in the Han Dynasty; In Zhongzhou Road, Shaogou, Luoyang, Henan, Lujiazhuang, Anping, Hebei, Boxian, Anhui, Yiyang, Hunan and Liu Jiajia, Dangyang, Hubei.

Porcelain products have been found in Zideng tombs in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and in Shaojiagou Han tombs in Gaoyou, Jiangsu Province, especially in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. Among them, there are four kinds of linen patterns unearthed from the tomb of Yan Xi in the seventh year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (164).

It is a celadon jar, celadon ear cup, five-joint jar, well, smoke stove and ghost stove unearthed in the tomb of Xiping in the fourth year (175), a celadon jar found in the tomb of Xiping in the fifth year (176), and Zhu Shu in the first year of Chuping (190).

Four-series linen celadon jars unearthed from the same pottery tomb. The discovery of celadon confirmed by these dates convinced us that the invention of China porcelain would not be later than the end of the Han Dynasty, and it was designated as the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which was not only a lot of archaeology.

Based on data, it is more accurate. Because Zhejiang is rich in porcelain clay minerals, and porcelain stone minerals are generally buried not deep from the surface, it is easy to mine. Zhejiang porcelain clay is mainly sericite-bearing.

Rock minerals after weathering of pegmatite granite. Those with low weathering degree contain some feldspar, while those with high weathering degree contain more kaolinite minerals. This forms a natural advantage, as long as this porcelain stone is used as the main raw material.

Can be made into porcelain tires. This mineral has high iron content and is suitable for reduction sintering. Under the influence of reducing atmosphere, high-priced iron is reduced to low-priced iron, which has a strong fluxing effect and helps ceramic tires to sinter at a lower temperature.

In the long-term practice of porcelain making, porcelain kiln workers have made great improvements in the selection of raw materials, the elutriation of embryo mud, the molding of utensils, glazing and firing, and created the necessary skills for porcelain to appear.

Surgical conditions. From the observation of the natural environment around the porcelain kiln site, it is generally rich in hydraulic resources, and pedal tools and waterlogging tools were widely used at that time, so it is likely that waterlogging tools have been used to crush porcelain clay.

Improve the fineness and production efficiency of adobe. During the excavation of the Hanyao site in Shangyu, Shandong Province, Zhang Zi found a component of the pottery cart-the porcelain shaft top bowl. This kind of shaft top bowl is mortar-shaped, and the wall is coated with uniform blue glaze, which is very smooth; its

The outer wall is octagonal, with a small top and a large bottom. It is embedded in the center of the wheel and added to the top of the shaft. Once pushed by external force, the wheel can rotate rapidly and continuously. This advanced pottery car equipment conforms to skilled painting technology.

Close cooperation makes the shape of porcelain regular and its efficacy greatly improved. Thus, it is no accident that Zhejiang became the birthplace of China celadon. Celadon unearthed from Xiaoxiantan kiln site in Shangyu County at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty has fine texture, good light transmission and beautiful shape.

Low water content,1260 ~1310℃ high temperature sintering; The surface of the device is glazed, and the combination of fetal glaze is quite firm; The glaze layer is transparent, shiny, clear and elegant, and beautiful.

In addition, black glazed porcelain was also found in the kiln sites of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Shangyu and Ningbo. Black glazed porcelain has also been unearthed in Han tombs in Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places, especially in Jianning, Hao County, Anhui Province (170).

The excavation of black glazed porcelain in Ji tomb proves that its firing time should be in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. Obviously, this innovative product is developed on the basis of celadon. The colorant of black porcelain and celadon is iron, which is fired at high temperature.

It is bluish green or bluish yellow after being made, so it is called celadon. Try to eliminate the color interference of iron in the process, that is, white porcelain; On the contrary, if the iron glaze is colored, it will become black and shiny black porcelain. Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties

This is a period of rapid development and growth of Jiangnan porcelain industry. Porcelain kilns were established in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi in the east and southeast coast, and in the two lakes and Sichuan in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the west to burn porcelain with local characteristics. Among them, Yue Yao developed.

The fastest and most widely distributed kiln, and the highest quality porcelain.

During the more than 100 years from the rebellion of the Eight Kings in the Western Jin Dynasty to the melee of the Sixteen Countries, the northern region suffered from war, economic depression and extreme decline of handicrafts. Therefore, during this period, porcelain-making technology has always been unique to the South. Christian era

In 439, Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified northern China.

