The story of Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu

1 More than 300 years ago, Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty left the prosperous capital Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province) and traveled about 3000 kilometers westward. After thousands of difficulties and dangers, he came to the snowy plateau and married Songzan Gambu, the king of Tubo, creating a new era of friendship between Tang and Fan. The story of Songzan Gampo and Princess Wencheng is still widely circulated among the Han and Tibetan people.

At the beginning of the 7th century, after several years of Central Plains War, Li Yuan () and Li Shimin (Emperor Taizong) established an unprecedented Tang Empire with Chang 'an as its capital in China's history in June18. The country was very powerful and became the center of civilization in East Asia at that time, which had a strong influence on the surrounding ethnic tribes. Many ethnic tribes reconciled with the Tang Dynasty one after another, which promoted the communication between the Han nationality and other ethnic minorities.

At this time, Songtsan Gampo, a British leader, also dominated the snowy plateau, completed the annexation of some small countries, established Lodi (now Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region) as the capital, established a unified Tubo dynasty, and actively sought to establish close relations with the Tang Dynasty. Since AD 634, he has twice sent Lu Dongzan, an eloquent and brilliant minister, to Chang 'an to ask for relatives and friends from Tang Gaozong.

64 1 yuan, Emperor Taizong finally agreed to Songzan Gambu's request and promised to marry Princess Wencheng, the female imperial clan. So Princess Wencheng, accompanied by Tang Fan envoys and other followers, set foot on the long Tang Fan ancient road.

Songzan Gambu's long-cherished wish has come true, and he is very happy. He personally led his troops to White Sea (now maduo county, Qinghai Province) to meet the enemy. On the banks of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, which are not too far from the source of the Yellow River, Songzan Gambu built the "White Sea Pavilion", and an alien couple spent their wedding night in this beautiful place.

When Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng went to Yushu (in present-day Qinghai Province), they saw the beautiful scenery and pleasant climate here and needed to rest after a long journey, so they lived in a valley for a month. In her spare time, Princess Wencheng took out the grain seeds and rapeseed that her father gave her, and taught Yushu people planting methods, milling, wine-making and other technologies with craftsmen.

Yushu people are very grateful to Princess Wencheng. When the princess wanted to leave and set off for Lhasa, they were all reluctant to part. The local Tibetans also preserved the ruins of her accounting office, carved her footprints and appearance on stones and offered them every year. In 7 10, another princess of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Jincheng, also married the Tibetan king. When she passed by, she built a temple for Princess Wencheng and named it "Princess Wencheng Temple".

When Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa safely, people sang and danced, cheered and welcomed her.

At that time, Buddhism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, but there was no Buddhism in Tibet. Princess Wencheng is a devout Buddhist. She took pagodas, scriptures and Buddha statues into Tibet and decided to build a temple to preach Buddha. She made goats fill the pond with soil and built Jokhang Temple. After the Jokhang Temple was completed, Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu personally planted willows outside the temple gate, which became the famous "Liu Tang" in later generations.

The famous "Nephew and Uncle Alliance Monument", also known as "Evergreen Alliance Monument", stands next to Liu Tang. At present, a statue of Sakyamuni enshrined in the center of the Jokhang Temple Hall was also invited by Princess Wencheng from Chang 'an. In the attached halls on both sides of the main hall, there are statues of Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng, which are very beautiful and lifelike. It's just that there are too many people who donate money from Imbusch, and a pimple has grown on their faces.

Later, Princess Wencheng built the Xiao Zhao Temple. Since then, Buddhism has spread slowly in Tibet. Princess Wencheng also named the mountains around Lhasa after Miaolian, Baoshan, Youshi Conch, King Kong, Shengli Building, Aquarius and Goldfish, which have been in use ever since.

On the one hand, Princess Wencheng spread Buddhism and prayed for the Tibetans to eliminate disasters. At the same time, she also took out five grain seeds and rapeseed and taught people to plant them. Corn, potatoes, broad beans and rape can adapt to the plateau climate and grow well. Wheat, on the other hand, is constantly mutating and finally grows into highland barley that Tibetans like. Princess Wencheng also brought chariots, horses, mules, camels and related production techniques and medical works, which promoted the social progress of Tubo.

Songtsan Gambo likes Princess Wencheng very much. The Potala Palace specially built for the princess has 1000 palaces, which is magnificent. But it was later destroyed by lightning and war. /kloc-after two expansions in the 0/7th century, it became the present scale. The main building of Potala Palace 13 floor, with a height of117m and an area of more than 360,000 square meters, is magnificent.

There are a large number of murals with rich contents in Potala Palace, including the story of Garudongzan, the emissary of Emperor Taizong's Five Difficult Tubo Marriage, the difficulties and obstacles Princess Wencheng encountered all the way into Tibet, and the scene where she was warmly welcomed when she arrived in Lhasa. These murals have exquisite composition, vivid characters and bright colors. Behind the Tubo ruins of Potala Palace, there is also a room where Songzan Gambu meditates. The walls are displayed with colored statues of Songzan Gambu, Princess Wencheng and Ludongzan.

