Historical Materials

1. Historical information on the division of arts and sciences

The division of arts and sciences is an education system practiced in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and other parts of the world, in which the curriculum is divided into arts and sciences to allow students to make choices and then educate them separately.

The separation of arts and sciences in mainland China began with the restoration of the college entrance examination in 1977. But in fact, this system originated from a copy of the Soviet model. The Soviet Union had lost a large number of intellectuals in World War II, and the post-war reconstruction urgently needed a separate education to rapidly train professionals of all kinds.

The mainland, after 1949, was also in dire need of professionals, so it began the pace of liberal arts and science, first establishing the first eight foreign language schools in Xi'an, Nanjing, and Chongqing, and beginning the merger of colleges and universities in the 1950s. At that time, the realization of industrialization was the main goal of economic construction. In order to meet the demand for professionals, since 1952, similar professional colleges were merged into professional colleges, and a system of colleges and universities adapted to the planned economy was built. Such a merger strengthened the specialization of engineering colleges, but it also resulted in a narrow range of specialties and the separation of science and technology, arts and sciences, grammar, finance and economics, and other disciplines were also cut.

However, before the end of the Cultural Revolution, high schools on the mainland generally did not practice the separation of arts and sciences.

The separation of arts and sciences in high schools only began in 1977, after the resumption of the college entrance examination system for the purpose of categorizing and selecting talents.

The separation of subjects is generally carried out in the first year of high school into the second year of high school. Although the division of arts and science is practiced, both arts and science include the subjects divided into politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry, and biology.

Compulsory subjects: languages, mathematics, and foreign languages

Integrated arts: politics, history, and geography

Integrated sciences: physics, chemistry, and biology

However, the current system requires that physics, chemistry, and biology remain in the arts, while only politics remains in the sciences. But at present, this is only a symbolic retention in many schools, but also more just to cope with the examination or higher inspection. Teachers do not attach much importance to the actual teaching of these subjects, and most of the students also despise these subjects. If the school deletes these subjects from the curriculum after the HKCEE or other inspections, they will be removed from the curriculum. There is also a difference in the textbooks for math, physics, chemistry, and biology in the arts and sciences, which are generally easier than the science subjects.

2011 Shandong Province college entrance examination will cancel the sub-specialty system

2. Seek the 60th anniversary of the founding of the country of all the material, information

My motherland - to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese people *** and the country Shenzhou VII triumphantly returned to the flight, the three astronauts out of the return capsule with a smile on their faces.

Shenzhou VII manned space flight was a complete success, realizing the development of China's space technology with a milestone significant leap, is the Chinese people climbed the world's scientific and technological peaks of another great feat, but also to the great motherland 60 years of the birthday of the precious gift and sincere blessings. The success of the Beijing Olympics and Paralympics has realized the centennial dream of the Chinese nation.

Chinese athletes won the first place in the total number of gold medals with outstanding athletic ability and tenacious fighting spirit, creating the best performance in history. The opening and closing performances, event organization, volunteer services, venue facilities and the spirit of the Chinese people have left a deep impression on the world, won high praise from the international community, and reaped a rich harvest of material and spiritual wealth.

The Beijing Olympics has enabled the world to further understand China, and China to go further into the world. The success of the Beijing Olympics and Paralympics, marking the Chinese nation with a new attitude to stand in the east of the world, the Chinese people are full of pride towards a brighter and more brilliant future.

This year, China has been the occurrence of rain, snow and ice disaster, the Sichuan Wenchuan earthquake and other major natural disasters. Especially after the earthquake in Wenchuan, Sichuan, the people of the country launched a magnificent, touching struggle, the formation of a unity of purpose, unity of will, defying the difficulties and dangers, indomitable, people-oriented, respect for science, the great spirit of earthquake relief.

This spirit is invaluable, inspiring the people in the disaster area to be confident and courageous, and rebuild a better home; and encouraging the people of the country to work hard to achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects. In this unusual 60 years, how much sadness, how much moving, how many dreams, how much glory, remembered in the hearts of the Chinese people, written into the history of **** and the country's scroll.

3. Seek all the materials and information of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the country

This patriotic speech "Welcome National Day speech (60th anniversary of the National Day)" is provided by the netizen or thesis China in the network to collect and organize, the copyright belongs to the original author.

You press the D and Ctrl of your keyboard at the same time, you can free collect "Welcome National Day Speech (60th Anniversary of the National Day) Model" The wheel of the history of the new China rolls forward, the bell of the New Year 2009 is about to ring, and the years of our history will turn over a new page. We are going to say goodbye to 2008 and usher in 2009.

