Zuo zhuan

Zuo Zhuan

Ancient chronological historical works. One of the Confucian classics, the early Western Han Dynasty was called Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals (Preface to the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records), or the Ancient Writings in the Spring and Autumn Period (Historical Records and Wu Shijia). At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, what Liu Xin saw was called "The Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period", which is the abbreviation of the Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period. Liu Xin thought that Zuo Zhuan was a biography of the Spring and Autumn Annals, so he took the biography to explain the classics and make them explain each other. In the Han Dynasty, Chunqiu and Zuozhuan were originally separate lines. On the basis of the explanations of predecessors such as Liu Xin and Jia Kui, Du Yu of Jin Dynasty combined Chunqiu and Zuozhuan into one book by year, and made a systematic explanation, which is Chunqiu Jingzhuan Jijie.

Zuo Zhuan, a book written by people in the Six Dynasties, is the author of Zuo Zhuan. The Preface to the Chronology of Twelve Governors in Historical Records says that it is Zuo Qiuming. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuang first suspected that Zuo Shi was not Zuo Qiuming, and in the Qing Dynasty, Yao Nai further put forward: "The book of Zuo Shi was not written by one person." He also suggested that the author of Zuo Zhuan may be Wu Qi. Others advocate doing it for Liu Xin, but these doubts are not fully based.

Zuo Qiuming was first recorded in The Analects of Gongye Chang. Kong Yingda in Tang Dynasty believed that the surname left was Qiu Ming (A Brief Introduction to Zuo's Biography in the Spring and Autumn Period). In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Zun considered Zuo Qiu as a compound surname (Textual Research on Jingyi). In the Qing Dynasty, Yu Zhengxie also thought that Qiu Mingming was the surname, and Zuo was the official of Zuo Shi ("On Zuo Qiuming's Descendants' Surnames"). As for his birth and death, the history is unknown. "Confucius' Family Notes on the Zhou Dynasty" said: "Confucius will compile the Spring and Autumn Annals, take a ride with Zuo Qiuming, such as Zhou, read books on the history of Zhou Dynasty, and return to compile the classics of the Spring and Autumn Annals, which Qiu Ming will pass on, and * * * will be the exterior and interior." Unknown basis. However, according to the facts recorded in Zuo Zhuan, most theorists believe that the author lived later than Confucius. The writing age of Liu Shugang's engraved version of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period

Zuo Zhuan has not been decided yet. In the Qing Dynasty, Cui Shu, based on the analysis of the style of the book and the complexity of the notes, advocated that "the distance is fixed, the mourning is not far away, and we should not think of the descendants of the Warring States" (Yu Lu, a textual research on Zhu Si). Japanese scholar Naoko Naoki said according to the article "Zuo's family doesn't have to believe everything" in Volume 4 of Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu": "Zuo's family predicted that everything had been tested before Qin Xiaogong, and there was no sign after filial piety, so the Zuo's era can be inferred." Therefore, Yang Bojun's Preface to Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period speculated that the book was written after Wei Si was Hou in 43 BC and before the thirteenth year of King Zhou An (389 BC). Therefore, some people claim that Zuo Qiuming, who wrote Zuo Zhuan, and Zuo Qiuming, whom Confucius had seen, are two people.

The chronicle of Zuo Zhuan is basically in the order of Twelve Duke Lu recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals, but before the year of Lu Yin, there was an explanation that Duke Hui gave birth to Lu Yingong and Duke Yin acceded to the throne. Twenty-seven years later, Lu Aigong appended the story of Lu Daogong's murder in the state of Jin from four to fourteen years ago. The contents of the book include recruitment, alliance, conquest, hunting, city building, weddings and funerals, usurpation, ethnic extinction, and death. In the broad social background, he recorded the activities of princes and great doctors, and put his brush strokes into the classes of merchants, diviners, assassins, musicians, concubines, baigong, and soaps. Through the description of the rise and fall of Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, the king of Wu, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, the complicated competition among the vassal States at that time was reflected. The description of the contradiction between Lu Ji, Sun Shi, Qi Tian Chengzi, Jin Guo, Han, Zhao and Wei Zhuqing and the reform of Zheng Zichan profoundly reveals the changes and trends within the society.

