May I ask the classification of ancient porcelain in China and the famous categories of major kilns?

The Song Dynasty was a prosperous period for the development of ceramics in China, with diverse products, rich decorations, skillful skills and fine craftsmanship. Ceramic art gathers together, promotes each other, competes for novelty and beauty, and has unique charm. There are many official kilns all over the country, and there are four private kilns. They inherit the tradition and are brave in innovation, and then there is fierce competition, forming eight kiln systems. North and south of the river, kiln mouths all over the country compete for imitation. Due to the special needs of the imperial palace in the Northern Song Dynasty, five famous kilns, Ru, Jun, Guan, Ge and Ding, were selected, which were directly monopolized by the imperial court or supervised by officials, and were specially used to burn royal supplies for the imperial dignitaries. Moreover, due to the appreciation and love of the imperial court, the products of these five famous kilns are regarded as official kiln products. In order to show the exclusive respect of the court, some products are even forbidden to circulate and imitate among the people, and porcelain is used for ordinary daily use. The appearance of five famous kilns fully demonstrated the development history of China ceramics in the Northern Song Dynasty and entered a new pattern of prosperity.

1) Ruyao: It is named after it was produced in Ruzhou, an ancient city in Henan Province. After years of exploration by cultural relics and archaeologists, the Ruguan kiln was discovered in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province (under the jurisdiction of Ruzhou in the Song Dynasty). Ru kiln is famous for producing celadon, with fine soil, firm and fine honey, and moist glaze color. There is neutral agate powder in the glaze, and its colors are egg white, azure, bean green, shrimp green, often yellowish, green and sky blue. In particular, sky blue is the most precious, pink is the most important, sky blue is the most precious, and there is also the praise of "the clouds break after the rain". The juice is as thick as a pile of fat, looks like jade and buckles like a chin. Trachoma in the juice reveals crab claw lines, fish egg lines and sesame flowers, and there are tiny traces of Zhi Ding at the bottom. Ru Kiln is divided into two parts: Ru Guan Kiln (specially for firing Royal Ru Ci for the court) and Min Kiln (namely Linru Kiln). Folk kilns are diverse in shape, elegant in appearance, rich in decoration, artistic, rich in patterns, smooth in lines, durable and popular; The palace porcelain is beautiful in shape and fine in workmanship. Agate is glazed, with rich glaze color, gray fragrance, full glaze, compact piece, elegant and simple.

From Yuan You to Chongning at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Ru kiln was used for firing royal celadon for more than 20 years. The main utensils are plates, bowls, dishes, washing, respect, lamps, trays, narcissus pots and so on. Vegetables, washing and bowls are rolled around the feet, and there are 3-5 burn marks on the soles of the feet. The bowl is lotus-shaped and deep, which is a popular form of bowl note in Song Dynasty. The dish has different forms such as flower mouth, round mouth, convergent mouth and open mouth, and the tripod dish is unique in shape. Bottles: there are paper hammer bottles, long-necked bottles and long-necked bottle openers. There is a tripod statue and a halberd statue. The cup holder is square petal-shaped, and the narcissus basin is oval.

Ru kiln has thin tires, delicate texture, gray fragrance and exquisite carving.

2) Jun Kiln: It is named after setting up a kiln to burn porcelain near Gujuntai in Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Its main characteristics: dignified appearance, delicate fetal quality, solid and dense. The sound of the keys is mellow and melodious. Entering the kiln is one color, leaving the kiln in all colors, jun porcelain is unparalleled, and the kiln becomes unparalleled. Besides bowls and plates, Jun porcelain also has daily necessities such as pots, jars, stoves and pillows, especially all kinds of palace art exhibits unearthed from Juntai Kiln and all kinds of flowerpots, pots, statues, stoves, bottles, washing and Four Treasures of the Study.

Archaeological drilling and excavation of Juntai Kiln prove that the total area of the kiln site is more than 360,000 square meters, which is divided into four different firing areas: white black porcelain, celadon celadon, black glazed Tianmu porcelain and Jun Kiln firing area. Jun porcelain here is purely a kiln mouth for firing royal supplies for the court of the Northern Song Dynasty. Its main characteristics are: purple mouth and iron feet, sesame sauce bottom, wonderful kiln, red and purple set each other off. The pieces are densely covered, the glaze layer is moist, the workmanship is fine, and the tires are firm and dense. It is especially good to have earthworms walking in the mud. In order to meet the design needs of the imperial palace in the Northern Song Dynasty, the flowerpots and pots of Jun kiln are all matched with the same number, and the bottom is engraved with Chinese characters and numbers from one to ten, with the number one being the largest and the number ten the smallest, forming the unique characteristics of Jun porcelain.