"Thousands of households pupil day, always change the old peach for the new symbol." The new year begins again, and everything is renewed.

As the saying goes, flowers are similar year after year, and people are different year after year. Life is to say goodbye to yesterday and move towards tomorrow, life is to resign the old and welcome the new.

The history of mankind is a history of the old and the new. Farewell to yesterday, everything has been written into history; look forward to tomorrow, looking forward to us.

And now step from the beginning, the new year to have new performance, new achievements, the key is to have a new concept. The new concept is to say goodbye to the negative, ushered in the positive; goodbye to the trouble, ushered in the happy; goodbye to the regret, ushered in the hope.

The new concept should have a new design, new expectations, lock the new goal; a new pursuit, breeding a new complex, embarking on a new journey, can not wear "new shoes" to walk "the old road", with "old tickets"! "We can't wear new shoes and walk on the old path, use old tickets to board a new passenger ship, or turn over old records to live a new life. Of course, the new and the old are relative, the new and the old itself is the existence of the objective world of dialectics.

Metabolism is the universal law of things. Today is the continuation of yesterday, tomorrow is the continuation of today.

The old nurtures the new, and the new produces the old, the old and the new, never ending, this is the development of things change, this is history. The beginning of the new year is the starting point of the run, the beginning of the glory of all things.

A new beginning, to sow new seeds, this seed is full of poetry, engraved blueprints, pregnant with the future, is the prelude to the harvest. It is said that a good beginning is half of success.

We have to take the first step solidly, and even every step. When a new year is about to begin, people often take stock of the past, weigh the present, and look to the future.

2008 is destined to be a very unusual and extraordinary year in the history of the Chinese nation. In this year, the Beijing Olympics was a glittering event, the Shenzhou-7 was a spacewalking event, the earthquake relief was a world-famous event, and the cross-strait relationship was a day of reckoning.

Of course, this year also many disasters, the beginning of the year, the southern snow and ice, May Wenchuan shaking, September "tainted milk" shocked the world, the earthquake disaster snow disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster, really let us mixed feelings, so that we have more understanding of the profound connotation of the many difficulties of the country, our nation has become more united and more strong. Experienced a catastrophe of great sadness and joy and stood in the world of the Chinese nation, more impressive to the world.

In the global economy has not yet woken up from the pain of the financial turmoil in the winter, ushered in 2009, which is the first human into the new century, "9", the people *** and the country has gone through 60 years, indicating that 2009 will be a very unusual year, is a change and reconstruction of the intertwining of seawater and fire, is a year of change and reconstruction of the world, is a year of change and reconstruction of the seawater and fire. The year of change and reconstruction intertwined, sea water and fire, we have many expectations of the year, but also the world is looking forward to China to create a new economic miracle of the year. 2009 will be a year full of challenges, the global stormy, China is not calm, China's economic development is facing serious difficulties, but also contains a major opportunity.

To maintain growth, expand domestic demand, adjust the structure, promote development, we see the hope, there is hope, China's education network document channel firmly believe that China's development will not be reversed due to the global financial crisis, China's economy, this huge ship continue to be righteous to ride the waves, courageous, and sailing to the other side! Reform has not been exhausted, we are still on the road. On the way forward there will be risks, there will be difficulties.

"Things do not take refuge in the knowledge of the difficulties". The most important thing is to accurately judge the situation in the difficulties and risks, soberly grasp the direction in the challenges and tests, enhance the sense of anxiety, fully understand the severity and complexity of the international economic environment; enhance the sense of opportunity, good from the changes in the capture the development opportunities in the adversity to cultivate favorable factors.

All of this, the central economic conference held a year ago has been a clear answer and deployment. The new year, is difficult and hope, is a challenge and opportunity, is the expectation is to pay, is the harvest is given, the blood dedication to society, the sweat of the earth, the warmth of the world.

Let us under the guidance of the *** spirit of the party, seriously implement the spirit of the central economic work conference, in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics on the road, along the footprints of yesterday, out of the new world, so that China in 2009 with colorful and brilliant forever in the annals of world history, to meet and celebrate the 60th anniversary of the people's *** and the country's 60th anniversary of a more brilliant achievement.

4. Chinese History Information

Chinese History General Knowledge 1. The oldest known primitive human living in China is the Yuanmou Ape Man.

