What does plastic mean?

Plastic is widely used in the development process, and it is an indispensable part in household appliances, automobiles, mobile phones, PCs, household appliances and lighting appliances.

In recent years, China's economy has achieved sustained and steady growth, and industries such as home appliances, automobiles, mobile phones, PCs, instruments and meters have benefited from a good external environment and achieved rapid development. The development of industry has further stimulated the demand for plastics.

According to the data of the Forecast and Analysis Report on Production and Marketing Demand and Investment of China Plastic Parts Industry in 2013/20/7, there were 2,286 enterprises in China plastic parts industry in 20 10, with an industrial output value of 107649 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.54%. Sales revenue reached10665438+25 million yuan, up 26.38% year-on-year.

During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China's automobile, household appliances, consumer electronics, equipment and other industries will continue to develop rapidly, and the demand for plastic parts in these industries will continue to expand, and the demand will also show a trend of high-end and precision.

It is estimated that during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the sales scale of China's plastic parts industry will reach 654.38+07 billion yuan.

According to the investigation of China Investment Corporation, in recent years, the technological innovation ability of China plastic parts industry has been further enhanced, and the number of enterprise technology research and development centers has been increasing; The industrial structure, enterprise structure and product structure are constantly adjusted, and the industrial intensity is gradually improved; The overall advantages of the industry have been further enhanced and strengthened, and the gap with developed countries in the world is gradually narrowing. In some respects, it has reached the advanced level in the world and entered a critical period of sustainable development from a big country to an advanced power.

The plastic parts industry in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other places is booming, and both the number of enterprises and the scale of production and sales are in the leading position in the country, and the regional concentration of the industry is high.

At the same time, domestic enterprises have also achieved rapid development in recent years, and the strength of leading enterprises in the industry has been further enhanced.

But at the same time, foreign advanced enterprises are also optimistic about the domestic market and gradually increase investment. The entry of multinational companies such as Naples, Herbie International Group and Anneng Group has made the industry competition more intense.

In recent years, with the rapid development of plastic industry and the continuous improvement of plastic properties, plastic parts have been widely used. Plastic parts are replacing traditional metal parts in different fields. A reasonably designed plastic part can often replace many traditional metal parts, thus simplifying the product structure and saving costs.

Therefore, in view of the requirement of plastic precision in plastic application field and combined with market analysis, it is recommended that the instruments suitable for plastic detection are MUMA portable camera, VMS series optical image measuring instrument and VML series 3D optical image measuring instrument.

Plastic is jiao plastic in English.

Definition of Plastics (American Plastics Industry Association): It is mainly composed of organic or inorganic elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. The finished product is solid, and it is molten liquid during processing. So it can be melted by heating, flowed under pressure, cooled and solidified to form various shapes. This huge and diverse group of materials is called plastic.

Mainly used in plastic plastic parts, which are widely used in various fields of modern life, such as household appliances, instruments, wires and cables, construction equipment, communication electronics, automobile industry, aerospace, daily hardware and so on.

The application of plastics is so extensive and convenient that people have to ban plastics in some fields.

Raw materials 1. The main component of plastic raw materials is carbon-containing compounds.

2. Plastic raw material: it is a kind of material with high molecular resin (polymer) as the main component and various auxiliary materials or agents, which has plasticity and fluidity under specific temperature and pressure, can be molded into a certain shape and keep the shape unchanged under certain conditions.

3.

Polymer: refers to pure substances or polymeric substances produced during polymerization. Natural resin and resin belong to polymer, referred to as polymer.

4. Plastic has good insulation performance against electricity, heat and sound: excellent electrical insulation, arc resistance, heat preservation, sound insulation, sound absorption, shock absorption and noise reduction.

Most plastic raw materials are extracted from some oil, and some of the most familiar PC materials are extracted from oil.

PC material has the smell of gasoline when burning; ABS is extracted from coal,

ABS will burn out like soot; POM is extracted from natural gas,

When POM is burned, it will smell of gas.

Coloring of plastics Color matching of plastics is the key to plastic coloring. Only by matching colors can we produce products with appropriate colors.

In the process of color matching, we should first understand the application requirements of the product and choose the appropriate colorant according to the coloring characteristics of plastic materials.

When selecting colors, technicians should strictly check the colors, tinting strength, dispersibility, performance, balance stability, compatibility and cost of available pigments, and then select the pigments to be used and preliminarily determine the dosage.

The effect of color selection and collocation depends not only on the professional technical knowledge of technicians, but also on their sound and visual functions.

At the same time, we must rely on high-tech color matching instruments and equipment.

This paper discusses the procedure and method of plastic color matching.

1.