450-45 1, the Song invasion failed, and the separatist situation between the north and the south was established. In 458 A.D., Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the land equalization system, helped dependent farmers to set up households to divide their fields, restricted ordinary landlords from using slaves, and agriculture was restored.

The complicated development also made it possible to revive the handicraft industry.

Judging from the celadon unearthed in Hebei and Henan, Hebei and Henan are likely to become the central producing areas of celadon in the Northern Dynasties. White porcelain first appeared in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Early white porcelain, the tire material is delicate and white, obviously washed, but not on.

Fetal glaze; The glaze color is milky white and the glaze layer is thin and moist; The glaze thickness is cyan and the surface is generally blue. The appearance of white porcelain has opened up a broad road for the porcelain industry. White porcelain, shaded, blue and white, underglaze red.

Doucai, multicolored, famille rose and so on. Therefore, the invention of white porcelain is another new milestone in the history of China ceramics. Black porcelain is produced in the south. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, black porcelain began to appear in the north.

Fired. A four-series cylinder with black glaze unearthed from Ang Cui's tomb in Northern Qi Dynasty in Pingshan County, Hebei Province, indicates that mature black porcelain appeared in the North during the Northern Qi Dynasty.

1975, a piece of black glazed porcelain was found in the tomb of Li Xizong of the Eastern Wei Dynasty in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province. Although the shape of porcelain was unknown at that time, the glaze was black and bright, the porcelain tire was hard and thin, and the production was regular. This black porcelain was unearthed from Ang Cui's tomb.

The black porcelain jar was twelve years earlier, so it can be inferred that there was black porcelain in the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Dynasties.

The appearance of celadon, white porcelain and black porcelain marked the rapid development of northern porcelain handicraft industry and laid the foundation for the widespread appearance of famous kilns in Tang and Song Dynasties. Sui unified the whole country on the basis of the Northern Dynasties, and the cultural outlook of the early Sui Dynasty was also relative.

The northern dynasties had strong colors. With the political unification of the north and the south, it also promoted the confluence and blending of the economy and culture between the north and the south, and began a new period. This new period is embodied in two aspects of porcelain-making technology:

sequence

First, before the Sui Dynasty, the kilns for firing porcelain were mainly located in the south of the Yangtze River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Sichuan, and no notable kilns were found in the north. However, after the Sui Dynasty, this appearance changed, and the porcelain industry developed in the north and south of the Yangtze River.

Six Sui Dynasty porcelain kilns have been discovered in China, including Jiabicun kiln in Cixian county, Hebei province, An kiln in Henan province, Gongxian kiln in Anhui province, Huainan kiln in Hunan province and Deng Yu kiln in Sichuan province. Four of them are located in the north and south of the Yangtze River. This is the great development of porcelain industry in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Pilot.

Secondly, although celadon of the sui dynasty is still the mainstream of porcelain production, the white porcelain unearthed in Henan, Shaanxi and Anhui has made great progress compared with the Northern Dynasties. The fetal quality is whiter, the glaze is smooth, and the fetal glaze is not blue and yellow.

the Tang Dynasty

OEM white porcelain, white glaze, such as silver as snow, marks the real maturity of white porcelain. At present, Xing Kiln, Quyang Kiln, Gongxian Kiln, Hebi Kiln, dengfeng kiln Kiln, Jiaxian Kiln, Xingyang Kiln and Anyang Kiln in Lincheng, Hebei Province have been discovered.

Shanxi Hunyuan Kiln, Pingding Kiln, Shaanxi Yaozhou Kiln and Anhui Xiaoyao Kiln all burn white porcelain. Among them, Yao Xing white porcelain has become a popular "world-wide" famous porcelain. Therefore, people usually use "southern blue and northern white" to summarize the Tang Dynasty.

Characteristics of porcelain industry. Although it is true that Xing kiln white porcelain and Yue kiln celadon represent the highest achievements of the northern porcelain industry and the southern porcelain industry respectively. But in fact, kilns in the north also burn celadon, yellow porcelain, black porcelain and flower porcelain, and some specialize in burning black porcelain and flower porcelain.

Porcelain kiln In the northern kilns, many kilns have a short history of firing porcelain, so they dare to make various attempts and explorations. The glaze color does not exclude cyan, white, yellow, black, green and flowers, and the tire can be painted by overlapping two colors.

