Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional stories - What are modern and ancient means of transportation?
What are modern and ancient means of transportation?
Modern: automobiles, trains, ships, airplanes, airships
Modern: automobiles, trains, ships, airplanes, space shuttles, bicycles, motorcycles,
" Land travel by car, water travel by ship, mud travel by sled, and mountain travel by cycloid ", is a summary of the performance of several major modes of transportation in ancient times. Transportation, in general, can be divided into two major categories of animal and human power, animal transportation mule carts, ox carts, donkey carts, sheep carts, large vehicles, donkeys, camels, horses and so on. Manpower transportation are boats, rickshaws, tricycles, sedan chair and white bridge, shoulder, tandem, ice bed and so on.
The ancient means of transportation are:
1, mule car, also known as sedan, is a kind of car with a mule driver. According to Mr. Chen Yucheng, the mule car is Xinhai Revolution (crab) before Beijing, a major means of carrying people. It was known as "Beijing car". Mule car by the body, wheels and axles, car enclosure, set of four parts. The body has a carriage, the car before the disk, the car, the car after the tail four parts, the main body is the carriage. Carriage has a dome-shaped roof, with doors and windows. Official mule car wheels higher, thinner spokes. Hub convex, axle slightly longer, commonly known as "Shaanxi feet". Ordinary mule car wheels commonly known as "stupid foot", running wheels are particularly heavy, so as not to overturn. The axle (bearing) of Beijing mule carts is very famous, triggering an extremely crisp and pleasant sound when the cart is traveling. When the car ran fast, from a distance, it sounded as if it was a Peking Opera drum board "single skin" in the "silk whip". Only the craftsmen in Beijing have the skills to make this kind of axle. The car surrounded by the inner, outer points. Outer with blue cloth, about half a foot from the car chassis upward roll, rolled up part, instead of mixed-color satin, inlaid with black satin edge, called the handles. The inner enclosure, the lower part of which is made of mixed-color satin, edged with black satin, is called the sleeping compartment. The upper part and the roof are mostly white or light blue. In summer, each side of the periphery of different sizes of screen windows. The gauze window above the blue cloth sunshade, under the black silk smoked fly look, the name of the small tent. In front of the car also set up a sunshade, the name of the big tent, sunset or night driving, the big tent has no need to use, it will be withdrawn. In summer, in order to car ventilation, remove the perimeter, leaving only the sleeping compartments and the roof, covered with ripe curtains around, in order to prevent sunburn. On rainy days, the car is covered with tarpaulin. In winter, the car is covered with a gray or yellow serge snow roof. The set includes the saddle, cleat, cage head, reins and other things used by the mule when driving. Saddle larger, known as the big saddle car, mostly princes and nobles, Manchu women ride. Car driver three people, two people to take the regulator, a mule, all on foot. Another small saddle car, wider use, everyone can sit. The end of the Qing dynasty, some playboys more in the production and decoration of small saddle car on the competition. Beijing mule car used mules, mostly from Shaanxi, known as "West mouth", with a long neck, broad chest, thin waist, shin fine for the best. Hair color is "satin black", "pheasant red", "chrysanthemum green", "ink hidden needles", "fragrant green" and so on are the best. Beijing handlebars are very skillful. In the most prosperous Dajiejie, the road only allows two cars to hit the hub, Beijing's mule drivers can also avoid people, but also to avoid the car, few accidents. In the past, Beijing's mule carts were for personal use and for business. Self-use, needless to say; business, that is, specializing in pulling guests. However, there is only one "station". The so-called "station mouth", that is, the mule train operators during the day in a fixed hutong waiting for passengers to lease sit. At first, more than their own car, to income gradually thick, then tied a, can be hired to whip on behalf of the drive.
2, mule pack sedan chair, is a sedan chair with two mules driving. This form of transportation is essentially a sedan chair, but this sedan chair is not before and after 2 people or 4 people or 8 people to carry, but before and after a mule driving a sedan chair and walking, so it is called the mule pack sedan chair. This sedan chair is slightly larger than the general sedan chair, can sit 2 people. Sedan chair is equipped with bedding, can lie down, is suitable for long-distance travel of a means of transportation. Can generally travel 100 miles a day. On the way there are two people driving mules, one on foot, one riding a donkey.