A fossilized tooth of an ancient human found in the Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan Province, China, was scientifically identified as being more than 1.7 million years old.

3. Peking Man already knew how to use natural fire. For the first time, human beings achieved the ability to dominate a natural force.

4. By about 18,000 years ago, still living in Beijing's Zhoukoudian Dragon Bone Mountain, there was a group of ancient humans known as the "Top Cave People". They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.

5, the Peak Caveman will not only artificial fire, and made the first bone needle in the history of China's sewing process, the bone needle is about the same as a matchstick as thick as 82 millimeters long. 6, 6,000 or 7,000 years ago, China appeared ancient colored pottery culture and black pottery culture.

7, Xi'an, Shaanxi, half slope culture of colored pottery, very exquisite. The various decorations on the human face net pattern pots are the crystallization of primitive art, primitive writing and primitive art.

8, Shandong Longshan culture of black pottery, black and shiny, with the same luster as metal vessels. 9. The Hemudu culture of Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, in the Yangtze River basin, is as old as the Half-slope culture in the Yellow River basin, where people already used large wooden components to build houses 7,000 years ago.

10. About 4000 years ago, there were some tribal wars. The Yellow Emperor was the leader of one of these tribes, and because he was popular and clever and brave, he won the final victory.

11. Huang Di played an important role in the gradual formation of the ancient Chinese race, and was honored as the "first ancestor of the humanities" of the Chinese race (the predecessor of the Chinese nation).12 After Huang Di, the Chinese nation saw several outstanding figures: Yao, Shun, and Yu.

Yao was succeeded by Shun, and Shun was succeeded by Yu. 13. In the time of Yao, Shun and Yu, floods were widespread.

Da Yu was ordered to cure the floods and finally cured them. 14. Later, Yu's son, Kai, succeeded to the throne and established the first slave dynasty, the Xia Dynasty (about 22nd century BC 17th century BC).

15. It is rumored that the calendar began to exist more than 4,000 years ago during the Xia Dynasty, so people call the ancient traditional Chinese calendar the Xia Calendar. 16. The summer calendar is formulated according to the moon's orbit cycle, also known as the lunar calendar.

Because of the calendar has the festival changes and agricultural arrangements, so it is also called the lunar calendar. 17, Jie, the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, was tyrannical.

The Shang tribe in the east, under the leadership of Tang, became powerful and defeated Xia to establish the Shang Dynasty (about the beginning of the 17th century BC - 11th century BC). 18. The Shang Dynasty saw a great development in the manufacture of bronzes.

The late Shang Dynasty manufactured Simuwu Dafang Ding weighed 875 kilograms, is so far found in the world's largest excavated bronze. 19. The oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty was an ancient script carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, and it was already quite a mature script.

In the Yinxu unearthed 150,000 pieces of carved with the text of the oracle bone, the total number of words reached more than 1.6 million words, of which there are more than 4,600 single words, has been recognized by more than 1,000. 20. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, on the Loess Plateau, a tribe called "Zhou" became strong.

By the time of King Wen of Zhou, Zhou became the new ally of the western lords. 21. King Zhou, the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty, had a taste for alcohol and pleasure.

At the time of King Wu of Zhou, Zhou united with other tribes to crusade against the Shang Dynasty, and after the Battle of Makino, overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty (circa 11th century BCE 256 BCE). 22. After the Zhou Dynasty was established, it was divided into 71 small states, large and small, including Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song and Yan.

The rulers of these small states were called vassals. 23, more than 180 years in the pre-Western Zhou Dynasty, the Central Plains around the production of many large-scale music and dance.

Sacrificing the mountains and rivers with the "Daxia" dance, which shows the water control of Dayu, and the martial arts dance that commemorates the achievements of King Wu's conquest of the Zhou Dynasty is the "Dawu" dance.

Divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. 25. During the Spring and Autumn period, more than 100 vassal states competed with each other, and the winner became the hegemon, resulting in the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period", which are generally referred to as Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, Duke Xiang of Song, and King Zhuang of Chu.

26, 606 BC, King Zhuang of Chu "asked the size of the tripod light and heavy". The tripod is a symbol of kingship. Legend has it that Dayu cast nine tripods to represent the nine states.

King Zhuang of Chu asked for the tripod, indicating his ambition to be the son of heaven. 27. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, Wu and Yue were at war.

First, King Helu of Wu was defeated and died of wounds. His son, King Fu Chai of Wu, was determined to take revenge and had people remind him every day in a loud voice: "Fu Chai, have you forgotten your father's murder?" Later, the state of Wu defeated the state of Yue under the leadership of Fu Chai.