Color matching program color matching is one of the important links of coloring. The first choice of color matching is to carry out preliminary design and then make preliminary adjustment to make it suitable for mass production and ensure the uniformity of plastic products.

1. 1

Preliminary design (1)

According to the requirements of the overall design of plastic products, find a sample similar to the standard color sample as a reference.

Whether the reference object is selected properly is directly related to the coloring effect.

In order to find a better coloring reference, we should usually accumulate more colored plastic swatches or plastic pigments for reference, and at the same time, we should sort out our own experience and lessons in color selection into corresponding coloring for reference.

(2) In the absence of reference objects, carefully observe and analyze the luster, hue and brightness of plastic products (samples), determine the color attributes, and determine whether the color used is transparent or opaque, and whether it contains other special pigments (such as fluorescent pigments and metal pigments). ), and then according to the munsell color system.

(3) Repeatedly compare the differences with standard color samples and reference objects in hue, brightness, shade, etc. On this basis, the colorant of the reference was modified and a preliminary scheme was drawn up.

Or design the required color according to Munsell color system calibration principle, and draft the preliminary.

1.2

adjust

According to the proposed preliminary physical coloring test, the prepared coloring samples are compared with standard color samples and reference materials to further adjust the color.

Then compare them according to the adjusted heavy samples, and then readjust them, and so on for many times until the tone of the samples is the same as that of the standard color samples or reaches the satisfaction level closest to the standard color samples.

Finally, determine the coloring for production.

However, in actual production, the selected color is usually different from the color of plastic products, and the reason for these differences is largely the color weighing error.

So how to make the color matching accurate? How to keep the color matching consistent in continuous production? The accuracy of color matching is based on the selection of accurate pigments (dyes). The selection of pigment (dye) is based on the understanding of product effect and the observation of samples. The understanding and observation of samples depends on the experience and skills of color matching personnel.

At present, many units use instruments to match colors, but some units still use manual visual methods to match colors.

Although the manual visual color matching method is simple, it requires rich experience of visual personnel.

When two objects are viewed under the same light source (such as sunlight), their colors may be different.

Similarly, for an observer, the colors of two objects may be exactly the same; For another observer, it may be different.

We call these two objects allotropes or allotropes, and some of them are allotropes or allotropes.

If two objects are required to look the same under any light source, it means that the spectral reflection curves of these two objects must be the same.

This color matching is called unconditional color matching or unchangeable color matching.

Constant color matching requires the use of the same colorant in the color matching sample.

It is impossible to adjust the color of plastic to the same degree of color matching.

There are many reasons for this, for example, the dispersion degree of the same pigment in different plastics is different; In a kind of plastic, sometimes it is necessary to decolor or color-adjust to remove other colors in the original plastic; In another plastic, this adjustment may not be necessary.

Knowing these situations, we know fairly well in the actual color matching process and don't pursue unchangeable color matching.

Since all the colors we match are variable, which condition should be taken as the standard? This requires specific analysis of specific issues. The principle is to observe the color matching by simulating the final use environment of the product as much as possible.

If the product is finally used outdoors, you should also choose the color under natural light when matching colors.

2.

Color matching method 2. 1 visual color matching An experienced color matching person must have a clear concept of the colorant he needs before color matching.

To master the general rules of mixed coloring of colorants, we should also have a clear understanding of the properties of colorants used, such as hue, shade, fluidity, heat resistance, weather resistance and chemical stability. , accumulate representative plastic coloring samples and color matching.

Before finding a suitable colorant, a lot of experiments must be carried out, and the same color must be mixed repeatedly until the desired color is obtained.

Obviously, visual color matching is a trial and error method, which is not very scientific.

Because this method is simple and practical, it is still widely used.

But this method is time-consuming and requires rich experience, otherwise it is difficult to do.

2.2 Instrument color matching Instrument color matching is based on visual color matching.

This method uses measuring instruments such as spectrophotometer to replace the functions of human eyes and brain.

The trial and error process of color ratio is carried out by computer simulation, and there is no actual mixing of plastics.

Workers only need to measure reflectivity, that is, its standard value, and choose pigments for color matching.

By adjusting the concentration of color pigment, the measuring system is consistent with the standard conversion value.

If the pigment selected by the personnel is reasonable, the system will output one in the form of mass fraction, and then convert the percentage into mass ratio.

If we know (qualitatively) which colorant is used in the sample, the computer can easily calculate the actual amount of various pigments (dyes) in the sample.

However, the colorants used in the samples are usually unknown. In this case, the chromaticity coordinates of the sample can be used to match the colors.

There are many analytical and empirical relationships for selecting suitable colorants and determining the concentration of each colorant.

The establishment of these relationships requires a lot of calculation.

Using a computer can shorten the whole color matching process to ten minutes.

A color can be composed of several different pigments.