3, donkey car, is pulled by the donkey car. In the past, there were many donkey carts in Beijing. Later, mule carts, horse-drawn carriages flourished, donkey carts are decreasing. Donkey carts also have their own and business points. Donkey carts for personal use, such as grain stores have their own donkey carts, go out and make deliveries with. Suburban farmers have their own donkey carts, used to go to the city to pull manure or sell fruits and vegetables and other agricultural products. Business donkey carts are used to transport passengers. There are two kinds of donkey carts: the "station" and the "run". The "station mouth" and business mule carts, waiting at a certain place to hire passengers, or send a ride, or chartered back and forth. "Run trip" also called "run sea" or "trip car", that is, driving a donkey car along a certain route back and forth to pull passengers. In the past, in the Tianqiao to Yongdingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen, Xizhimen to Haidian and other sections, there are trips car. Trip car from a certain place to a certain place, there is pricing. Because this car is more simple, pricing is also very cheap. Early passengers to seize the front of the seat, more comfortable. Later they will sit cross-legged in the carriage, more bitter. The last on board, can only sit at the rear of the car, there is the danger of being bumped down. After the Republic of China, this donkey car gradually extinct.
4, oxcart, in the past, Beijing's oxcart is mainly used by the charity organization Yuyintang to pick up the baby's body. Oxcart has a large wooden box, the back of a hole, hole hanging a yellow cloth plaque, written on the "land Cihang" four words. Every day at dawn, baby-sitting hall people drive the oxcart around, encountered baby bodies are mostly strangled illegitimate children will pick up, from the hole into the oxcart in the large wooden box. Some of the babies that were picked up were not yet dead and could be saved and adopted into the nursery.
5, goat car, this is a small family specially made a small lightweight open car, driven by a goat. It can be used to carry one or two children for outings.
6, riding a donkey, donkeys are both easy to raise and more tame endurance livestock. Riding a donkey to walk, convenient and trouble-free. Once upon a time, there were many people riding donkeys in Beijing. Kangxi 15 years (1676) the first day of May, Beijing windy, someone riding a donkey from the front of the gate of zhengyang over, was the wind burned up, fell to the place of Chongwenmen, people donkeys are unharmed. There are also people in Beijing who raise donkeys for business and invite customers to ride. From Xinjiekou to Xizhimen, Jiaodaokou to Andingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen and other streets, there are many such business donkeys. From Xuanwumen to baiyunguan, business donkey more, so that people to baiyunguan rush temple, incense or play. Therefore, today's Xuanwumen East River Street, formerly known as the city of donkeys. Here the donkey seems to have more spirit, the hirer pays to ride on, without the donkey driver to follow, the donkey will take the initiative to carry the hirer to run to the Baiyunguan, stop hoofs, to wait for the hirer to come down. Early in the Baiyun Guan partner donkey driver pulled to the customer, with a clap of the donkey body, the donkey and consciously run back to the donkey market. This is probably because this kind of donkey day after day, year after year to and from the donkey market and the white cloud view between, but also have the experience. Donkeys are not only for people to ride, but also for carrying goods.
7, camel, with a docile, hard-working, hardy nature, used to carry goods, better than donkeys and mules. In the past, Beijing's western suburb of Shijingshan and the southern suburb of Nanyuan, there are a lot of camel households that rely on camels for their livelihood. They raised a few camels, or pack feet, or running business, to earn a living. The foot packer is to carry goods for others and earn a share of the foot money. Running business is to pull the camel to the foreign trafficking goods, both to earn the foot money, but also to earn cargo profit. In the old days, Beijing's camel households mainly carried coal from Mentougou, humped ash from Dashanli, and humped timber from Xishanli, etc., and made deliveries or sold them in the city of Beijing. The camel pullers were counted by "handles", with 8 big handles and 6 small handles, and generally one person pulled one hand. In order to help each other on the way, often several handles go together. However, after the Republic of China, modern transportation gradually developed, and there were new restrictions on camel caravans entering Beijing, which allowed only 3 camels for a hand. If there are 6 or 8 camels, the front and back will be 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 feet long, which will affect the traffic in the city. In the past, Beijing's camels were trafficked from outside the mouth. According to Mr. Chen Qi, his great-grandfather made his fortune by selling camels outside the mouth. However, camel pulling was mainly done in spring, fall and winter, especially in winter. In summer, the camels were driven outside the mouth to graze.
