What do the five tones and twelve methods mean respectively?

Twelve Rhythms of Five Tones, a musical term of Han nationality, is an ancient method of tuning. Five tones, namely palace, business, angle, sign and feather. The following are the twelve methods of five tones that I have compiled for you. Welcome to share.

Five tones:

Usually, the music we know consists of seven notes, which are called "C, D, E, F, G, A, B" by fixed sound names, "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7" by notation, and "do, re, mi, fa, 7" by volume names. The fifth octave of the seventh scale plus five semitones becomes the scale of 12, and the pentatonic scale is more commonly used in China traditional folk music. Although it only uses five notes, it has a unique charm.

China's traditional music theory reveals the connotation of the modern concept "scale" from different angles such as sound, rhythm and sound. In the traditional national mode, there are five most commonly used tonic tones, namely, male, upper, angular, positive and Yu, which are equivalent to "Duo, Hot, Mi, Sol and La" in the first mode, and are called pentatonic scale. The word "five tones" first appeared in "Zhou Li Chun Guan": "All words are written in five tones, and palace merchants seek feathers. The pentatonic scale of "Er" was first seen in Mencius and Li Lou: "A pentatonic scale cannot be correct without six tones. "

The five tones of palace, business, horn, sign and feather in Ling Xie Shu Ke match the five internal organs: the spleen should be in the palace, and the sound should be scattered slowly; The lung should be business, and its sound should be clear; The liver should respond to the angle and have a long voice; The heart is giving, and the voice is bright; Kidney should be feathered, and its sound is heavy and thin, which is the correct pronunciation of the five internal organs.

Among the five tones, the ancients usually used the "Gong" as the first tone of the scale, which is also the most important level, and sometimes borrowed the "Five Tones". It is equivalent to the do sound in this piece. "Gong" is the master and king of the five tones, commanding all the tones. The Book of Rites says, "The palace is the king, the business is the minister, and the horn is the people ..." And the name of the tone (type) composed of the tone with the palace tone as the main tone is called the palace tone. Zhang Yan's etymology also said: "Each of the twelve strings has five tones, which show the Gongdiao ... (all): Huang Zhonggong (mode), Huang Zhongjiao (mode), Huang Zhongbian (tone sandhi), Huang Zhongzheng (mode) and Huang (mode).

The second sound of the pentatonic scale is the "up" sound. The ancients believed that "business belongs to gold, which is the image of ministers" and "harmony is the most important thing for ministers". There is a tone (type) name composed of the upper tone and the final tone. For example, in Yuefu Miscellanies, you should not learn from Duan Anjie's five tones and twenty-eight tones in the Tang Dynasty.

"Jiao" is the third level in the five tones, ranking behind "Shang". Usually equivalent to the mi sound in this piece. The ancients thought that "horns belong to wood and people are like". There is a tone (type) name, which consists of angular sound and knot sound. For example, in Duan Anjie's Yuefu Miscellanies Bielezhi Five-Tone Wheel Twenty-eight Tones in the Tang Dynasty, there are "seven tones in the upper tone". In ancient music (style), there are some tunes with the horn as the key, or some tunes with the leap palace as the angle.

"Zheng" is the fourth grade in the five tones, second only to "Jiao". Usually equivalent to the sol sound in this piece. The ancients thought that "the sign is a fire, but it looks like a thing." There is a tone (type) name, which consists of symbols-based sounds and knots.

The fifth level of the five tones is the "feather" sound, which is equivalent to the wax sound in the first tune. The ancients thought that "feather belongs to water and is the image of things". There is a tone (type) name composed of feather and knot. For example, in Yuefu Miscellanies, the "seven tones of flat voice and feather" should not be copied from Duan Anjie's five tones and twenty-eight tones in Tang Dynasty.

Seven sounds:

It is worth mentioning that the traditional national mode is dominated by five tones, but there are also seven tones and twelve laws. "Biography of Historical Records of Jing Ke" said: "Gao Jian Li hit the building, Jing Ke sang, and all the people cried for the sound of change." The "sign change" here is the sound between the horn and the horn in the ancient scale, which is equivalent to the "# hair" sound. "Change" is the second sound below the local sound, which was also called "leap" in the Song Dynasty and "leap sign". The second sound above is called "Qing", such as "Qing Jiao", which is the second sound above the horn sound, equivalent to "Fa" sound.

