Folk art in northern Shaanxi folk customs

Yangko is a traditional folk entertainment art activity with national and regional characteristics. It originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and belongs to a sacrificial activity in the north, also known as "Yangko". Yangko is the product of the blending of North and South cultures and developed on the basis of folk songs and dances. After thousands of years of continuous creation and processing by the people of northern Shaanxi, the northern Shaanxi Yangko has undergone great changes in content and form, with a certain local color, forming a special artistic variety on the yellow land, which is a precious wealth of the people of northern Shaanxi and a beautiful and dazzling flower in the treasure house of Chinese culture and art.

According to the old custom in northern Shaanxi, yangko usually ends after the fifteenth day of the first month, but now some rural areas are getting louder and louder, and it always ends after the twentieth or thirtieth day of the first month. Things at this time used to be "corrected first" (running errands once a year, one or two people at a time, responsible for public affairs in the village), but now they are kept by special personnel, commonly known as "pressing things". Since then, except in special circumstances, no one can find and knock at the door at will, so the annual booming New Year Yangko has come to an end. Folk songs in northern Shaanxi have a long history, far-reaching influence, wide content and various forms, and most of them are produced in the daily life and customs activities of the broad masses of the people. Their language is simple, the rhythm is free, the enthusiasm is heroic, melodious and beautiful, and the melody is simple and vivid. They are the poetry creation of the broad masses of people in their long-term life practice and psychological activities. Generally speaking, it is oral creation, circulation, and continuous processing and sorting in the process of circulation.

Folk songs in northern Shaanxi are the most representative of northern Shaanxi culture. They are influenced by humanities, history, geography, environment and other conditions, reflecting the artistic expression of people's spiritual activities and ideological outlook in various periods in northern Shaanxi. They are records of long-term accumulation of national culture in this specific region of the Loess Plateau, and they are an indispensable part of the national cultural life in northern Shaanxi, with strong appeal and high artistic value. With their unique purport, style and charm, they go straight into the depths of the ancient culture of the whole Chinese nation. Let us savor the bitter, sweet and mellow beauty given by life, arouse the ancient precipitation in people's souls and have eternal feelings.

There are many kinds of folk songs and tunes in northern Shaanxi. In form, there are beautiful and lyrical folk songs, profound and broad day trips, rhythmic labor songs, smooth minor, folk songs, yangko, wine songs, Yulin minor, duet and revolutionary songs. From the content point of view, there are complaints, love and praise, which are folk songs born and raised in the folk, witnesses of life and echoes of history. Folk songs in different periods are an important part of culture in different periods, so people in northern Shaanxi are also called "Song of Loess".

The ocean of folk songs in northern Shaanxi. This song, a melodious and beautiful folk song in northern Shaanxi, has a long history like the rushing Yellow River. It not only lingers in this magical pastoral area of northern Shaanxi for a long time, but also resounds throughout China and even the whole world. Daoqing in northern Shaanxi is an ancient local folk drama. It takes Qingjian Taoist sentiment as the main body, combines the essence of some trilateral Taoist sentiments and Shenfu Taoist sentiments, permeates some grassland cultural nights, has strong local characteristics, and is a treasure in the loess cultural treasure house. It is widely circulated in northern Shaanxi, especially loved by farmers, and has an indissoluble bond with it. You can sing at any time at ordinary times, and it is everywhere during the Spring Festival.

Taoist feelings in northern Shaanxi have undergone historical evolution and development, and influenced by local folk songs, and have been continuously refined by artists, forming Taoist feelings in the form of folk chorus and being put on the stage.

Taoist music in northern Shaanxi is beautiful, fast-paced, vigorous, euphemistic and delicate, with obvious local characteristics, which truly embodies the essence of loess culture. In particular, the Taoist feelings in Qingjian are well-known throughout the country, so Qingjian is called the "nest" of Taoist feelings. Men, women and children in this "nest" have several brushes (skills). Many critics commented that "Qingjian Taoism is full of joy, men, women and children will roar, keep singing, enjoy themselves and be carefree." Dachangzi, also known as "Yangko", was called Zhuan Dao in ancient times. Large scale, many people. It is a collective song and dance performance on occasions such as crossing the road and the big square, and it is also one of the most spectacular, lively, rich and attractive scenes in the Yangko performance.