There are flowerpots, basin holders, washers, stoves, bowls, plates, bottles, halberds and so on. The opaque glaze with copper as colorant is commonly known as Jun glaze, and its colors are sky blue, moonlight white, rose purple, begonia red and so on. "One color goes into the kiln, a thousand things go out of the kiln". The glaze formula of Jun kiln is the same. Due to the different positions in front of, behind, left, right, above and below the kiln, all kinds of unexpected colors were produced after leaving the kiln, which opened the way for glaze and colored porcelain in the future. Another feature of Jun kiln is that the green tire cracked at low temperature during kiln firing, and the glaze melted at high temperature and then flowed into the gap to fill the cracks, forming earthworm mud lines.

After the change of Jingkang in A.D. 1 126, the Song Dynasty moved south, taking away a large number of northern craftsmen. Since then, Song Jun has been in the doldrums. However, under the influence of Song Jun's reputation right, in order to make a living after the war, all localities restored Yuan Jun, a primitive Jun kiln celadon, in the name of Song Jun, which was greatly inferior to that of Song Jun. Occasionally, there were porcelain pieces with red and purple spots, and a layer of red copper glaze was consciously painted under the celadon. Although it is rosy after burning, it can't cover the whole body, and there is no colorful kiln-colored Song Like Jun porcelain. Therefore, the chemical analysis of azure glaze and purple spot in Yuan Jun shows that the chemical composition of these two glazes is exactly the same except CuO, with the CuO content of purple glaze accounting for 0.33% and that of blue glaze only 0.098%, which also shows that the purple spot in Jun glaze is consciously drawn. There are 96 such Jun kiln sites in Yuxian alone. As for Linru, jia county, Dengfeng, Baofeng and Xin 'an counties to the west of Luoyang, similar porcelain tiles are quite common in Tangyin, Hebi and Anyang to the north of the Yellow River. This kind of Yuan Junduo is made from local materials, and the glaze formula is relatively simple. Therefore, the tire wall is thick, heavy, rough and contains many impurities. There are sand inclusions or air holes in the tire after firing, and the tire color is gray or dark gray. Those with insufficient calories are white, yellowish white, yellow, tan and orange. Most products are mainly household utensils, such as plates, bowls, dishes, washboards and basins. The thickness of glazing depends on the glazing technology and the strength of the green tire. Generally speaking, Yuan Jun's glaze is thick and glazed for two or three times, and most of the glaze hangs like wax tears after firing. Sometimes there are many bubbles in the glaze, or there are spots formed by burnt quartz sand and other compounds in the glaze. Moreover, because the crystalline pearlescent glaze is controlled by the furnace temperature, sometimes due to insufficient temperature or different temperature difference, the glaze surface is bluish gray, blue gray, bean green, grayish green or smoky black. Although there are azure, sky blue, moon white, purple erythema and other glaze colors, they are extremely gorgeous and delicate, which is rare. Yuan Jun and Song Jun also have obvious differences in their production methods. Song Jun used a branch full of glaze and left a small Zhi Ding at the bottom. Yuan Jun uses layered firing, and the outer half of porcelain is glazed. The decoration of the container wall is irregular. When the cutting foot rotates, the inclination of the cutter makes the mastoid protrude from the middle of the foot, and the bottom center is thin, which is the outstanding feature of Jun kiln in Yuan Dynasty.

3) Official kilns: According to the Song Dynasty? Ye's widow Tan Zhai records: "Bianjing built its own kiln in the Grand View Room of the Northern Song Dynasty and named it the official kiln." Official kilns can be divided into Northern Song Dynasty (Bianjing today Kaifeng) and Southern Song Dynasty (Hangzhou today Zhejiang). The kiln site of the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln has been buried 7 meters underground and cannot be found, while the kiln site of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln has been found at the foot of the Tortoise Mountain in Hangzhou after archaeological excavation. The official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty were directly influenced by Ru kilns. Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan) was located in the eastern plain of Henan at that time, but there were no raw materials for porcelain clay and glaze, and it could also be shipped from Ruzhou and Yuzhou. Of course, the burning of official porcelain in vertical kiln is inseparable from the skillful porcelain-making skills of Ruzhou craftsmen. Therefore, the Ru Kiln Three-legged Striated Furnace collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the Northern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln Three-legged Furnace are very similar in glaze color, not only in the same style, but also in the same strain.

