What are the traditional Mongolian festivals?

Mongolian traditional festivals are as follows:

I. Nadam

Nadam is a traditional festival with a long history in Mongolia, which plays an important role in the material life of the Mongolian people. The "Nadam" conference is held in July and August every year when livestock are fat. This is a cultural and sports entertainment conference held by people to celebrate the harvest. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian. There are thrilling horse racing, wrestling, admirable archery, competitive chess and fascinating songs and dances at the Nadam convention. Before the start of the conference, men, women and children rode horses and dressed in festive costumes, and came to participate in competitions and visits regardless of the distance. The first activity of the conference is generally a wrestling competition. The wrestling hands and feet climb high into the boots, wearing wide satin wrestling pants under them, wearing "Zhao/De/Ge" (a vest) on them, and tying colorful ornaments "Jiang/Ge" around the neck, imitating the ancient knights striding around the field. Horse racing is also one of the important activities of the conference. At the beginning of the race, the riders lined up, each wearing a colored belt and a colored towel, full of youthful vitality. There are all kinds of colorful flags at the beginning and end of the horse race. As soon as the horn sounded, the riders flew into the saddle and whipped the horses, and the red scarf flew around like an arrow/arrow/arrow/hair. The first person to reach the finish line becomes the most praised athlete on the grassland. Archery competitions have also attracted many herders. People with good skills can hit every shot and win applause from the audience. The "Nadam" conference is also an exposition of agricultural and animal husbandry materials. In addition to industrial and agricultural products, there are ethnic diets, such as beef and mutton and their smoked products, cheese, milk powder, cream, milk bumps, milk tofu, yogurt and so on.

Second, the horse milk festival

Mongolian traditional festivals are named after drinking kumiss as the main content. Popular in Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia and some pastoral areas in Erdos. Usually held in late August of the lunar calendar, the date is not fixed and lasts for one day. In order to celebrate the bumper harvest and bless each other, besides preparing enough kumiss, we also treat guests with "hand-grilled meat", hold horse racing activities, invite folk singers to sing greetings, and present gifts to the elderly of Mongolian medicine. It is said that Nadam Festival originated from this.

Three. Fuel/lamps/parts

Every year on October 25th of the lunar calendar, when night falls, everyone lights/burns/cooks/cooks/lights to celebrate. Today, most Mongolians in Buhe/Keke/Sai/Er/Mongolian Autonomous County and E/Min/County no longer burn/light/celebrate festivals; The Mongolians in Wusu city don't burn/shine for more than one day during the Lantern Festival, instead, they are all kinds of entertainment. Traditional entertainment activities for the Mongolian people include horse racing, camel racing, wrestling, archery and shooting, tug-of-war, folk singers playing and singing, Ma Touqin playing Jiangge and folk dances. The Mongolian dance in Turhut includes group dance, solo dance, duet between men and women, singing and dancing, which shows the unique characteristics of grassland nationalities.

Fourth, Chinese New Year

Ancient Mongolians called the Lunar New Year "Xi/ En/Ji/Er", that is, the New Year. Some people call it "White Festival" or "Bai Yue", which is closely related to the whiteness of milk. There are different views on the origin of Mongolian Spring Festival. First, according to the book Answers in Black and White written by Dalai in May, "Cheng Khan took the capital of Xixia in 1227, and gave a banquet to celebrate, which was the first year of the Mongolian calendar, and the stars and moons were called the first month." The months of the stars were from 65438+February 16 to 65438+ 10. The Mongolian calendar in Ordos region is based on Bai Yue, May and June. From this point of view, the first year of the Mongolian calendar should be April in agricultural time. According to historical records, since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians have accepted the calendar algorithm of the Han nationality, so Baiyue in Mongolian coincides with the first month of the Spring Festival of the Han nationality. This is the origin of Mongolian Spring Festival. Near the end of the year, no matter in agricultural and pastoral areas, every household should set up lantern poles. By the thirtieth, we should clean the courtyard and do a good job in indoor hygiene. A small altar should be set in front of the Buddha, and a piece of cooked mutton should be enlarged on the altar for dairy products and flour-made fruits. On New Year's Eve, an ancestor worship ceremony will be held. In the past, at the ceremony of ancestor worship, we had to strike while the iron was hot. Mongolians have an ancient legend of "turning iron into mountains", which people regard as the legend of their own national origin. The night is brightly lit. Some also invited Mongolian folk artists to rap "Wu/Li/Ge/Er" (Mongolian book). Young people get together to sing and dance. Girls who don't take part in singing and dancing get together to play "sand/ha" (ga/la/ha. Usually used to stay up until midnight. In recent years, although the Spring Festival of Mongolian people is generally the same as that of Han people, and some customs of Han people, such as eating jiaozi and setting off firecrackers, have been absorbed, many traditional customs of Mongolian people, such as eating "hand-held meat" on New Year's Eve, have been retained to show family reunion. On the first day of the new year, the whole family will put on holiday costumes and get together to celebrate the new year. First of all, from the younger generation to the older generation, in turn; The younger generation kowtows and peers pay tribute; There are also packs of cigarettes, toasts and hada. After receiving gifts, elders should express their blessings to their brothers, nephews and grandchildren. After the blessing, give the children some gifts and "lucky money". At dawn, family, friends and relatives began to pay New Year greetings to each other. People who travel long distances have to ride horses or drive. New Year's greetings usually end before the 15th day of the first month. In remote farming and pastoral areas, on the morning of the 16th day of the first month, before sunrise, people who often play together also have the custom of "Ha/Ba/De" (beating/black/ink). It is to secretly wipe the forehead when the other person is sleeping, and the paint is mostly bottom ash.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) fire day