If we use the present intonation, "do, re, mi, #fa, sol, la and si" correspond to "palace, business, horn, sign, feather and leap palace" respectively. Among them, the sign change and leap palace are the "two changes" in ancient scales. The change of sign is the sound between the horn and the sign, and the sound between the feather and the palace is the change of palace, also known as the leap palace. For example, in the Book of Jin, it is said that "Qing Jiao Diao (scale) takes ancient strings as palaces, while ... too many clusters are palaces of change". There are tone (type) names with the palace change as the main sound as the final sound.

Twelve laws:

"Five Tones" and "Seven Tones" are equivalent to the name of the first song, and "Twelve Laws" correspond to the sound names with fixed pitch. The Twelve Laws is a legal system that divides an octave into twelve semitones that are not exactly the same by the method of gain and loss of three points. The order from low to high is: "Huang Zhong, Lu Da, Tai Cluster, Jia Zhong, Gu Guan, Zhong Lu, Yan Bin, Lin Zhong, Yize, Nan Lu, Wu She and Ying Zhong". Twelve methods are divided into yin and yang, of which six odd methods are called yang methods and six even methods are called yin methods. In addition, the odd law is called "law" and the even law is called "law", so the twelve laws are also called "law" for short. Yang Fa VI: "Huang Zhong, Tai Cong, Gu Guan, Yi Ze, no shooting"; Yin Law 6: "Luda, Jiazhong, Zhonglu, Lin Zhong, Nanlu and Ying Zhong".

Because there are twelve rhythms in a year and minutes in a month, in ancient China, people associated the twelve rhythms with December. According to the records in the Book of Rites and the Moon Order, the corresponding relationship between them is: "The Moon of Meng Chun is too clustered in the law; Zhong Chunyue, the clock is in the law; The moon in Ji Chun, a nun in law; Xia Mengzhiyue, Zhong Lu in the law; The midsummer moon is full of guests; The moon in summer, the bell of law; The moon in Qiu Meng, the law is in the middle; Mid-autumn moon, south of Fallow; Season and autumn moon, the law has no shooting; In the month of Meng Dong, the bell should ring in the law; Midwinter moon, yellow bell in France; The moon in winter, the law is great. "

The so-called "harmony in melody" is "correspondence in melody", and its verification method is based on "blowing away dust" It is said that the ancients stuffed hardened ash into twelve pipes, and as long as it reached a certain month, the ash in the corresponding pipes would fly out automatically. This is the allusions of words such as "Blow away the dust and wait for the air" and "Easy to be the law of July". Of course, from today's point of view, waiting for the weather has no realistic basis. It is worth noting that the most basic of the twelve laws is the "yellow bell", while the most basic of the China calendar is the month with winter solstice. What is listed in "Moon Order" is the mid-winter month-sub-month (1 1 month), in which the yellow bell corresponds to the winter solstice.

The rotation of the palace:

The seven tones of "Gong, Shang, Jiao, Bian, Zi, Yu and Bian" are matched with twelve methods, each of which can be used as a gong, so there are twelve positions of gong, and the positions of Shang and Jiao are also changed accordingly. Referred to as "phase-shifting method" or "phase-shifting method". A scale built for the palace by various methods is called "Jun". For example, the scale built with the Imperial Palace as the palace is called "Imperial Zhongjun" and the scale built with Dalu Palace as the palace is called "Dalu Army". Arranging twelve tones and seven tones according to their relationship is called "Gong Tu". The picture shows a simple rule: twelve tones are produced every eight phases and seven tones are produced every five phases. There are seven sounds in each sound, and eighty-four sounds in twelve sounds, which is called "eighty-four sounds". In fact, the rotating palace is the rotating palace. In the corresponding movement of the twelve-tone and seven-tone positions, the tonic of the tune is played by the tones of different orders, thus producing mode conversion.

The modes in China folk music have long been recorded in China ancient literature. In Northern Song Dynasty, Chen's Le Shu and Yutu Huntuo both recorded that "firm but gentle" entered Huntuo only at the end of Tang Dynasty ",and the" broken tune "was divided into principal offender, accessory offender, partial offender and accessory offender. The tune set for The Book of Songs by Xiong Penglai's New Edition of Yuan Qu changes frequently. In folk music, whether it is folk songs, instrumental music, folk art, opera music, there are also various forms of tone sandhi, tone sandhi and mode sandhi.

Traditional linguistics in China, also known as primary school, includes phonology, philology and exegetics.