Form a texture, not thin and elegant, but also rich. This represents a new self-confidence and enterprising style of the times. A considerable amount of white porcelain was also found in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty in the south, but no white porcelain kiln site was found. Some people say that Tang poetry has so-called prosperity.

Tang meteorology. Ceramic art can best express this prosperous Tang flavor, which is the three colors of Tang Dynasty. In the process of making porcelain, a generous gift left by the Tang people to future generations is the extensive use of saggers in the firing process. Possibility of using sagger creation

It was earlier than the Tang Dynasty, but it was widely used as a craft routine after the middle Tang Dynasty. Tang people fired high-quality white porcelain from Xing kiln and celadon from Yue kiln, which also prepared technical conditions for the emergence of famous kilns in Song Dynasty.

During the Five Dynasties, the production of white porcelain was still dominated by the northern region. Most of the kiln sites in the Tang Dynasty are still burning, the largest of which are Quyang Kiln, Hebi Kiln, Huang Baozhen Kiln of Yaozhou Kiln System and Yuhua Palace Kiln. Quyang Jianci Village Kiln

The five generations of white porcelain unearthed at the scene include bowls, plates, lamps, plates, boxes, cans, bottles, pillows and so on. Each utensil has a variety of styles, such as bowls with eight styles, which shows that the production was developed at that time. But it is also because of ethnic distribution.

Under the situation of separatist regime, it is impossible for porcelain kilns in different places to learn from each other, imitate or even compete in the market, and this progress and development is limited. The new development and prosperity of porcelain industry in the Northern Song Dynasty still need to be unified.

Song Dynasty was a prosperous period in the history of China porcelain industry. Since 1949, ancient porcelain kiln sites discovered by ceramic archaeology have been distributed in 170 counties in 9 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Song kilns.

130 counties, accounting for 75% of the total, can be said to be all over the country. On the one hand, the prosperity of porcelain industry in Song Dynasty is the result of the interaction of various political, economic and social factors, on the other hand, it is also the result of social and economic development in Song Dynasty.

The reflection of economic and cultural prosperity. The formation of porcelain system and kiln system is the result of mutual learning and constant innovation of ancient porcelain craftsmen in China. In the process of the spread and development of porcelain-making technology, it is also influenced by different natural conditions and life in different places.

Under the influence of custom. Porcelain appeared in Zhejiang in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and soon spread in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and gradually spread to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as Fujian, Guangdong and other places. About the north in the early 6th century.

During the dynasty, the Central Plains region also appeared its own burning porcelain. Since then, China's porcelain industry has formed two major porcelain departments: North and South.

The characteristics of southern porcelain products are:

First, the shape is delicate, the tire color is gray, the tire particles are fine, and some are slightly red or yellow; Fine pores, small porosity and few tire black spots.

Second, the chemical composition of the ceramic tire material is: the iron oxide content is generally around 2%, which is higher than that in the north. The contents of titanium dioxide and aluminum trioxide are very low; The content of silicon dioxide is higher than that in the north.

Third, the glaze layer is green, and some are slightly dark yellow.

Fourthly, the firing temperature of porcelain is relatively low, generally around 1200℃, and even if it does not reach this temperature, it will burn.

The characteristics of northern porcelain products are:

First, the utensils are novel in shape, rough and majestic; The carcass is thick, the tire color is light gray, the particle structure is rough, there are black spots and pores in the tire, and the porosity is large.

Second, the chemical composition of tire materials is close to that of inferior clay materials, and the alumina content is relatively high, generally above 26%, up to 32%; The content of titanium dioxide exceeds 1%, and the content of silicon dioxide is generally lower than that in the south, so the tire color is darker than that in the south.

Third, the glaze layer is thin, the glass texture is strong and the color is grayish yellow.

Fourth, the firing temperature of porcelain is high. For example, celadon unearthed from Feng's tomb in Jingxian County, Hebei Province, is still raw at the firing temperature of 1200℃.

south

The main kiln sites of square porcelain before Sui Dynasty are Shangyu Kiln, Yixing Junshan Kiln, Xiaoshan East Kiln, Chengdu Qingyang Palace Kiln and Fujian Tianshan Maling Kiln. There are not many northern porcelain series found in kiln sites before Sui Dynasty, only Anyang kilns in Henan and Hebei.