The raw materials of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty are also very particular. They all choose the best porcelain clay, and the glaze is collected from Chenliu, Zhou Jun and other places. Therefore, Ma Zuchang said in a poem: "The tribute is silver mink gold, and the official kiln porcelain jade is mud." The fetal bones of official kiln products are white, gray and red. The white one contains iron and black glaze to protect the tire feet. The glaze color is moonlight, followed by pink, sky blue, turquoise, big green and so on. The glaze is as thin as paper, and there are patterns such as ice crack, crab claws, plum blossoms and lobes in the glaze. Some people also make oily spots like eel blood, and the surface of the device forms two kinds of lobes of gold wire and iron wire. Its shapes include stoves, bottles, jars, statues, bowls, plates, dishes, boxes and stationery.

Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln

In the year of 1 127, Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong crossed the Yangtze River in the south and moved its capital from Bianjing (Kaifeng) to Lin 'an (Hangzhou), Zhejiang, which was known as the Southern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty moved south, and some porcelain craftsmen moved south one after another. At this time, some porcelain kilns in the north gradually declined or even stopped production, while the porcelain industry in the south developed on the original basis.

After the Southern Song Dynasty moved its capital to Lin 'an, there was a kiln under the Phoenix Mountain, which was called Xiunei Temple Official Kiln-also called Neiyao. Later, a new kiln was set up in the suburban altar under Guishan Mountain, which was called "the official kiln under the suburban altar". The above two official kilns are collectively called "Southern Song Dynasty official kilns".

Xiuneisi official kiln: it has not been excavated so far. According to Cao Zhao's "On Ge Kiln", it is recorded: "The kiln burned by the internal division in the Song Dynasty has fine soil grain, blue powder color, crab claw grain, purple mouth and iron feet. The color is good and similar to that of Ru kiln, the black one is called black mud kiln, and the fake one is burned without grain in Longquan. "

Jiaotan official kiln: in Wugui Mountain, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Since 1950s, many excavations have been carried out. Kilns, kiln furniture and porcelain fragments were found.

Fetal quality: there are two kinds of black-gray tires and black-brown tires, and those with thin tires have thicker glaze.

Glaze color: emerald green, pink green, moonlight white, beige, oil gray, with open lines, large grains and ice cracks on the glaze surface.

Modeling includes: plates, bowls, dishes, objects that wash and imitate bronzes and jade articles in Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties. Handmade products include square, round, sunflower mouth, hem and other washing. Bottle string with gourd edge pierced by ear and gallbladder. Kwai mouth fancy plate, Kwai mouth round bowl, lamp holder, etc. Most of them have the characteristics of purple mouth and iron feet. Most of the utensils are made in Zhi Ding, and there are 5-8 pieces of Zhi Ding. A few artifacts are difficult to distinguish from Ge Kiln in shape, glaze color and pattern. A large number of official kilns in Ming and Qing Dynasties copied official kiln products, among which Yongzheng copied them best, reaching a chaotic level.

4) Geyao: produced in Longquan, Zhejiang. According to legend, there were two brothers in ancient times, Zhang Shengyi and Zhang Sheng, who made a living by firing porcelain. They were both very successful. Shengyi Zhang's porcelain is more valuable, appreciated and favored by all walks of life, and it is famous on the list. They are all called Geyao and Geporcelain. Its main features: tire colors are black gray, dark gray, light gray, khaki and other shades. Black and gray tires are known as "iron bones". Its glaze color is opaque and thin, mainly gray-blue, with pink, moonlight, putty, fried rice yellow, light blue and other colors. The decorative patterns on the surface of the device vary in size, some large patterns are black, and some small patterns are yellow, so it has the reputation of "gold wire". But there are also people with pure small patterns, all black, which the world calls "100 pieces of garbage". The styles of Ge kiln handed down from generation to generation are: various bottles, stoves, bowls, plates, washing, dishes and cans. In terms of tire thickness, tire quality is different from that of ceramic tires and sand tires.