Especially based on phonology. Phonology is divided into two parts, namely, ancient rhymes and ancient sounds. The ancient initials are classified as follows:

1. Lip sound: side, side, bright.

2, tongue sound: short, head, top, you

3. Tooth sound: please, follow, be new, be installed, and be mountain.

4. Connection: architecture, department, group and art.

5, guttural sounds: small, shrimp, Zhang

Rhythm is China's ancient theory about music and its balance.

Melody is the foundation of everything. Ancient music is divided into five tones and twelve tones. These five tones are male, female, female, male and female.

In ...

Palace belongs to laryngeal sound, and the five behaviors are soil, which is the first of the five tones, and the sound is extremely long and turbid;

Commercial dental sound, five elements of gold, the second sound is long, and the next sound is voiced;

The horn belongs to the tooth sound, the five elements belong to the wood, and the sound length is between high and low.

It belongs to tongue sound, and the five elements belong to fire, and its pitch is short and clear;

Feather belongs to lip sound, and its voice is extremely short, extremely high and extremely clear.

The five tones are divided into yin and yang, which change into ten tones, namely: Tai Gong, Shao Gong, Tai Shang, Shao Shang, Tai Jiao, Shao Jiao, Zheng Tai, Shao Zheng, Yu Tai and Yu Shao.

(Above five tones and below twelve tones)

Among the twelve methods, Huang Zhong, Tai Cong, Gu Xi, Yan Bin, Yi Ze, and non-shooting as Yang are collectively called the six methods. Take,,, Road, A Middle School and Middle School as Yin, which is called Six Laws. Together, they are called the Twelve Laws.

Tone ... Tone ... Tone.

Five notes 1.

Five elements

Five volunteers.

In joy, there are more than 5 notes, and in sadness and joy, there are more than 2 notes.

4 and 7 are only semitones. In the universe, there are only five basic sounds, namely Gong Jiao JUNG WOO 12356.

Three-point profit and loss method

In Sima Qian's Historical Records and Three Laws, he wrote: "... 998 1 thought it was a palace. One-third, fifty-four. One out of three points, 72 points is business. One third, forty-eight feathers. Three points are one, and sixty-four is an angle. 」

It means taking a bamboo tube for tuning, with a length of 8 1 unit, and setting it as the pitch of "Gong Yin". Then, we remove one-third of its length, that is, 8 1 times 2/3, and get 54 units, which is the so-called "sign sound". Increase the bamboo tube length of phonetic symbols by one third, that is, 54 times 4/3 to get 72 units, which is called "Shang Yin". Remove one third (loss of one third), 72 times 2/3 to get 48 units, which is called "feather sound". Add one-third (one-third profit) and 48 times 4/3 to get 64 units, which is the "horn sound". The five pitches of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu are called China's pentatonic.

The "three-point gain and loss method" used to determine the melody in China's music is the same as the "five-degree rule" in the Pythagorean school of ancient Greece.

Physics related to three-point profit and loss and twelve laws

In acoustics, sound level (such as Do, Re, Mi, Fa…… in western music) refers to the frequency of vibration with objects. When we measure the pitch of a simple object (such as a bamboo tube or a stringed instrument), its frequency is inversely proportional to its length. If the material of the object is fixed, the longer the length, the lower the sound.

In addition, when the length is reduced to half, the frequency will double; Double the length and halve the frequency. We define this special ratio, that is, a multiple of 2, as an octave. Therefore, "three-point loss" (the length becomes 2/3 of the original) and "three-point gain" (the length becomes 4/3 of the original) are exactly an octave relationship with each other (4/3 is' twice' of 2/3). From this, we can start from the length of 998 1, try to calculate the length of "three-point profit and loss" and get twelve laws:

Huang Zhong: 81;

Lin Zhong (from the loss of Huang Zhong): 81* 2/3 = 54;

Too cluster (thanks to Lin Zhong's three points): 54 * 4/3 = 72;

Lu Nan (from Taiqun): 72 * 2/3 = 48;

Gu Xi (three points from Lu Nan): 48 * 4/3 = 64;

Ying Zhong (three points lost from Gu Xi): 64 * 2/3 = 42.6667;

Yan Bin (three points from Ying Zhong): 42.6667 * 4/3 = 56.8889;

Lu Da (three points from Yan Bin): 56.8889 * 4/3 = 75.338+09;

Yi Ze (three-point loss from Lu Da): 75.438+09 * 2/3 = 50.579;

Jia Zhong (from easy, three points profit): 50.5679 * 4/3 = 67.4239;

Don't shoot (from the third drop of the clip): 67.4239 * 2/3 = 44.9492;

Zhong Lu (thanks to the three-point failure): 44.9492 * 4/3 = 59.9323;

Huang Qingzhong (the octave of Huang Zhong comes from the loss of Zhong Lu San): 59.9323 * 2/3 = 39.9549.