8, rickshaw, also known as the foreign car or "rubber", the South is known as the Eastern car or yellow car, is the end of the Qing Dynasty by the Japanese into China's a kind of man-powered passenger car. This car shape, we have seen in the movie and television, two wheels support a semi-circular or square carriage, the body has a long two handlebars in front of the car, a person sitting in the car, a car driver pulling the car run. Beijing appeared the first rickshaw, called the tin car (wheels made of iron, so the name), the Japanese gave the Empress Dowager Cixi's imperial car (now on display in the Summer Palace). Later, Beijing will be copied, so the end of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing market more iron car. After the Republic of China, the shape of the car has changed, tin wheels replaced by rubber wheels, carriages are changed to semi-circular. There were black, brown and yellow ones. At that time, Hufangqiao's "West Fuxing", Chongwai's "East Fuxing", Donghuamen Street's "Maoshun", Xisi's "Huaxin", and "Huaxin". "Dong Fuxing", "Mao Shun" on Donghuamen Street, "Huaxin" on Xisi Si, and "Qi Shun", "Shuang He Shun", and "Yuelai" were all famous rickshaw manufacturing companies. Wealthy and powerful as well as social celebrities, often purchased their own rickshaws, hiring specialists to pack and pull. A large number of rickshaws are some of the car factory, poor car drivers rent a car to pull passengers; like Chaoyangmen Street, "Ma Liu" car factory, "prosperous" car factory, Chongwai on the headlines of the "Wu Futang" Depot, etc., are large, they have one or two hundred cars. Some small depots only have 20 or 30 cars or one or two dozen cars. In the old Beijing, rickshaws were the main means of transportation. At intersections and hutongs, there were often three, five or ten rickshaws waiting for seats. Especially in the theater, restaurants, bathhouses, Dong'an market, Xidan shopping mall, hotels, train stations, flyovers, parks, eight hutongs (brothels), etc., there were more rickshaws waiting for customers. The rickshaw pullers are divided into daytime and nighttime shifts, and there are pulling a monthly car and pulling a loose seat respectively. More famous rickshaw drivers, but also get "a smoke", "Ili horse", "flower pants waist" and other nicknames. The rickshaw drivers in Beijing in the old society were extremely hard and miserable. They endured the brutal exploitation of the depot owners and were often subjected to extortion and blackmail by some villainous police officers. Every day, they left early and returned late, running all over the street, earning a few dollars just to make ends meet. After the founding of New China, the rickshaw was completely abolished.
9, tricycles, is the late 30's only appeared in Beijing on the streets and lanes. According to Mr. Ren Youde's memories, the first tricycle in Beijing was given to the traitor Jiang Chaozong by the Japanese invaders. Later, the number of pedicabs gradually increased and became one of the most important means of transportation in Beijing. The pedicabs were driven by the driver, which was less laborious than the rickshaw and could pull two people. Nowadays, tricycles can still be seen on the streets of Beijing. The tricycles that carry goods are flat and are called flat tricycles.
10, handcart, is a kind of unicycle. Wheels under the body, centered. Two handlebars in the back, the end of the car loop. When people push the car, the car loop on the back of the neck and shoulders, two hands to hold the handlebars, forward force, push the wheel running. Wheels and axles were originally made of wood, heavy and bulky, pushing the car laborious. When the car line, the axle friction car ear, issued a creak creak creak sound. After the improvement of rubber wheel bearings, cart labor-saving, and no noise. Handcart function is wider, both can carry people, but also can transport goods. In the old days, Beijing water, vegetables, manure, as well as farmers to transport soil and dung, crops and grain, most of the handcart.
11, wedding sedan chair and white sedan chair. In the past, the common people of Beijing also use sedan chair. General wedding sedan chair called the wedding sedan chair, funeral sedan chair called white sedan chair. Sedan chair is married to the bride sat, generally red sedan chair, sedan chair 4 people, before and after 2 people, some places in addition to the red sedan chair, there are two green bridge, is the male side of the marriage of Mrs. and the female side of the wife to send the bride to sit. 20 years after the popularity of the new style of wedding, the Beijing people married to gradually change to use the horse-drawn carriages or automobiles to meet the bride. The white sedan chair was used by rich families in the old days when they were in mourning. It was the custom in old Beijing that the latecomer to a funeral would ride in a white sedan chair. If it is a woman, it is limited to married people, and unmarried women can't ride in the white sedan chair.