Ge Kiln was listed as a famous kiln in the Song Dynasty, and the earliest literature record was found in the book Xuande Ding Puyi in the Xuande period in the early Ming Dynasty: "What is hidden in the inner library: firewood, Ru, official, elder brother, monarch and tripod." After Ru Kiln and Guan Kiln, before Jun Kiln and Ding Kiln. It can be seen that Ge Kiln was recognized as Song Kiln at that time, and it has been listed as an important collection object. But because it is passed down from generation to generation, it is very rare and precious. And because it was passed down from generation to generation, it was rare and rare, and there was imitation burning at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Cao Zhao's "Gegu Yaolun" said: "My brother came out of the kiln (pointing out that it is a real estate, and the origin is to be tested), and the color is different. There are purple mouth and iron feet, and the ones with good color are from Dong kiln, which are rare today. The queues in groups are all newly burned at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, with rough soil patterns and bad colors. " It can be seen that the old Ge kiln refers to the Ge kiln in the Song Dynasty, while the imitation Ge kiln that appeared since the end of the Yuan Dynasty is the new Ge kiln. On Ge Guyao did not explain the relationship between Ge Kiln and Di Kiln. During the Tongzhi period in Zhejiang, Zhang Shengyi and Zhang Sheng each had a kiln for the first time. Ge kiln produces Ming porcelain, and Longquan celadon from the ground kiln does not produce Ming porcelain. However, since the late 1970s, archaeologists have carried out large-scale investigations and excavations in major kiln sites in Zhejiang Province, and no kiln sites that produce Ge kilns alone have been found. Ge glazed porcelain covered with glaze is the product of some kiln sites in Longquan celadon. Very distinctive, the production workshop is not an independent porcelain kiln system. Later generations mistakenly divided it into two kiln systems: Ge kiln and Di kiln. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jingdezhen had products that imitated the design of Geyao.

5) Ding Kiln: One of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Jianci Village, Quyang County, Hebei Province. Quyang belonged to Dingzhou in the Song Dynasty, hence the name Dingyao. Burning was made in the Tang Dynasty and developed in the Song Dynasty, until the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. White porcelain and yellow glazed porcelain were fired in the Tang Dynasty. Influenced by Xing Kiln, the white glaze ware has the shape of a bowl with a jade wall, a watering pot and a bottle. Ding Kiln in Song Dynasty formed its own unique style, firing bowls, plates, lamps, boxes, pots, bottles, pillows and other utensils, mainly white glaze, followed by black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze, white glaze, brown flower and other varieties. The white glaze is white and hard, and the thin white glaze is full of yellow teeth. As a result of excessive firing, a glaze-free mouth was formed, and the glaze flowed all over the face. Decorative methods include painting, engraving and printing. Decorative themes include lotus petals, dragons and phoenixes, peony, swimming ducks in the lotus pond, doll play, mandarin ducks and so on. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, porcelain was once fired by the court and the government. The Palace Museum in Beijing has a collection of dragon plates and bowls from Dingyao, which were specially made for the royal family. Some artifacts are engraved with the names of the palaces in the Song Dynasty, such as Fenghua, Shouhua, Forbidden Garden and Deshou. The white porcelain specimens unearthed from the kiln site are engraved with the words "official", "new official", "Huiji", "Shangshi Bureau" and "Five Wang Fu", which were obviously burned for the official government or some institutions. Ding kiln black glaze, glaze color black as paint. The sauce glaze device has a composite glaze with an inner white glaze and an outer sauce glaze. At least blue glaze specimens were found, only bowls. In addition, the methods of printing white porcelain and covering firing in Ding Kiln have influenced a number of porcelain kilns, such as Hebi, Shanxi Jiexiu, Huoxian, Yangcheng, Yuxian, Pingding, Pengxian, Sichuan and Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, all of which imitate Ding Kiln white porcelain and form a Ding Kiln system centered on Ding Kiln. Gunpowder imitation has the name of soil determination; Jingdezhen imitation is known as the Southern Ding. Jingdezhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties still has artifacts that imitate Ding kilns.

Third, the formation of the eight kiln system.

The Song Dynasty was the heyday of the development of China porcelain, which wrote a brilliant chapter for the development history of ancient ceramic arts and crafts in China. It can be said that a hundred flowers blossom, many famous kilns blossom and the kiln system is shaped. Ceramic circles usually use the formation of various porcelain kiln systems to summarize the basic characteristics of the development of porcelain industry in Song Dynasty. There are many official kilns and private kilns, and new products emerge one after another. According to the differences in production technology, glaze color, modeling and decoration techniques, in addition to the above five famous kilns, eight kiln systems have also been formed. The northern regions are: Ding kiln system, Cizhou kiln system, Yaozhou kiln system and Jun kiln system; There are Quanlong kiln system, Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain kiln system, Yue kiln system and Jianyang black glaze porcelain kiln system in the south.