Zuo's narration is outspoken and has a distinct tendency. He often takes "courtesy" and "indecent assault" as the judgment of characters, showing conservative ethical concepts, but on the whole, the concepts of right and wrong, love and hate and historical views are still relatively progressive. For example, the book not only affirms the historical achievements of the overlord, but also does not shy away from the love and comfort of Qi Huangong and Zhong Er. Another example is the narration of "Jin Linggong is not a monarch" (the second year of the announcement), Chen Linggong's "worshiping his clothes and playing in the DPRK" (the ninth year of the announcement), Qi Zhuanggong's "singing and singing" (the twenty-fifth year of the announcement) and "Qi Sheng and Wu Zangtong" (the twenty-eighth year of the announcement), etc., through the detailed description with characteristics, the tyranny and dissoluteness of the rulers are described. Yan Ying, a loyal and witty man, an outspoken uncle, a shrewd and far-sighted son, etc., are recognized and praised as people who are related to the safety of the country. The book also runs through the people-oriented thought that adapts to the historical trend at that time, and regards the people as "the Lord of God". This view was put forward many times with Liang Ji (Huan for six years) and Sima Ziyu (Xi for nineteen years). Jin Shi Kuang's theory of defending people out of the king (in the fourteenth year of Xiang), but Ming Ming's answer was that he was in power (in the twenty-fifth year of Xiang), Han Xianzi's theory of Luan Wuzi reporting to Chu (in the fifteenth year), Qi Yan Ying and Jin Shu's theory of Qi Jin Ji Shi (in the third year of Zhao), Shen Yinxu's theory of comforting the people (in the nineteenth year of Zhao), and Chen Huaigong (in the first year of mourning) all emphasized ". This shows the author's progressive ideological tendency.

predecessors commented that Zuo Shi was gorgeous and rich (Fan Ning's Preface to Liang Chuan), and that Chunqiu was cautious and Zuoshi was grandiose (Han Yu's Interpretation of Learning), which just showed that Zuozhuan was much more literary than Chunqiu. It is a great progress in historical prose that the Spring and Autumn Annals only recorded memorabilia, and the dramatic storyline and vivid characters appeared in Zuo Zhuan. For example, the author recorded "Zheng Boke Duan Yu Yan" in the hidden AD, and described it in an organized and hierarchical way according to the beginning, development, climax and ending of the event, which showed Zheng Bo's cunning and viciousness, uncle Duan's ambition and Wu Jiang's eccentricity, and summarized the history of decades of struggle within the ruling group of Zheng State. In the eighth year of Zhuang Gong, Qi Lian said that he was in charge of the rebellion against his father, in the second year of Xuangong, Zhao Dun remonstrated with Jin Linggong, and in the sixteenth year of mourning for the public, the difficulties of Chu Baigong were all vividly written. From this, we can not only see the historical process, but also see the behavior of the characters appearing on the historical stage. Combining the authenticity of history, the distinctiveness of tendency and the vividness of expression, and showing the historical picture through specific character activities, the fine tradition of China's historical writing was founded, which laid a good foundation for the development of historical biography literature in later generations.

Narrating the war is the strong point of Zuo Zhuan. He has written more than 4 military operations, among which five major battles, namely, the battle of Chengpu in Jin Chu (in the 28th year), the battle of Qin Jin (in the 32nd and 33rd years), the battle of Jin Chu (in the 12th year of Xuanzang), the battle of Qi and Jin (in the 2nd year of Chenggong) and the battle of Yanling in Jin Chu (in the 16th year of Chenggong), are the most outstanding. The author can put every battle under the background of great powers' hegemony, and write about the battlefield confrontation with a few strokes, while detailing the causes, pre-war planning and post-war influence of the war, organically linking the victory or defeat of the war with the political situation of the participating countries, the opposition of the people's hearts, the character of the generals and other factors, and writing out some historical inevitability.