These are different in performance, characteristics and composition.

Color matching instruments and computers can be used to obtain a variety of colors for color matching workers to choose from, and it is more economical to use a small amount of expensive organic pigments or a large amount of cheap inorganic pigments, so that people can have a wider choice.

In addition, the instrument color matching and visual color matching of fluorescent substances are very difficult, because fluorescence is a new variable, and different results may appear when comparing two samples under different light sources.

Not only the light source will affect the observation of the sample, but also the angle between the incident light and the observation position will affect the observation of the sample.

3.

Problems needing attention in the process of color matching

When mixing colors, we should first pay attention to the color light of the colorant. In addition to its true color, each colorant also has its own color light, that is, a pigment that is relatively less important than the determined standard color, called color light.

Such as phthalocyanine green with yellow light, medium chrome yellow with red light, etc.

If the middle chrome yellow is matched with phthalocyanine green, it is necessary to avoid the matching of red, yellow and blue, which makes the matching color dark.

Therefore, in order to get bright colors, attention should be paid to the interference of conflicting colors when combining two colorants.

In the actual preparation of pure red, Lisuo red and light-fast red can be used to match their yellow, blue (purple) and other colors, and white colorants can also be added to improve their brightness.

Classification according to thermal properties and properties: thermoplastics that soften when heated and can be molded repeatedly by heating, such as PVC plastics and polypropylene plastics, and thermosetting plastics that cannot be molded by heating and melting after curing, such as

Phenolic plastics and urea-formaldehyde plastics are divided into general-purpose plastics according to their uses: large output, such as

Engineering plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride.

Environmental Protection of Polycarbonate, Polysulfone, Polyphenylene Ether, Polyamide and Polyoxymethylene Special plastics such as plastics, conductive plastics and high-temperature resistant plastics have been widely used since they came out, but they have also caused serious environmental problems.

Plastic waste is difficult to decompose naturally, which leads to the increase of solid waste; If it flows into the ocean, it will also lead to ingestion, suffocation and poisoning of marine life, affecting marine ecology; Burning plastic waste will also cause air pollution, and some plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate, may release harmful substances or.

Endocrine interferon is harmful to the reproductive function of organisms.

Therefore, reducing the use of plastics has become an important task of environmental protection.

Recycling is classified as convenient plastic recycling, and The American Plastics Industry Association (The

society

about

this

plastic

Industry,

Company,

USA) put forward a label system that uses plastic types to classify: "resin".

identify

Code, often translated as "plastic material compilation" or "plastic compilation").

The recyclable plastic container will be labeled with a triangle surrounded by three arrows, and the label will indicate the type of plastic.

According to Chinese national standard (GB 18455-200 1),

Volume/volume exceeds 100 ml.

Plastic packaging products or plastic containers must be visually marked with plastic recycling labels: signs.

abbreviate

name

Objective pet

Polyethylene terephthalate, also known as polyester.

Common in Potter bottles.

High density polyethylene (same as high-densitypolyethylene)

High density polyethylene is commonly found in emulsion containers, milk bottles and plastic bags in supermarkets.

polyvinyl chloride

polyvinyl chloride

Common in

Piping, outdoor furniture, raincoat.

Low density polyethylene (short for low-density polyethylene)

Low density polyethylene is common in

Toothpaste or wash your face with a hose.

Parcel Post

polypropylene

Common in

Bottle cap, straw, microwave food box.

Postscript (same as postscript); Police officer (police sergeant)

Polystyrene is divided into unfoamed and foamed.

Unfoamed styrofoam is common in some beverage containers (such as Yakult); Foamed foam rubber, commonly known as foam rubber, is often used to package rubber particles, disposable insulating plastic cups, frozen meat containers, lunch boxes and so on.

other

Other recyclable

Plastic products include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyacid (PLA), nylon and nylon.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), biaxially oriented polylactic acid film (BOPLA), etc.

Unfortunately, the recycling of plastics is not easy, and the implementation effect is not satisfactory.

Compared with metal recycling, the biggest problem of plastic recycling is that it is difficult to sort automatically by machine, and the process involves a lot of manpower.

In addition to containers usually made of a single plastic, many

Plastic products are assembled from many different materials, and the disassembly cost may be higher than that of recycled plastics.

In addition, some plastics recycling has no economic value, such as expanded polystyrene.

This kind of plastic waste is usually buried or burned.

At present, the proportion of recycled plastics in the United States is very low, only 5%.

Degradable starch plastic dining knife and fork is degradable plastic.

And a spoon.

Main products: degradable plastics degradable plastics can be decomposed in the sun.

Starch has also been added to plastics to make it more biodegradable, but the decomposition is still incomplete.