The same kiln system produces the same varieties, but it has its own unique style. For example, Ding Kiln takes thin tire white glaze products as the mainstream; Yaozhou kiln is characterized by green glaze carving and carving varieties; Jun kiln system is characterized by Jun porcelain red and azure glaze; Cizhou kiln system is dominated by black flowers on white background; Longquan kiln system wins with emerald glaze; Jingdezhen kiln system is characterized by blue and white porcelain. There are various products in the same kiln system. For example, in the Ding Kiln system, besides printed white porcelain, there are varieties such as black glaze, purple glaze and blue glaze, forming unique styles such as black glaze, purple glaze and blue glaze. In Cizhou kiln system, besides painting black flowers on white background, there are various new varieties of techniques, such as painting flowers on pearl bottom, removing flowers from white glaze, painting flowers, carving flowers, Song Sancai, Song Dynasty and its twisted tires and twisted glazes, which greatly enrich the product types, decorative arts and pattern contents of various kiln systems.

(1) Kiln fixing system: It is one of the important porcelain kiln systems in the north. Ding kiln is famous for carving, engraving and printing, and it is also famous for its pioneering over-burning process, which has great influence and spread widely, and various kilns are competing to follow suit. When the Song Dynasty moved south, the craftsmen of Quyang also chose the south, bringing the advanced technology of Ding Kiln to Jingdezhen, which played a certain role in promoting the development of local porcelain industry. Ding kiln is greatly influenced by Pingding, Yangcheng, Jiexiu and Huozhou kilns in Shanxi, Longquanwu kiln in Beijing and Hebi kiln in Gangwa kiln in Chifeng, Henan. In the south, besides Jingdezhen kilns, there are Jizhou kilns in Jiangxi and Pengxian kilns in Sichuan. Ding Kilns mainly burn white glaze printing, and also burn black, sauce, green glaze and white glaze carved porcelain, and take Quyang as the center, and the product quality ranks above all kilns, which is also the most representative. The products are mainly folded plates and bowls. The early Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ding Kiln, with thin tires, even glaze, fine workmanship, smoothness and moist, and strict composition, wide themes, rich patterns and smooth lines. There are flowers, animals, people, birds and baby games, especially baby pillows. The over-burning technology of fixed kiln is the first one, which has a great influence on the porcelain making industry in China and has been rapidly popularized. This is evidenced by the discovery of a large number of burnt washer kiln furniture in Hebi kiln in Henan and Bachun kiln in Yuxian.

Ding kiln began to burn in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. In particular, the printing technology of ding kiln is widely spread, some imitate kiln shape, some imitate patterns, some imitate glaze color, and some imitate firing method. Until the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it continued to follow and formed a kiln-fixing system centered on kiln-fixing.

(2) Cizhou Kiln System: It is one of the largest folk kiln systems in northern China. Its products are magnificent, skillful and fluent in painting techniques, rich in patterns and diverse in varieties, and are deeply loved by the people. Decorated with black and white flowers, flower picking, flower painting, flower carving, brown color and other techniques, the content and theme are more colorful, with flower patterns and birds swimming in fish; There are people's landscapes, poems and songs; There are auspicious words in my heart and surnames. In order to attract customers, each kiln shows a unique artistic style. The white and black flowers of Cizhou Kiln in Cixian County rank first among the kilns in the group, and the painters are smooth, vigorous and upright, which has quite northern characteristics. Xiuwu Dangyangyu Kiln is good at picking and cutting flowers. It uses makeup soil to form multi-level color contrast. It has skillful technology, vivid decorative patterns and unique charm. Its twisted tire technology is unique and its design is novel. Some combinations are blooming flowers, and some combinations are as proud as folded feathers and peacocks. Dengfeng Quhe Kiln is good at carving flowers on pearls, transplanting the drilling skills of gold and silver vessels to porcelain making, which has a unique style. Yuzhou Bacun Kiln is also famous for its black flowers on a white background, fine materials and bold painting style. Its color is as black as iron, as white as jade, as red as pearl, as green as jade, as green as green glaze, as a little red in evergreen trees, which has a unique artistic effect. In particular, the essence and beauty of the three colors in the Song Dynasty are legendary. Shanxi Jiexiu kiln has its own bold style, black glaze and carved flowers. Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln flourished in the Southern Song Dynasty, combining the advantages of Cizhou Kiln and kiln site architecture. Its painting style is both majestic in the north and exquisite in the south, and it is famous for creating a paper-cut paste printing technology.

Cizhou Kiln is very popular because of its strong local flavor and simple folk art style, which affects the north and south of the river. Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Sheng Dynasty continued to burn, and Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and other places were also affected by it, forming a huge cizhou kiln system.