Yangko should emphasize the word "beauty" no matter whether it is old or new, so he is skilled and dances beautifully; Play a "live" word, with smooth movements and flexible body; Emphasize a word "fast", full of energy and happy mood; To achieve a "qi" word, the pace is consistent, and the action is neat. This will make the whole scene lively, cheerful and lively, giving people a good impression. Small field is developed on the basis of yangko, which is the essence of yangko. It has certain locality and independence, and is more exquisite in skills. Emotionally fuller, it occupies an extremely important low position in folk dance art, and it is one of the folk songs and dances that the broad masses of people like to see and hear.

There are two kinds of small venues: one is "kicking the venue", also called "digging the venue", and the other is "lighting the furniture". The performance time is usually in a "sun circle" formed by the actors after twisting the waist in the big venue (yangko) at night. Then they will perform with the accompaniment of gongs and drums and suona. The whole scene is a combination of civil and military, singing and dancing. This move is very popular with people.

Small venues also sing yangko, kicking a venue is called venue yangko, and playing furniture is called gift yangko. How many people sing together, and sometimes the actors in the outfield help sing? The old and new times are different.

The waist drum and drum frame are made of wood, oblong, with small waist at both ends and double skin. It is a percussion instrument, which is used for folk waist encouragement.

Waist drum can be divided into Wen and Wu, whose movements are relaxed and lively, pleasing to the ear and unique, with a small range; During the performance of Wushu waist drum, the action is fierce, the carnival is explosive and the range is large.

Mention waist drum, people will naturally think of Ansai. Ansai county is known as the "hometown of waist and drum", forming the famous "Yan 'an Three Drums" in Luochuan and Yichuan.

Ansai waist drum has not only played in every corner of northern Shaanxi, but also visited and performed abroad in provincial capital and Kyoto for many times. It was widely welcomed and praised by people at home and abroad, and shocked the whole world in Rong Sheng.

Drumming drums, whining suona sound. It seems that each of us has heard the majestic, earth-shattering, inspiring waist drum sound, which reverberates in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi and the ends of the earth from generation to generation. Playing drums is also one of the inspirations circulating among the people in northern Shaanxi. It has a long history and originated from the worship and sacrifice of ancestors and gods by ancient ancestors. With the changes of the times and the development of society, it is inextricably linked with local folk customs. Its original function is gradually weakened, and its popularity, entertainment and participation are more obvious, and it has finally become one of people's favorite entertainment activities.

Drums and drums are mainly spread in Luochuan, Yan 'an. The drum frame is also made of wood and its surface is dyed with red paint. The drum surface is covered with cowhide, donkey skin and pig skin. , about 2 feet in diameter and about 1 foot in height.

Luochuan is the "hometown of dancing drums" of China folk art. Luochuan has achieved great success in China and the world. He has received foreign guests from France, West Germany and Australia and compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao, and also participated in performances of major celebrations such as the World Tourism Festival, national and provincial art festivals, the opening ceremony of the Asian Games and the celebration of the 55th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), which has been widely welcomed by people at home and abroad. Chest drum, also known as "flower drum", originated in the southwest of the mountain and spread to Yichuan after the Song Dynasty. In the process of performance, it has been further innovated and developed. At present, it is widely spread in Yichuan, with drummers all over the county and a huge team, which is not small in the country.

Yichuan chest drum won many awards, which was highly praised by the party and state leaders and praised by the audience. Running donkeys is also called "driving donkeys" in folklore. Because the donkey is closely related to farmers' life, people naturally introduce it into the cultural life of the masses and pass it on from generation to generation.

The running donkey not only "ran" to the Loess Plateau, but also "ran" to the provincial capital Xi and the capital Beijing, and "ran" abroad, which was widely welcomed by people. Playing dragon dance, also known as "playing dragon lantern", has a long history. According to the introduction in "An Overview of Northern Shaanxi Culture", it originated in the period of the emperor. It is said that in the large-scale song and dance of "Love Corner" at that time, the custom of people playing with dragons appeared. After a long-term development and evolution, folk dances that people like today finally formed.

Generally, in the first month of the Spring Festival and large-scale celebrations, performances will be performed in the streets or squares. Dragon dance began with a man with certain martial arts holding a red ball to command the "dragon", making it soar in the air for a while, hover happily for a while, and burst into the line for a while with the accompaniment of gongs and drums. It is flexible and resourceful, like waves and surges. The whole scene was magnificent and lively, and was praised as "playing the lion" and was deeply loved.