Some people use transgenic bacteria to produce completely biodegradable plastics, but the cost is still high.

BASF Germany has developed a biodegradable plastic called Ecoflex, which is used for

Food packaging.

Due to the cost problem, the above degradable plastics are rarely used.

However, this kind of plastic must be exposed to the air to decompose, so if it is buried, it will still lead to the problem of solid waste.

Plastic manufacturers often vaguely refer to the product as resin on the packaging, even though it is obviously sperm/artificial resin/resin.

Ordinary people are easily misled into thinking that it is natural resin and use it with peace of mind.

Many manufacturers have not clearly listed all kinds of harmful chemicals added in their products.

Due to the mass production of plastics, low price and many color choices, everyone also uses plastic products in large quantities, so that it is often inappropriate to use plastics without knowing the actual characteristics of some plastics.

For example, some plastics can't be heated or used to store acidic drinks and food, and some plastics can't be exposed to the sun, otherwise the ingredients will be released unsteadily.

Because there is no immediate danger, various harmful substances in plastic products have entered and polluted the human body from different ways, that is, diet.

plastic

polyethylene

polyvinyl chloride

polystyrene

polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

polypropylene

polyacrylic acid

polybutylene

polyisobutylene

polysulfone

polyformaldehyde

polyamide

polycarbonate

Polyacid

polytetrafluoroethylene

polyethylene glycol terephthalate

epoxy

phenolic resin

polyurethane rubber

Sisden

butadiene-styrene rubber

rubber

Neoprene fiber polypropylene fiber

polyester

nylon

polyacrylic acid fiber

spandex fiber

vinylon

nylon

dacron

Energy-saving transformation of other Kevlan data converters used in plastic industry. Characteristics of inverter special for plastic industry: ■ Low frequency torque output 180%.

Good low-frequency operation characteristics ■ The maximum output frequency is 600Hz, which can control the high-speed motor ■ Omni-directional detection and protection functions (overvoltage, undervoltage and overload) ■ Protection functions such as instantaneous power failure and restart ■ Acceleration, deceleration and stall prevention during rotation ■ Automatic identification function of motor dynamic parameters to ensure the stability and accuracy of the system ■ Fast response during high-speed shutdown ■ Rich and flexible input and output interfaces and control methods. Strong versatility ■ SMT full mounting production and three-proof paint treatment process are adopted, and the product stability is high ■ The whole series adopts the latest Siemens IGBT power devices, ensuring high-quality plastic parts design, which must meet the requirements from the part end design and plastic parts obtained through injection molding process.

In order to meet the requirements of product function, quality and appearance, the design of plastic parts must make the injection mold simple and low cost, and at the same time, the injection time of parts is short, the efficiency is high, the defects of parts are few and the quality is high, which is designed for injection molding.

This section will introduce the design guidelines of plastic parts in detail, so that the design of plastic parts is injection-oriented.

Because injection molding involves injection mold, the design of injection molding is more important.

It takes time and energy to modify the injection mold. In the cost of plastic parts, the cost of injection mold accounts for a large proportion, and the cost of a set of mold ranges from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands.

After the injection mold is completed, if the part design is modified, the injection mold needs to be modified accordingly, which will inevitably lead to the increase of mold cost.

Sometimes because of the mold structure, the injection mold can't be modified, and only a new mold can be designed, and the cost and time loss can't be measured.

For the design of plastic parts, please refer to the book Product Design Guide for Orientation and Assembly published by Machinery Industry Press.

There are nine common solutions for injecting plastic oil: First, white wine.

Second, white electricity oil.

Third, 202 potions.

Fourth, 207 potion.

Five, white water.

It takes 6303 days to get water.

It takes seven or 333 days to get water.

Eight, Ge Luofang.

Nine, cyclohexanone.

Unpacking analysis: 1, white fire wine.

Used for cleaning stains on the surface of plastic parts, disinfection, and preventing contact with metals when using.

2. White electric oil.

Used to clean stains and oil stains on rubber parts and metal surfaces, which will dehydrate a rubber part (chemically react with HI). ABS)。

3202 potion.

Dissolve HI glue, used for bonding hi glue and diluting universal glue.

4207 potion.

Dissolving ABS glue is used to bond ABS glue (it has no chemical effect on PP). HDPE) 5。 Dissolve white water.

Remove oil and stains, but it has destructive effect on most plastic structures and produces cracks (no chemical effect on PP).

Used to dilute hard rubber oil.

It takes 7333 days to get water.

Used for diluting soft rubber oil (PVC water) and dissolving PVC materials.

8. Ge Luofang.

Dissolved secondary booster, with strong volatility and anesthetic effect.

9. cyclohexanone.

High boiling point solution, strong solubility, slow drying and moisture-proof effect.