Gaby kiln and Zibo kiln. In the Song Dynasty, a variety of porcelain kiln systems were formed. The distinction of porcelain kiln system in Song Dynasty is mainly based on the similarities and differences of the technology, glaze color, modeling and decoration of each kiln product, as well as their similarities and differences.

Generally speaking, there are six porcelain kiln systems formed in the Song Dynasty: Ding kiln system, Yaozhou kiln system, Jun kiln system and Cizhou kiln system in the northern region; Longquan celadon in southern China and Jingdezhen celadon.

undoubted

The kiln system is represented by Ding kiln. Ding kiln was first fired in the Tang Dynasty, and its white porcelain was influenced by the nearby Xing kiln, which was famous all over the world at that time. But later, it was doomed to its prosperity and decline. In the Song Dynasty, people knew it was meant to be, but they didn't know it was. Ding kilns are all kilns in the north.

In the Song Dynasty, a set of porcelain-making techniques and styles were indeed formed, which were imitated by various kilns. Ding kiln products are mainly white porcelain, and also burn black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and white glaze. The glaze juice is bright and moist, and the glaze color is white and medium.

Yellow, often with tears. The tire material is finished, the tire quality is hard and the tire color is white. The utensils are stable in shape and neatly decorated. Early products were mainly carved; In the late Northern Song Dynasty, printing was dominant. The pattern layout is rigorous and the theme is rich.

Colorful, with all kinds of flowers the most common, including peony, lotus, followed by chrysanthemum. There are also a certain number of other animals, birds and swimming fish patterns, but the baby play pattern is relatively rare. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a burning work.

Art is to burn plates and bowls upside down. The advantage of this method is that it uses the same kiln, consumes the same fuel, and the output of one-time kiln is higher than that of ordinary sagger. The disadvantage is that it has a canopy, that is, it has no glaze. Production kiln

Porcelain kilns are distributed in the vast areas of Zhanghe River and Fenhe River basins. In addition to Ding Yang kiln in Hebei, representative kilns include Pingding kiln in Sichuan, Mengxian kiln, Yangcheng kiln, Jiexiu kiln and Pengxian kiln.

attraction

The state kiln system is the largest folk kiln system in the north. The kiln sites of this kiln system are distributed in Henan, Hebei and Shanxi provinces, and Guantai Town, Handan City, Hebei Province is a typical representative. The history of Cizhou kiln system can be traced back to the north of Tang Dynasty.

A folk kiln for firing white porcelain.

It inherits the characteristics of the northern and southern folk kilns in the Tang Dynasty, and there are many kinds of porcelain products. The product line and variety of Guantai kiln can be said to be the best among all the kilns in this kiln system. The porcelain fired here is mainly white porcelain and black porcelain. Decorative and colorful, white floor

Black flowers, in sharp contrast. The theme of decorative patterns is mostly taken from the content of folk life. The Dangyangyu Kiln in Xiuwu County, Henan Province has also made great achievements. The uniqueness of its porcelain-making process lies in applying an extremely white protective glaze under the glaze, and then coating it with black.

Flowers, or picking flowers from the ground. Decoration with black and white or ochre white contrast, very strong; The pattern making technique is vivid and rigorous.

Other representative kiln sites of Cizhou kiln system include Hebi kiln in Henan, Bacun kiln in Yuxian, Quhe kiln in Dengfeng, Jiexiu kiln in Shanxi and Jizhou kiln in Ji 'an, Jiangxi, etc.

Bright, shiny; Shine, shine

Zhou kiln system is a huge kiln system for firing celadon in the north. Yaozhou kiln system is represented by Huangbao Town, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, including Chen Lu Town, Lidipo, Shangdian and Yuhua Palace. Tongchuan, formerly known as Tongguan, belonged to Yaozhou in Song Dynasty.

So it's called Yaozhou kiln. Huangbao Town is located in a long and narrow basin on the west bank of Qishui, with the northeast of Tongchuan City15km and the south of Yaoxian County13km. Lacquer water passes through the town, flows through Yao County and flows into the river. There are avenues in the east and west of the town, where land meets water.

Convenient access, nearby coal production, crucible soil, good porcelain burning conditions. The early history of Yaozhou kiln system can also be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it continued to emerge before Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty. Product categories include celadon, white porcelain and black porcelain; Northern Song Dynasty

Mainly firing celadon. The celadon of Yaozhou kiln is dark in color, and the edge part is brown, so people call it "turmeric".