Zuo Zhuan's narration of the war is especially skillful. Short stories, such as the battle of Qi and Lu with a long spoon (the tenth year of Zhuang Gong), first briefly narrate Lu's victory, and then narrate Cao Gui's theory of his victory in detail, from the outside to the inside, with appropriate details. The novella, such as the battle of Qin Jin, wrote that Uncle Jian cried and sent the teacher away, which was prescient. Mu Gong cried and greeted the teacher, but he could correct his mistakes, and one song echoed from a distance. Such as the Battle of Chengpu, Jin Chu, marked "Taking the Power to Determine the Overlord" as the key link, the text followed the fighter plane, sometimes tight and sometimes slow, and several times opened and closed, which made the situation ups and downs, and finally ended with Zhou Wang's book ordering Jin Wen to determine the hegemony. These are vivid examples. In the fierce and tense atmosphere of war, the author often inserts vivid and interesting details, such as staying away from home, offering a deer, getting off the bus, and holding a teacher, which seems to be easy to travel. Therefore, Fang Bao, an ancient prose writer of Tongcheng School, said: "A man can write a story, but an adult is like Zuo Zhuan."

Coping rhetoric is also a literary part of Zuo Zhuan. At that time, there were frequent contacts between vassal States, and whether the envoys were good at rhetoric was not only related to personal honor or disgrace, but also to national security. In the book, such as "Yin Yi's nephews answer Qin Bo's questions" (Xi Gong's 15th year), "Zhan Xi's Qi Shi" (Xi Gong's 26th year), "The War of Candle Defeated Qin Shi" (Xi Gong's 3th year), "Wang Sun Man's Comments on the Ding's Weight" (Xuan Gong's 3rd year) and ".

Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong in the Tang Dynasty said that Zuo Zhuan was "brief and informative" (Shi Tong Liu Jia). In the Qing Dynasty, Liu Xizai thought: "Historians of a hundred generations, the class is not out of this law." (The Outline of Art and Literature) It can be seen that its language essence has become a model of all previous dynasties. In addition, the author's brushwork is flexible and changeable. For example, in "The Battle of Qin Jin's Win", he wrote that Wen Win asked Qin prisoners to be released, and Xian Zhen was angry and "ignored and spit"; For example, in the "Twelfth Year of Xuangong", Chu Zi wrote that "the men of the three armed forces are all like shackles"; For example, "The Battle of Jin Chu □" wrote that Jin teachers competed for a boat, and "the finger in the boat can be used"; Another example is that the Chu soldiers rescued the Jin soldiers from escaping, pulling out the shackles, throwing the scales and running fast, while the Jin soldiers ridiculed and said, "I am not as good as the number of big countries." These descriptions, whether delicate, exaggerated or humorous, add a lot of color to the article.

Zuo Zhuan has an important influence on later history and literature. Sima Qian of Han Dynasty developed the tradition of Zuo Zhuan, and wrote the great work Historical Records, which was written by Yi Shi and Yi Wen. In the Song Dynasty, Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian was not only connected with it in content, but also used it as a method in genre and technique. Song people are familiar with Zuo's Biography, Taishi Gongshu, Korean and Du Fu's poems. Although they are supported by pillows, they are no different from the volume (Lu You's Preface to Yang Mengxi's Poems).

The earliest existing annotated version of Zuo Zhuan is Jin Duyu's Collection of Chunqiu Jing Zhuan, and Beijing Library has two engraved versions of Song Dynasty. In Qing Dynasty, there were Gu Yanwu's Zuo Zhuan Du Zhu Supplement, Hui Dong's Zuo Zhuan Supplement, Hong Liangji's Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Shu, Liu Wenqi's Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Jiu Zhu Shu Zheng, and Yang Bojun's Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Zhu.

qi huangyang/view/116988.htm.