28. King Goujian was determined to avenge his father's death. He "lay on his back" and asked himself every day, "Have you forgotten the shame of losing your country, Goujian?" After ten years of life, ten years of lessons, Yue once again defeated the state of Wu, and King Fu-chai of Wu committed suicide.

29. About 2,500 years ago, China produced a great thinker, Laozi. Laozi was the founder of the Taoist school.

30, "Tao Te Ching", also known as "Laozi", wrote: "Woe can sometimes be the cause of happiness, and happiness sometimes hides the trouble. Therefore, we should pay attention to "the opposite of what is extreme", but also pay attention to the "Tao" and "virtue" grow together.

31, living in 551 BC - 479 years before the Confucius is a great thinker, great educator, is the founder of the Confucian school. 32, Confucius first organized private schools in China, and he had three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages.

33, Confucius made a monumental contribution to the development of ancient Chinese culture, he organized and compiled the "six classics" such as "Yi", "Poetry", "Rites", "Music", Lao Zi teaching chart Sun Wu statue "Shangshu", "Spring and Autumn Annals". 34, Confucius was 73 years old, died and was buried in the north of the capital city of Lu (present-day Qufu, Shandong Province, "Confucius Forest").

The former residence of Confucius was later converted into the "Temple of Confucius".

The former residence of Confucius was later converted into the "Temple of Confucius". 35. The students of Confucius recalled the daily teachings and behavior of Confucius, and organized them into a book of discourses called "The Analects", which became a classic of Confucianism, and had a great influence on the later generations.

36. Sun Wu was an outstanding militarist in the late Spring and Autumn period. There are thirteen articles in the famous military book "The Art of War" handed down to the world.

37, Sun Tzu The Art of War puts forward the famous " know your enemy, know your enemy, a hundred battles are never in danger ", " attacking their unpreparedness, surprise ", " soldiers are not always in the right situation, the water is not always in the right shape ", etc. Many principles of war. 38, The Art of War is the fundamental purpose: the purpose of the war is to be proficient in order to "give up the army without fighting".

The Art of War is therefore called the "holy book of military science".

5. Tradition and modernity

China's five thousand years of civilization, culture has both regional and national characteristics, but also the characteristics of the times. In a historical sense, Chinese culture includes both the long history of traditional culture, as well as modern culture and modern culture, where Chinese cultural traditions have evolved dramatically. Traditional Chinese culture is the main part of Chinese culture and a rich historical heritage passed down from our forefathers. It not only records the history of the Chinese nation and the evolution of Chinese culture, but also serves as a way of thinking, values, codes of conduct, and customs that have been passed down from generation to generation, permeating the bloodline of every Chinese person and regulating the behavior and way of thinking of today's Chinese people. Traditional Chinese culture is not simply equivalent to Confucian culture, nor is it a simple addition of Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist cultures, but it is the sum of various ideologies and cultures of the Chinese nation, including various conceptual and material forms of culture.

The culture of the Chinese nation has a long history and is profound. These cultures constitute the beauty factor is the national treasure of the Chinese nation. Modern design, no matter how it develops, can not be separated from the profound influence of traditional culture on it. These traditional cultures, which are national, regional, social and historical, are influencing the modern design movement all the time. Designers should inherit and develop the essence of these traditional cultures.

6. The courage to challenge the thesis material

Dare to challenge the example of one:

Zhou Zhiyi, who studied at Ningbo University, he can be called a model of the times. 12 years old due to electric shock at play and lost both arms, but with the tenacity to learn to play the computer, text messaging, ping-pong, writing calligraphy, he is fully comparable to the dexterity of the middle school students. When playing ping-pong he connected his broken arm to his wrist guard and threw it high and fierce. And he ended up going to Ningbo University.

Dare to challenge the example of two:

Helen Keller is blind, but she did not give in, learned a variety of languages, her autobiographical works were translated into many languages issued. It can be seen that the courage to face up to life's hardships and tribulations, and the courage to face the challenges, is the root of Helen's success. It is precisely for this reason that she has become a representative of the spirit of the disabled and the pride of the world.

Dare to challenge the example of three:

The famous singer Zheng Zhihua got polio when he was a child, although his childhood is unfortunate and gray, but he is quite proficient in painting, advertising design, especially in the music is very accomplished, representative of the "Starry Night", "Sailor".