12, shoulder, back and pick. Carrying shoulders, commonly known as the "nest neck," is an industry in the old Beijing city. The people who do this work are mainly for people to move or on behalf of people to send dowry. Very few "necker" for the royal family to carry valuable furnishings, such a "necker" specializing in the Palace Maokinden rope library tube. Neck need to have certain skills, the average person "nest" not those long, high, heavy and fragile objects. Their "nest" method is, first of all, the object to be carried in a foot and a half long, a foot seven or eight wide rectangular wooden board, and tied with a soft rope. Then lifted by two people, placed in the "nest necker" pad with a cotton cloth under the slats on the shoulder, "nest necker" a hand to support the object, one hand flung back and forth, two eyes forward flat, take big strides. After arriving at the destination, two people are still needed to carry the object on the shoulder. In addition to being able to carry the object on their shoulders, the "neckers" also needed to be able to walk and dismantle all kinds of furniture. Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty, the famous "nest necker" Fan Maogui, only four days, the 60 pounds of bronze lions "nest" to Zunhua Malanyu Empress Dowager Cixi's mausoleum to go. Carrying is carrying things, even people. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing, more heavy rain, street water into a river, no knee without a belly, the general public is difficult to pass, so there are specialized back people across the street and earn a few pennies. As for the old Beijing sell vegetables, sell fish and shrimp, sell flowers, as well as coal store to send coal, ash store to send ash, restaurants to send food and wine, and so on, more than the stretcher. Shouldering, carrying and stretcher picking are all forms of transportation based on human power.
13, the boat is the main waterway transportation. Ancient boats are also diverse. Far from needless to say, the Ming Dynasty, there is a yellow boat (imperial), horse ship (from Sichuan and Yunnan to transfer horses dedicated to the Yongle moved to Beijing, dedicated to the transportation of official goods), fast boat (naval expedition), shipping ship (ready to make the Western countries), supply ship (for the royal fishing), the back of the lake boat (in the back of the lake in Nanjing, for the building of boats, for excursions), warships (for the war), grain ships (and sub-shading of the boat and the shallow boat of the two kinds, are used for transportation), and so on! name. ② Qing Dynasty, there are grain ships (for transportation), warships (and the distinction between the sea and river warships), water stage boats (for waterway stages), should be sent to the ship (and sandboats, civilian boats, yellow fast boat, the building of the bluff boat, Xuanlou boat, the river boat and other details, ready for the government at any time to send), lifeboats (specializing in the river rapids and dangerous shoals to prepare for the rescue and rescue with), floating beam ferry (by crossing the river) and so on class points. ③ However, only yellow boats, grain boats, water stage boats and floating beam ferries could be seen in Beijing. Yellow boat, in the above "imperial transportation" part, has talked about the dragon boat, belongs to the yellow boat and so on. The Ming dynasty canon: "the beginning of the yellow boat, the system has a size, for imperial use. To the first year of Hongxi (1425) counted thirty-seven; Zhengtong eleven years (1446) counted twenty-five. Often with ten to stay in the capital under the river to listen to use." ④ "Yang Ji Zhai Series Record" so-called former Ming Dynasty left in Beijing Imperial City, the West Garden Taiyi Pond in the "Pengdao Flying Dragon" a boat, is it one of the Ming Dynasty to stay for the capital in the lake of the yellow boat? Summer Palace still exists in the Qing dynasty Qianlong twenty years (1755) carved stone boat, Guangxu nineteen years (1893) slightly modified, renamed Qing feast boat. Although this stone boat only has symbolic significance, and no practical value, but through it can imagine the appearance of the yellow boat in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the early Ming Dynasty, the boat in the back lake of Nanjing (i.e. Xuanwu Lake) may be similar to it.