After Songzan Gambu married Princess Wencheng, the relationship between the Central Plains and Tubo was extremely friendly. After more than 200 years, there were few wars, and envoys and businessmen exchanged frequently. Songzan Gambu highly praised the Central Plains culture. He took off his felt wool and put it on silk, and sent the children of Tubo nobles to Chang 'an to study Chinese studies. In the Tang Dynasty, all kinds of craftsmen were sent to Tubo to teach various skills.

Extended data

Pro-policy

Harmony, also known as "harmony" and "harmony", refers to the political marriage between the rulers of the Central Plains dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities or ethnic minority leaders for various purposes. As an integral part of the general ethnic policy of the dynasties and the manifestation of ethnic relations, it runs through the development of China's ancient history and has a hidden or obvious influence on the historical development.

Affinity effect

I. Economy

Economically, in the process of marriage, dowry, tribute, rebate and related mutual market activities are very frequent, which will inevitably promote the official trade and economic development of both sides.

In the process of marriage, the married princess took away advanced production technology, tools and craftsmen, as well as crops, rice seeds and farm tools, which provided conditions for the agricultural development of northern minorities, supplemented their single and fragile grazing and hunting economy, promoted the transformation of northern minorities from nomadic economy to settled economy, and shortened the gap between northern minorities and Han nationality in production and life.

The animal husbandry economy of northern minorities, such as horse-raising technology and horse-raising industry, has enriched and enriched the economy of the Central Plains.

Second, culture.

In terms of culture, the influence of in-laws is two-way, and the in-laws with the princess bring not only rich property, but also the cultural influence of the Central Plains. Personally, Princess Qin herself is a typical example of the integration of China culture and minority culture. Although Princess Qin was educated by China traditional culture, her married life style should still be "following Hu customs".

From the influence of the Central Plains dynasty culture on the northern national culture, we can find many stone carvings influenced by the theme and style of nomadic life of Huns in Han Dynasty. Today, there is a giant stone carving about Xiongnu in front of Huo Qubing's tomb near Hanling, Xingping County, Shaanxi Province. It can be seen that Uhaanyehe's attachment to the Han Dynasty and showing his majesty to the fortress promoted the cultural exchanges and exchanges between the Chinese and Hungarian peoples.

Judging from the influence of the Central Plains Dynasty on ethnic minorities, Princess Jiaohe preached to DuDu in Anxi in the Tang Dynasty, indicating that religion was influenced by the pro-princess.

Third, blood relationship.

From the aspect of consanguinity and ethnic integration, the descendants of the princess and the minority king not only retained the characteristics of the nomadic people in the north, but also merged the blood of the Han nationality and improved the quality of the population.

Generally speaking, the process of affinity strengthens the communication between the two ethnic groups, which will inevitably lead to intermarriage between civilians, thus promoting the blood fusion between the two ethnic groups, eliminating the barriers between ethnic groups and enhancing the cohesion between the Han nationality and the northern ethnic groups.

Fourthly, the influence of affinity on the princess herself

Of course, the marriage itself will definitely bring some influence to the princess herself (that is, the individual). Some princesses who support marriage appear as ambassadors of national friendship. Wang Zhaojun, for example, volunteered to travel personally. He not only devoted his life to the stability and unity of the Huns and the Han Dynasty, but also taught his children to contribute to the stability of the unified relationship between China and Hungary.

Historical function

Judging from the historical role of affinity, although the objective effects are different under different historical environments and conditions, on the whole, the results are conducive to economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and to national integration.

1. In politics, Engels pointed out when discussing the marriage phenomenon between feudal lords in the Middle Ages: "Marriage is a political act and a new opportunity for marriage to expand its power. It is the interests of the family, not the personal wishes, that play a decisive role.

Second, in fact, the "Kissing Policy" is the product of a certain historical stage in order to achieve one political goal or another, so in a sense, kissing is also a political act. In a positive sense, this kind of behavior will not only bring about the friendly coexistence of relatives, but also maintain the situation of unifying the Central Plains Dynasty in many cases.

Coupled with the strengthening of exchanges between pro-China and pro-China, the relatively backward ethnic minorities at that time inevitably yearned for the advanced system of the Central Plains, prompting some ethnic minorities to imitate the system of the Central Plains. According to the records in "Quezhiqin Monument" and "Xinjiahan Monument", Turkic Burke once gave up the title of his own nation and adopted the title of the Tang Dynasty. All localities recommended Tang Gaozong as Tiankhan and implemented the laws of the Tang Dynasty.

evaluate

In a word, affinity is the product of a certain historical period and should be objectively evaluated by dialectical materialism. No matter what the rulers' subjective wishes are, most of the in-laws between the Central Plains Dynasty and the northern nationalities led to peaceful communication between the central government and the northern nationalities, and between the Han nationality and the northern nationalities.

Objectively, it also promotes economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups and is conducive to ethnic integration. For the northern minorities, any initiative to seek relatives is usually a yearning and admiration for the Central Plains dynasty, a gathering of advanced production methods, lifestyles and advanced cultures, and a manifestation of the centripetal force and cohesion of the Chinese nation.

Of course, we should oppose some humiliating and compromised kinship in history, at the expense of people's lives and property, or at the expense of inviting wolves into the room.

reference data

CCTV-Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng

Baidu Encyclopedia-Song Zan Gan Bu

Baidu Encyclopedia-Princess Wencheng