Sacrifice by fire, also known as worship/fire sacrifice. Mainly from the ancient Mongols' worship of fire. The ignition ceremony was held on the evening of February 23, 65438. It may be influenced by the sacrifice of the 23rd twelfth lunar month of the Han nationality. However, since ancient times, Mongolia has the custom of using fire for sacrifice, which is a prelude to the Lunar New Year. Before the fire sacrifice begins, the whole family will go to the yard (some in front of Tang Qian and the stove), and the priest (the elder in the family) will first put up sacrifices to burn incense. Then take a bundle of firewood and light it, and throw sacrifices such as butter, white wine and meat (beef and mutton) into the fire. Under the leadership of Chang Yi, the whole family kowtowed and lit a fire. The priest also prayed:-Thanks to Vulcan's blessing, some unclean things were thrown into the fire. Please forgive Vulcan, and bless the harvest of crops, the prosperity of people and animals, and good luck and happiness in the coming year.

Sixth, offering sacrifices to Aobao

This is also an important festival activity. On this day, herders went to Aobao in droves to offer sacrifices. They placed Buddha statues on Aobao, erected prayer flags and offered sacrifices to cattle, mutton and milk together in front of Aobao. Then, pull/horses/children burn incense and light lamps, chanting prayers, and the masses turned around Aobao three times from left to right, hoping to usher in a bumper harvest year for animal husbandry.

Seven, wheat/Germany/Er/Festival

Mai/De/Er/Festival is a festival to commemorate Maitreya, which is celebrated on the 15th day of the first month and has a strong religious color. On the day of the festival, Maitreya Buddha statues are hung in every yellow/temple, and nearby herders come to the temple to offer offerings, burn incense and worship. If there is a living Buddha in the temple, it will be presided over by the living Buddha, and if there is no living Buddha, it will be presided over by Dara/Ma/. After worshipping the Buddha, everyone, under the leadership of Gu Zida (the flag bearer), carried out traditional Mongolian entertainment activities such as archery, horse racing and afterwords.

Eight. the Lantern Festival

Lantern Festival is called "Zule" by Mongols, and it falls on October 25th of the lunar calendar. This is a small-scale religious festival. It is said to commemorate the founder of the Yellow Sect, Zong/Ka/Ba. On this evening, every family set up a wooden frame on the high slope and put on homemade lamps. The wick of this lamp is made of Achnatherum splendens. The number of grass in Ying Ying is determined according to everyone's age. The head of Achnatherum splendens is covered with cotton or wool coated with butter or sheep oil. After lighting the lamp, people make three turns from left to right (if there is a horse, it will be led by the horse), and then sprinkle wine to worship the sky, kowtow to the Buddha and pray for the Buddha to bless longevity and peace. In each yurt, a small oil lamp made of dough is lit all night, which symbolizes that the world is always bright and people live long.

9. Tower/gram/stalk/knot

Every year, Mongolian people in Ta/Ke/Le/Gan/Jie hold large-scale activities centered on tribes to worship Aobao, in summer. Aobao is generally placed on hills rich in aquatic plants. The worship of Aobao may come from ancient mountain worship, which is the expression of Mongolian worship of nature. When offering sacrifices to Aobao, herders from the same tribe rode horses and camels and brought wine and meat to the mountain where Aobao was located. At that time, people will present Hada first, and then the living Buddha/Buddha or Dala/Ma will lead the people to chant scriptures around Aobao (women can't attend at this time). May God bless the world and give people peace; If there is drought, pray for rain, so that the earth will be rich in water and grass, and livestock will thrive. After Aobao Sacrifice, traditional Mongolian folk entertainment activities such as horse racing, wrestling and archery began.

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