(3) Yaozhou Kiln System: Yaozhou Kiln is located in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, and is the representative of northern celadon. The kiln was first burned in the Tang Dynasty, with white porcelain, black porcelain, celadon and plain black colored porcelain as the main materials, and also burned three colors in the Tang Dynasty. After the Five Dynasties, in the Song Dynasty, celadon was mainly fired, and carving, drawing and printing celadon were very popular. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, tribute porcelain was burned for the palace. Its shape and decoration are mostly similar to those of Ding Kiln, but the glaze color is different. Skilled in carving techniques, slightly better than Ding Kiln. Full patterns, strong three-dimensional sense and artistic charm have had a great influence on other kilns, forming a Yaozhou kiln system centered on Yaozhou kiln. Among them, Linru Kiln, Baofeng Kiln, Yiyang Kiln, Juntai Kiln in Yuzhou, Dayaodian Kiln in Neixiang, Diandian Kiln in Lushan Section, Chengguan Kiln in Xin 'an and Shan Ying Kiln in Anyang all had printed celadon products. The products from various kilns in Henan Province are green in glaze and shallow in carving. After glazing, the convex and concave are not obvious, and the patterns are dense, which is not as full and dense as Yaozhou kiln, and has its obvious local style. In order to meet the needs of local and export, Guangzhou Xicun kiln, Guangxi Yongfu kiln and Rongxian kiln also copied Yaozhou kiln products. The blue glaze of Yongfu kiln and Rongxian kiln in Guangxi is made of copper oxide, which is different from the iron reduction glaze used in Yaozhou kiln and northern celadon. However, its color, shape and decoration are similar to those of Yaozhou Kiln, and it still belongs to the typical celadon series of Yaozhou Kiln.

(4) Jun kiln system: Jun porcelain was first burned in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and was re-burned in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. The firing of copper red glaze is the first in Jun kiln, and the complicated kiln transformation mechanism has formed the artistic style of Jun kiln, which is red and purple, colorful and wonderful. Jun porcelain was originally a kind of household utensils fired by people. Because of its dignified shape, firm and dense tires, exquisite craftsmanship, rich glaze layer, diverse kiln types and gorgeous colors, it was deeply favored by the people and even appreciated and favored by the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was monopolized by the imperial court as an official kiln, and a kiln was set up near the ancient Juntai in the north gate of Yuzhou City, and officials were appointed to supervise the firing. Anyone who fails is smashed and buried on the spot. This high standard and strict requirements greatly promoted the improvement of Jun porcelain art, and also greatly affected the kiln mouth in the surrounding areas. Song and Jin confronted each other, the Northern Song Dynasty moved south, and the official kiln stopped burning. However, the firing technology of Jun kiln porcelain is still widely circulated, and all localities are scrambling to imitate it. Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the production of Jun porcelain has reached a recovery level, with Yuzhou, Henan as the center, forming a huge Jun kiln system, covering 27 counties and cities such as Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, among which Henan is the most important. Imitation Jun kilns have also become a common practice in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, and important porcelain producing areas are copying and firing imitation Jun porcelain works with their own characteristics. At the kiln mouth of low-temperature glazed art ceramics fired in Yixing kiln in Jiangsu, Shiwan kiln in Guangdong and Jingdezhen kiln in Jiangxi, imitation works are often labeled with the word "Jun". For example, the glazed pottery of Yixing Kiln is called Yijun or Ni Jun, the imitation of Guangdong Shiwan Kiln is called Guang Jun, and the low-temperature glazed decoration of Jingdezhen Kiln porcelain is called Furnace Jun to show the difference. The imitation of each kiln not only retains the traditional process of Jun porcelain, but also has its own innovation. The unique charm of Jun kiln has great influence and spread widely, showing strong vitality and showing a thriving situation, which is superior to the other four famous kilns. Jun porcelain production has continued to this day, and with the intervention of advanced science, it can be described as antique innovation and reappearance of glory.

Jun porcelain culture is rich in content, covering a wide range and unique in style, which shines brilliantly in the development history of ceramic arts and crafts in China. China Jun porcelain combines science and technology, arts and crafts, glaze decoration, plastic arts, oriental aesthetics and the excellent spirit of the Chinese nation, so it is not only favored by the court of the Northern Song Dynasty, but also won the appreciation and collection of experts and scholars at home and abroad and Jun porcelain lovers from all walks of life.