We notice that the length of the last "Ling Huang" is 39.9546, which is still a short distance from the length of the last "Ling Huang" of 40.5. This is the problem that "Ling Huang cannot recover". Because 2/3 or 4/3 is multiplied by 12 times, the final value cannot reach the original 1/2.

In addition, if the operation of three-point gain and loss is continuously used in the law, infinite decimals will eventually appear, which is easy to produce errors in actual production. But in reality, accuracy and precision have their limits, so after three gains and losses of 12 times, an (imperfect) scale cycle can be formed. This is why both Chinese and western music theories have developed the "12 scale" into the mainstream. Only then can there be different improvement or correction methods such as pure method and twelve-average method.

From the above calculation results, we can find the copying errors by comparing the characters in Historical Records. In Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan in Song Dynasty, it was recorded that words such as "seven points" appeared in the Fa Shu, which should be mistaken for "ten points". Therefore, it is reasonable that "eight inches and seven points" in Huang Zhong's original text is "eight inches and ten points, 8 1 minute". The following is a comparison between the twelve laws of ancient phonology and historical records, as well as the calculation of "error" with the western "finger sound" and "twelve average laws"

Twelve laws of ancient sound

history

Three-point profit and loss

historical?figure

Western phonetic names

Twelve-tone equality law

Deviation between three-point profit and loss and twelve-point average method (%)

Huang Zhong's eight inches and seven points are 8 1 8 1 (corrected) C 8 1-

Lin Zhong is five inches and ten minutes, 54 54g54.05438+000.11.

Taicong seven inches and ten minutes 72 72 d72+028 0.23

Lunan four inch ten eight 48 48 one 48 438+029 0.34

Gu Xi six inch fourteen 64 64 E 64.2898 0.45

Zhong Ying is four inches, two points, three points, two points, 42.6667 42.6667b 42.3830548464

Sabine is five inches, six minutes, three minutes and two minutes 56.8889 56.6667 F# 57.2757 0.68.

Road seven inches, five minutes, three minutes and two 75.438+09 75.6667c # 76.4538 0.79

Yi is five inches three points two 50.5679 50.6667g # 51.02680.90.

There are six inches, seven points, three points and one 67.4239, 67.3333D # 68.11261.01.

No hand, four inches, one quarter, two thirds, 44.9492, 44.6667A # 45938+0.438+02.

Lv Zhong is five inches nine minutes three minutes two minutes 59.923 59.6667F60.438+041.23.

Harmony between temperament and calendar

Because there are twelve rhythms in a year and minutes in a month, in ancient China, people associated the twelve rhythms with December. According to the records in the Book of Rites, the corresponding relationship between them is:

The moon in Meng Chun, the law is too cluster;

The moon in mid-spring, the clock was caught in the array;

The moon in Ji Chun, the Gu Xi in law;

Xia Mengzhiyue, Zhong Lu in the law;

The midsummer moon is full of guests;

Midsummer moon, Lin Zhong in law;

The moon in Qiu Meng, the law is in the middle;

Mid-autumn moon, south of Fallow;

Season and autumn moon, the law has no shooting;

The moon of Meng Dong, the clock should be in the law;

Midwinter moon, yellow bell in France;

The moon in winter, the great Lu Zaifa.

The so-called "harmony" is "the correspondence of melody", and its verification method is based on "blowing away dust" It is said that the ancients stuffed twelve tubes with decaying ash, and as long as the ash in the corresponding tubes flew out automatically in a certain month, this is the allusion of words such as "blowing away the dust and waiting for the air" and "easy to be the law of July". Of course, from today's point of view, waiting for the weather has no realistic basis.

It is worth noting that the most basic of the twelve laws is the yellow bell, while the most basic of the China calendar is the month with the winter solstice. "Moon Order" lists the mid-winter months, and the yellow bell corresponds to the winter solstice-the second month (1 1 month).

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