The custom of beating lions originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties during the Three Kingdoms Period and has a history of over 1000 years. Because the lion image is majestic and martial, it gives people a sense of majesty and bravery, and is called "the respect of all animals". The ancients thought it could exorcise evil spirits and kill demons, so people held some programs to celebrate with painted lions. In the process of evolution, today's lion fighting has gradually formed. Suona, also called "trumpet" in folk customs, is a national musical instrument, which consists of a pole, a bowl, a grate and a whistle. The pole is made of cypress or pine soaked in oil for a long time. It is about 65,438+0.2 square feet long and has eight eyes on it. The bowl is made of brass, 0.6 square feet long, the grate is 0.2 square feet, and the whistle is made of tender rods.

After years of evolution and development, the suona in northern Shaanxi has become an unbreakable traditional custom in northern Shaanxi, occupying a very important and low position in people's lives. It is reflected in all aspects of people's lives and forms a unique local culture. Cheerful and cheerful suona sound left a long-lasting yearning on the Loess Plateau. ...

Playing suona, also known as "trumpeter" or "blow hand", is a common folk art form in people's life in northern Shaanxi. Whether in town or country, we need to hire one or two classes of blowworkers to play in weddings, opening ceremonies, moving to new houses, yangko dancing, closing Longkou, full moon, anniversary celebration, temple fairs and various celebrations.

The suona in northern Shaanxi not only blows red the ravines and villages in northern Shaanxi, but also blows out the provincial boundaries and the country. Suona in northern Shaanxi is famous in western Europe and shocked China and foreign countries. It has also dubbed more than a dozen movies and TV series. Thus, suona, an ancient folk flower handed down from generation to generation, is particularly delicate and charming on the Loess Plateau, with a long history, and will surely spread all over the country and the ends of the earth.

It's true: the waves behind the Yellow River push the waves before, and the suona in northern Shaanxi is vigorous and stronger from generation to generation, which blows the motherland red and breaks the world. Northern Shaanxi storytelling is a folk art form handed down from ancient times, and its history is organic. Legend has it that in the era of the Three Emperors, blind people were left to tell stories. Now people call Huang San the originator of storytellers.

Storytelling is a form of Quyi, and storytellers are also called "calligraphers" among the people.

Folk storytelling generally includes happy books and restored books. The Gospel means that people should prosper in the long years, get rich in the four seasons, take refuge from disasters, and be lucky. Restoring a book is an unfortunate thing you have encountered in your life, but there has not been a catastrophic disaster. It means the result of God's blessing, so you can make one or two books for a certain god (one is about 40,000 to 50,000 stars, and three incense burners are 10,000 stars) in return.

Northern Shaanxi storytelling has strong local characteristics and high artistic value, and it is also a cultural activity that the broad masses of people like very much. Chairman Mao also likes storytelling in northern Shaanxi, and he heard the storytelling of the famous storyteller Han Qixiang in Yan 'an. At the same time, it has profound educational and enlightening significance. There are "telling stories and singing plays to persuade people!" Said, fully proved this point.

With the continuous development of socialist spiritual civilization, the relevant state departments have organized publicity in rural areas in turn by rectifying and training calligraphers, and many areas have also organized special Quyi troupes to perform in rural areas, cities and even abroad. Indeed, calligraphers and artists have made due contributions to publicizing the Party's principles and policies and enlivening urban and rural cultural life. Those superstitious activities were gradually broken. Paper-cutting is one of the folk decoration techniques in China, and it is also a folk art widely spread in China. During the Han and Tang dynasties, folk women cut gold foil and silver foil into Fang Sheng, and flowers and birds were attached to temples as jewelry. Later, it gradually developed into various flowers, animals or story figures cut out of paper in festivals, which were pasted on windows or lintels as decorations, and some were used as gifts or embroidery patterns.

Paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi has a unique traditional flavor and is a portrayal of real life. After the founding of New China, many artists in northern Shaanxi collected, sorted out, studied and introduced folk paper-cuts, which further developed them. Paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi is famous all over the country, and many works have won awards at home and abroad. Ansai paper-cut and integrated large-scale picture books are very popular with foreign guests. 1993, the county was named as the "hometown of paper cutting" of China folk art by the Ministry of Culture.