14, grain ship, is dedicated to the ship transport. Sea grain ship is called the ocean ship, river grain ship is called shallow ship or peeling ship. Beijing, as the imperial capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, depended entirely on the southeast for its food supply and financial resources. Therefore, in a certain sense, without large-scale transportation, Beijing would not have been the imperial capital for a thousand years. Because of this, there were many grain ships in Beijing. At the beginning of the Yongle period, both the sea transportation ship and the canal transportation ship were able to travel from Zhigu (present-day Tianjin) to Tongzhou by tracing the Baihe River. Later, only the Jizhou army pay by ocean-going vessels, Beijing and Tongzhou state treasury grain, all by shallow boat transportation. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the rice and grain transported to the Beijing and Tongzhou warehouses by shallow ships amounted to 3.7 million stones, while the grain transported to Jizhou by ocean-going vessels amounted to only 240,000 stones. At the same time, the national shipbuilding **** 12,143, of which shallow boats accounted for more than 95%. According to documents, a four hundred material shallow ship, bottom length 5 feet 2 feet, head length 9 feet 5 inches, tip length 9 feet 5 inches, bottom width 9 feet 5 inches, bottom head width 6 feet, bottom tip width 5 feet, head ambush lion width 8 feet, tip ambush lion width 7 feet, beam head 14 seats, bottom plate thickness 2 inches, stack plate thickness 1 inch 7 minutes, nail 1 foot 3 nails, dragon mouth beam width 1 zhang, 4 feet deep, make the wind beam width 1 zhang 4 feet, depth 3 feet 8 inches, the back of the broken water beam width 9 feet, depth 4 feet 5 inches, two 〓 (♀ (♀)), the two 〓 (♀), the two 〓 (♀), the two 〓 (♀), the two 〓 (♀), and the two 〓 (♀), the two ♀), and the two ♀. The rear water-breaking beam was 9 feet wide and 4 feet 5 inches deep, and the two 〓 (〓)(上 "广 "下 "敢")***was 7 feet 6 inches wide. Build such a shallow boat, need to use nanmu 7, nanmu short square, even two square, even three square each a piece of elm 1, miscellaneous wood 5 and 3 sections, the size of the nails curium 700 pounds, 200 pounds of hemp, 200 pounds of putty, 30 pounds of tung oil. ⑤ grain shipment in the Qing dynasty peeling ship size has changed. For example, the early years of Shunzhi made grain ship, the bottom of the ship is 5 feet 2 feet long, the middle of the wide 9 feet 5 inches, Longkou beam, so that the wind beam wide are not 1 feet 4 feet, the water break beam is not more than 9 feet wide, the size of the ship and the Ming Dynasty shallow boat similar. Kangxi twenty-second year (1683) title permission, the provincial grain ship style changed to 7 zhang 1 feet long, wide 1 zhang 4 feet 4 inches, compared with the previous increase. Qianlong fifty years (1785) and because of the "provinces of the canal boat is too tall and heavy, walking moistening and stagnation" as the reason, agreed to allow the North River officials to set up 1,500 peeling ship, each body length 5 feet 8 feet, 1 feet 8 inches wide, after the width of 8 feet 1 inch, nine cabin, each cabin depth of 3 feet, loaded with 300 stone, 6 than the Kangxi time the ship is much smaller.
15, the water stage ship is the waterway stage special boats. Style is not recorded. The Ming Dynasty in Tongzhou has a water stage, there must be water stage boat undoubtedly.
16, floating beam ferry, is a boat as a bridge across the river and river traffic. According to the "Qing Dynasty Ordinance" Volume 939 records: Kangxi eighteen years (1679), "will be the Shuntian (prefecture) Tongzhou amount of fifty bridge ship, allocated to the Sanhe County River six ship." Since then, Tongzhou's bridge ship is still 44. Kangxi 51 years (1712) and "demolition of Tongzhou bridge ship 22, as a quota." Since then, Tongzhou has 22 bridge ship. The first year of Yongzheng (1723), "Gubeikou Luanhe set up ferry four, handed over to the flood control officer." Qianlong five years (1740) title permission, "Zhili Province, Gubeikou ferry rotten, don't set up ferry two, additional bridge boat fourteen." As a pontoon ferry, the need is strong and durable, no need to carve and decorate, so this kind of boat as the carriage of goods, mule carts, carts, as simple style, making labor-saving.
Whether yellow boat, grain boat, water stage boat and pontoon ferry, in addition to downstream with the help of water power, downwind with the help of wind power, mainly boatmen's fiber pull and support rowing. In other words, is still a manpower-based water transportation.
17, horseback riding. Horses are an important means of transportation in ancient times. This thesis focuses on the horse.
The post stations of all dynasties were equipped with a number of horses for people delivering papers or passing officials to ride. Horses can run fast and far, and generals can not leave it when they go to war. But in the city of Beijing, civil and military ministers to the court, in addition to a few high-ranking officials, are to ride.
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