(5) Longquan kiln system: Longquan kiln was built in the early Northern Song Dynasty and fired in the early Northern Song Dynasty. It inherits the traditions of Yue Kiln, Ou Kiln and Wuzhou Kiln, and combines the advantages of the three kilns to produce celadon with pure glaze and beautiful shape. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it reached its peak, especially in Meiziqing and Fenqing. In the Southern Song Dynasty, imperial nobles also burned imitation kiln products. Plum green glaze has the aesthetic feeling similar to Ru kiln glaze. The enamel color is as thick as jade, and the color is like jade, and it is like a light green lake under the blue sky. However, due to the extremely complicated firing process of plum green glaze, it is necessary to hang the glaze for several times and set off the white tire to achieve the ideal effect. This precious product is only made in the Southern Song Dynasty and passed down from generation to generation, which is even more precious. Imitation burning continued until the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and was not abolished until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.

Longquan kiln is very popular because of its excellent products, especially its emerald green glaze color. Its products are sold all over the country, from Inner Mongolia to Yunnan, and from Gansu to coastal areas. East Asia, East Africa and even Arab countries and European countries also like Longquan celadon.

Longquan kiln system began in the Southern Song Dynasty, and its traditional craft and advanced technology first spread to neighboring counties such as Qingyuan, Sui, Yunhe, and then spread to Ji 'an (Jizhou kiln) in Jiangxi and Quanzhou kiln in Fujian. After the Yuan Dynasty, the scale of Longquan kiln system expanded, especially on the banks of Oujiang River in Zhejiang Province, with more than 200 imitation kilns. At the same time, many famous kilns in Fujian Province are also competing to imitate, thus forming a huge Longquan kiln system.

(6) Jingdezhen celadon kiln system: Jingdezhen is known as the "porcelain capital". Blue-and-white porcelain is famous for its delicate texture, fine workmanship, white fetal bones, delicate and dense, neat production, bright glaze, thin and transparent, and has the texture of sapphire and beautiful jade.

The modeling and decorative patterns of celadon are not only characterized by fine white tire soil and jade-like luster, but also influenced by the fixed kiln, mainly by carving, drawing and printing, supplemented by grid points and lattice decoration. The carved flowers in the bowl can be seen inside and outside, which further enhances the artistic charm of celadon. Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain has its distinctive characteristics in creation and development: the products in the early Northern Song Dynasty were bright and plain, with small opening, regular shape and jade enamel, which won people's appreciation. After the middle period, a large number of carved flowers, lattice points and plaids appeared, especially in Yuanfeng Tomb, Song Shenzong (A.D. 1078- 1085), where several small plates with carved flowers were unearthed, all with awns (i.e., no glaze at the mouth). Obviously, the fixed kiln is used to cover and burn. However, from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, printing and decoration techniques prevailed.

Because celadon products are excellent, they are appreciated by consumers and exported to foreign countries. Moreover, because of the best sales volume, kilns all over the country compete to imitate and form a celadon kiln system one by one. Jizhou Kiln, Nanfeng Kiln and Ganzhou Kiln in Jiangxi, Dehua Kiln, Quanzhou Kiln, Yongchun Kiln, Anxi Kiln, Tongan Kiln, Nan 'an Kiln, Pucheng Kiln, Lianjiang Kiln, Minqing Kiln, Minhou Kiln, Xianyou Kiln, Zhangpu Kiln and Jian 'ou Kiln in Hunan, tengxian Kiln, Rongxian Kiln and Xing 'an Kiln in Hubei. In the past, blue-and-white porcelain and even handed down products unearthed from kiln sites and tombs in the north were considered as handed down products of Jingdezhen kiln or guest kiln samples. Archaeological investigations and scientific archaeological excavations have proved that there are kiln sites for firing celadon in Guan Kiln in Xin 'an, Henan Province, Juntai Kiln in Yu County, Qingliangsi Kiln in Baofeng, Yanhedian Kiln in Linru Kiln, Shan Ying Kiln in Anyang, North Henan Province and the latest road widening and reconstruction project in Zhengzhou City, and a large number of celadon fragments and kiln furniture have also been unearthed. In addition to similarities with Jingdezhen kiln, it also has its own unique local style. Furthermore, it shows that the blue-and-white porcelain of Jingdezhen kiln not only sells well at home and abroad, but also its firing technology is spread all over the country and imitated by kilns all over the country, thus forming a blue-and-white porcelain kiln mouth system with Jingdezhen as the center and competing for imitation all over the country.