Example 4: Lu Yu abandoned Buddhism and became a writer

Lu Yu, a famous scholar in the Tang Dynasty, was orphaned as a child and was raised by Zen master Zhi Zhi. Although Lu Yu was in a temple, he did not want to spend his days reciting Buddhist scriptures, but preferred to read poetry and books. Lu Yu was opposed by the Zen master when he insisted on going down the mountain to study. In order to give Lu Yu a hard time and to educate him better, the Zen master told him to learn how to brew tea. In the process of studying the art of tea, Lu Yu came across a kindly old woman and learned not only the complicated techniques of tea brewing, but also a lot about reading and being a human being. When Lu Yu finally brought a cup of steaming cup of bitter tea to the Zen master, the master finally agreed to his request to go down the mountain to study. Later, Lu Yu wrote the widely circulated "Tea Sutra", which carried forward the tea culture of his country!

Example 5:

Nie Haisheng and Fei Junlong are comrades who trained with Yang Liwei and suffered the same **** for many years. 2003, Yang Liwei drove the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft to the sky, and became the first astronaut in China's space history. Nie Haisheng, Fei Junlong was not discouraged and depressed, but to more full of emotion into the new training, and finally after two years, as expected, boarded the Shenzhou 6 spacecraft, brilliantly accomplished a multi-people multi-compartment multi-day flight of the historic task, become the world admired the great hero of the times.

7. Pinglu's famous historical building information and pictures

1. Ancient Yellow River trestle

The ancient Yellow River trestle is located in the eastern part of Pinglu County, from Sanmen Township to Caochuan Township, ***11 places and 32 sections, with a total length of 4,032 meters, which are distributed on the stone cliffs along the banks of the Yellow River. Yellow River transportation began in the Qin and Han dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties have a greater development. Pinglu County, the territory of a number of trestles are left for the Tang Dynasty, visible cliffs and stone carvings. 2006 June was announced as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage promulgated as China's cultural heritage.

2. Sanwan Wetland

Sanwan Wetland is located in the village of Sanwan, 6 kilometers southwest of Pinglu County, with an area of 3.9 square kilometers, near the Yellow River, with rich vegetation, biodiversity, and a lot of wildlife. Every year from mid-November to mid-February, tens of thousands of white swans and red-billed gulls come here to overwinter.

Pinglu County built two white swan patrol stations in the wetland, established a three-tier network of counties, townships, and villages, implemented a strict reporting system, and each township identified a full-time ranger to conduct round-the-clock patrols, and fixed-point, fixed-quantity, and fixed-time feeding for the white swans.

3. Mao Zindu

Mao Zindu is located about 4 kilometers south of Pinglu County. Historically, it was once known as Shaanjindu, Maochengdu, and Huixingdu, and was named after the ancient Maosu people who lived here. Mao Zindu terrain is dangerous, is the communication between the two provinces of Jin and Henan, and Fenglingdu, Dayu ferry and known as the Yellow River three major ancient ferry, "Iron Dock" said.

4. Fu Xiang Ancestral Hall

Fu Xiang Ancestral Hall is located in the northeast of Pinglu County, Fu Yan Hill, in honor of the famous prime minister of the Shang Dynasty Fu said and built. Fu Yan in the Tang Dali years has been built Fu Xiang Shrine, according to the Qing Kangzhao "Pinglu County Records" records, the shrine has the main hall, with the hall, the stele platform, the theater building, brick tower and other buildings, Pinglu, one of the eight ancient scenic "Fu Yan Jixue" is here.

Expanded Information:

Pinglu County belongs to the province of Shanxi, geographically located in the latitude of 34 ° 50'12.72" north, longitude 111 ° 13' 02.44" east. 02.44". Located in the Yellow River triangle at the junction of Qin, Jin and Yu, the north of Zhongtiao Mountain and Yuncheng Basin, south of the Yellow River and Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, east of Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Hub Project and Luoyang City, Henan Province, Zhengzhou City, neighboring, west of Ruicheng County for the state.

Land area of 1173.5 square kilometers. Pinglu County perimeter 216 kilometers, east-west 67.5 kilometers long, north-south 34.5 kilometers wide. Pinglu County is 43 kilometers away from Yuncheng City, 440 kilometers away from Taiyuan City and 1200 kilometers away from Beijing City.

The origin of the name:

Tang Tianbao first year (742) "the governor Li Qi things open three doors, stone under the halberd, the big edge of the 'Pinglu' seal characters, because of the change (Hebei County) for Pinglu County.