Its most outstanding achievement is pattern decoration. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were peony broken branches, chrysanthemum bound branches, three fish in water waves, Yuanyang playing with lotus, two ducks playing in water, seaweed patterns, gold and silver patterns, palindromes, pine playing with babies, dragon and phoenix patterns and so on. Seal decoration technology

Mainly flowers and carvings; Carved flowers are vigorous and lively, and they are outstanding in the kiln system of Song Dynasty.

Yaozhou kiln system has a wide range, from Linru kiln in Henan in the east to Xunyi kiln at the junction of Shaanxi and Gansu in the west. Representative kiln sites are Yiyang Kiln, Baofeng Kiln, Xin 'an Chengguan Kiln, Yuxian Juntai Kiln and Henan Neixiang University.

Kiln site kiln and Xicun kiln in Guangdong, Yongfu kiln in Guangxi.

potter's wheel

The kiln system, represented by Jun kiln in Yuxian county, Henan province, began to burn in the Northern Song Dynasty and continued to burn in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Its outstanding achievement is that copper oxide is mixed into the glaze, and colorful kiln glaze is burned with reducing flame. The main feature of Jun glaze is the perfect sky.

Cyan and rose purple glaze are interwoven, and the glaze juice is rich and beautiful. In addition, there are moon white, sky blue and begonia red. Jun kiln porcelain is fired in a wide range of places, including Yuxian, Jiaxian, Dengfeng and Xin.

An, Tangyin, Anyang and Cixian in Hebei Province were all burned.

dragon

Quanqing porcelain kiln belongs to the southern celadon system. In the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to meet the needs of the imperial court and government, a kind of porcelain with lime-alkali glaze was produced. After the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, Mei finally formed her own characteristics and style.

Longquan celadon such as purple sand and pink glaze.

The rapid development of Longquan celadon kiln system not only benefited from the superior natural conditions in Longquan area, but also benefited from the decline of northern porcelain industry after it entered the gold industry and the development of water transportation in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was conducive to the development of commercial trade. Politics of Southern Song Dynasty

The government has also made the development of overseas trade a national policy, and spent 12 years in Jiading, Song Ningzong (12 19) to prevent the outflow of gold and silver. "Ordered silk cloth, brocade, and porcelain to be returned to Boyi" (A Record of the Stone Huo Zhi). This is even more exciting for porcelain.

Longquan celadon is a very popular commodity in East Asia, Southeast Asia, East Africa and Arab countries, and this situation still prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty. At home, Longquan celadon is the same as Jingdezhen celadon, and its products

Our domestic market is very large. The discovery of celadon and Longquan celadon in southern Shaanxi and Sichuan in recent years is a good evidence.

Longquan celadon rose late in the kiln system of folk kilns in Song Dynasty, but with the support of overseas markets, it eventually developed rapidly into a huge kiln system with many kiln systems. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, porcelain kilns spread all over Longquan County, Zhejiang Province.

Cloth, also adjacent to Qingyuan, Suichang, Yunhe and other counties. Jizhou Kiln in Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province, and Wanyao Township Kiln in Quanzhou, Fujian Province are also fired. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, the scope of firing Longquan celadon kiln was expanded, only in Oujiang, southern Zhejiang.

More than 150 kiln sites were found on the shore.

scenery

Dezhen celadon kiln belongs to the South Porcelain Department. Blue-and-white porcelain, also known as Yingqing, is a unique style porcelain fired in Jingdezhen kiln in Song Dynasty. Jingdezhen kilns for firing celadon are Hutian, Hu Xiang, Shengmeiting, Shinan Street, Huangnitou and Liujiawan. Jiangxi Nanfeng Bai Sheyao, Anhui Fanchang Kejiachong Kiln, Fujian Minqing Kiln and Hubei Wuchang Jinkou Kiln all burn green.

White porcelain. Also belonging to this kiln system are Ji 'an Jizhou Kiln in Jiangxi, Juan Kiln in Guangdong, Dehua Kiln in Fujian, Wanyao Township Kiln in Quanzhou, Tongan Kiln and Nan 'an Kiln.

In the 20th century, the porcelain art in China was not only colorful glaze, but also enchanting underglaze color, which also made remarkable achievements and flourished. With its rich national culture and aesthetic characteristics, rich artistic expression techniques and categories, it stands in the world art forest.