(7) Yueyao system: Yueyao was the earliest. In the 3rd century, the early Yueyao system was formed in Shangyu, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang. At the beginning of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, a cross-kiln system of burning "secret" celadon was once again formed with Shanglin Lake in Yuyao as the center. The glaze color and carving of Yue kiln have a great influence on Ding kiln and Yaozhou kiln in the north. Early Ding kilns were mostly decorated with embossed lotus petals, which were plump, similar to the Yue kilns in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, Qian paid tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty and later to the Song Dynasty. According to Yuan Gui, Song Hui Yao, Song Shi, Spring and Autumn Annals, History of Ten Kingdoms, History of Wu Yue, Song Gong and other records, in the early stage, from Kaibao to Taiping and Xingguo for more than ten years, the Qian family presented as many as 6,543,807 pieces of Yue kiln celadon to the Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of celadon from Yue kilns were paid tribute to the imperial palace, which had a certain influence on the northern porcelain kilns, which mainly produced white porcelain. Obviously, Yaozhou Kiln in Shaanxi Province began to imitate the lotus petal bowl in Yue Kiln from the early Northern Song Dynasty, and the Song people called it Qi Yue. Ding kiln broke through the boundary of blue and white porcelain, and also fired embossed lotus petals for decoration. The cross-kiln decoration technology was also absorbed by the fixed kiln. As for the relationship between Ru kiln and Yue kiln, it is even closer. In the fifth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 123), Xu Jing wrote: "The ancient secret colors in Yuezhou are like new kiln wares in Ruzhou." It shows that the ancient Yue kiln with secret colors coexists with the new kiln in Ruzhou. Not only the azure glaze Ru kiln and Yue kiln are very similar to North Korean celadon, but also the method of "binding feet to support burning" in the firing process of Yue kiln is in line with the characteristics of Ru kiln. In particular, the lotus petal powder incense burner, azure glaze box, and round foot hole carver with carving technology recently found in the burning area of Siruguan Kiln in Liang Qing, Baofeng, Henan, are closely related to Yue Kiln in terms of modeling, glaze color and manufacturing technology.

The success of Yue Kiln is mainly due to the glaze color of "Qianfeng Cuise", and its typical product is called "Secret Color Device". The so-called "secret color" means that the process is complex, it is difficult for future generations to imitate, and its techniques are secret. Its main colors are jade and ice, its glaze color is green with yellow or yellow, and Ai color is the most expensive, pursuing the texture of jade, and it also has lake green like clear water. There are many kinds of utensils, such as bowls, plates, washers, plates, cups, boxes, cans, bowls, pots, bottles, lamps, pots and pots, among which poppies and teapots are the most prominent. It also pays great attention to the carving and pattern of watches, which has a high artistic effect. There is a poem in the ancients: "Nine autumn winds have passed through the kiln, winning thousands of peaks and green colors", which further shows that the glaze color of the kiln is beautiful, so it is quite popular with people. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, both North and South, China and foreign countries have been competing to imitate Yue kiln celadon, making it a Yue kiln celadon system.

(8) Kiln building with black glaze porcelain: Kiln building is also called Jianyang Kiln. It is famous for its black glazed teacups. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, a cup with black glaze was burned for the court, and the words "for the imperial court" and "for the shallow" were engraved on the bottom of the cup. In ancient literature, they are called "black mud building", "black building" and "purple building", and Japanese people call them "Tianmu porcelain", which is a good name for black glazed vessels built in kilns.

The black glazed teacup in Jianyang Kiln has a thick matrix, hard black color and various patterns formed by iron crystals in the glaze. Its patterns are colorful and ever-changing. It is known as "partridge spot" and "hawksbill spot", as well as "oil drop", "star lamp" and "rabbit hair flower". Its beautiful crystallization was praised by the world, especially by the court nobles and literati at that time. Fighting tea is popular all over the country, which has a great social impact, is popular all over the country and spreads widely. In particular, because black glaze is suitable for tea, shallow light is conducive to drying, and it is more suitable for the elegant taste of "meeting friends and fighting for tea", so various places compete to imitate and form a black glazed porcelain system represented by kiln site buildings. Black glazed lamps are produced as far north as Henan, Hebei and Shanxi, as far southwest as Sichuan and Guangxi, and as far southeast as Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Some burn rabbit hair, some burn oil droplets, some burn hawksbill partridges, and some burn obsidian to change the sky. The leaves of Jizhou kiln in Jiangxi province are primary, while those in Henan province are characterized by dense starlight. In particular, Li Feng kiln in Jiaozuo is unique, with white glaze on the edge of the spout or around the lid, which is unique. Different kilns in different regions have different decorative patterns, each with its own characteristics, strengths and local styles.