Practical perpetual calendar lookup table 2022 great summer, 2022 calendar table clear version

Practical almanac query table 2022 big summer

The compilation of history and the compilation of genealogical records, is a move of reverence and virtue, is a strong nation and people rich in the fruits of prosperity, the three are the pillars that constitute the edifice of Chinese historiography, which genealogical records for the history of the book. Zhong Jianqun in the "genealogy briefly" that: genealogy, the name of the Tang Dynasty genealogy, the Song Dynasty, the name of the genealogy, the family multiplier, and later also known as the genealogy, family ultimatum, genealogy, and so on. Genealogy in the "Dictionary" in the definition is: "according to the category or system of things compiled into the table, also known as compiled into a genealogy." Genealogy in China in the Western Zhou Dynasty has been widely circulated, known as "the historians of the perfect song, no rhyme of the Li Sao" of the historical masterpiece "Shiji", is absorbed, including genealogy, including the excellent cultural heritage and written, "Shiji - three generations of the World Table" cloud: "Yu read ultimatums, since the Yellow Emperor are the number of years .... ...Since Yin before, the vassal can not be obtained and genealogy."

The historians believe that: genealogy and the Fangzhi, the positive history of mutual reference can make up for the history of the que, often the history of the unavailability of the unspecified, or the narrative error, precisely in the genealogy of the detailed preparation. Being Liang Qichao known as "Fangzhi of the" Qing Dynasty historian Zhang Xuecheng said: "genealogy has a sign, then the county records to take; county records have a sign, then the history of the country take yam"; Mr. Lu Xun said that the history of the country is "the genealogy of the Mr. Lu Xun said that national history is "the genealogy of the country". The value of genealogy is not only recognized by academics, but also valued by politicians. Comrade said in 1957 in chengdu conference: "if genealogy, genealogy to study, can know the class development law, also can provide valuable information for human geography, settlement geography." I have also experienced in the consultant "Hutang Town Journal": Hutang old street since the early Qing Dynasty industry development of historical facts, more than in the "Xiao genealogy" and "Biling Yang's genealogy" and so on; on the store since the ancient town of Ming and Qing Dynasty of the reverence for culture and morality of the heritage, more than in the "Yun's family" and "Zhang's genealogy" and so on. In the process of access and use of genealogy, the author in the chronology of the expression, the lunar calendar and the conversion of the Gregorian calendar and many other aspects of the doubt, in the verification of the relevant information and study combing a little bit of enlightenment, if the holes in the view, the right to throw bricks.

First, the origin of the year

Ji, in the "Shuowen - Department" in: "Ji, not the silk." Duan Yucai (Gong Zizhen's maternal grandfather Qing text exegete) note: "Don't silk, a must have its first, don't is for Ji." In the "Guoyu - Zhou language" in: "Ji Nong Xie Gong." Wei Zhao (historian of the Three Kingdoms) Note: "Ji, that is to say, the synthesis also." In "China's Great": the objective form of material existence is space and time, in which time describes the continuity of the movement of the object and the order of occurrence, time is also known as the year. Therefore, the chronology of the calendar is the measurement of the length and sequence of the historical process, the link to history, and the outline of the space. With the chronicle, the space of history can be summarized and understood at a glance. On the contrary, if there is no chronicle, or the chronicle is wrong, then the space of history, as well as its carrier of the national history, Fangzhi and genealogy, will be a mess, a scattered sand.

The origin of the chronicle is the original "knotted rope". The earliest text from the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", is the Spring and Autumn Jin historians and the Warring States Wei historians made a chronicle of the general history, also known as the "Kapitsuka Chronicle", in the Western Jin Dynasty Xianning five years (A.D. 279 years), the tomb people found, because it is written in the bamboo slips of the history book, so named "Bamboo Book Chronicle". The earliest surviving work of Chinese chronicles is the Shiji, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the time of the Yellow Emperor (about 3,000 B.C.) in the Middle Ages of China, down to the fourth year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's Taichu (101 B.C.)****. The earliest chronology in Chinese history with exact dates is the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty (841 BC). In the "Records of the Grand Historian", the "twelve vassals chronology" is the beginning of this year, Sima Qian in the compilation of the history of the book consulted a large number of documents and books about the chronology, found that "the five families of the text of the Friesian dissimilarity, Vi Taichu of the meta-theory", that is, since the Yellow Emperor, a variety of chronology data say different, unable to determine the true historical chronology Can not determine the true historical epoch, only after the first year of the record is consistent, according to the history of the record to seek truth from facts principle, there is no inclusion of 841 BC before the epoch of historical materials, these precious historical materials with the evolution of history gradually obliterated, so later passed down the earliest "Historical Records" in the twelve vassals based on the chronology to determine the 841 BC as the beginning of our country has a precise epoch of The beginning of history.

Second, the types and origins of the chronicle

China from the beginning of the exact chronicle, there have been a variety of chronology, the main ones are the reign of the emperor, the dynasty name, the heavenly stems and earthly branches, the Gregorian calendar, the state chronicle and so on.

The reign of the emperor (also known as the reign of the King of the year chronology) since the beginning of 841 BC, this year because of the brutality of the King of the Western Zhou Li, stirring up the people of the country, the King of the Zhou Li fled to the swine (now the middle of Shanxi Province), the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Zhaogang *** with the ruling (said by the Minister **** Boho and ruled), so it is called the "year of the first year". The rest of the vassal states at that time were "15 years of Duke Zhen of Lu", "10 years of Duke Wu of Qi" and so on. For example, in the Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru, "In the 16th year of King Huiwen of Zhao, Lian Po was a general." This kind of record method continued to the Western Han Dynasty, eight years (180 years before), after Emperor Wen (Liu Heng) succeeded to the throne, there was a recalculation of the first year (not the number of the year) due to non-solution of the matter, and the historians for the convenience of the record called the former Yuan and the latter Yuan; then there were the former Yuan, the middle Yuan, and the latter Yuan between the reigns of Emperor Jing (Liu Qi). The imperial chronology was practiced until the third year of Emperor Jingdi's reign (141 years ago). Records such as "Han Wudi Jianyuan three years", "Tang Zhenguan five years", "Song Xianchun five years" and "Kangqian Shengshi "and so on. Emperors used as few as one, more than a dozen, such as Tang Emperor Gaozong has 14, Ming and Qing dynasties, in addition to Ming Yingzong has two years, the rest are an emperor one, so the later generations that is the name of the year for its name, such as the emperor, the Qianlong Emperor, and so on. In addition, the year also with the stem and branch at the same time chronology. "A jiazi" that is out of this, so the old man 60 years old is commonly known as "the year of the flower armor". Stem and branch chronology from the era of the Yellow Emperor, the Tang Dynasty, Liu Jiu in the "Tongjian Wai Ji" in the ancient book said: "(Yellow Emperor) its division of the big scratch ... ... Beginning to make the azi." In fact, it was sprouted at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty and began to be practiced at the end of Emperor Chengdi of the Han Dynasty. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Taichu Calendar" of the "Taiyue Chronology" gradually failed to match the celestial phenomena. According to the "Ziji Tongjian": Han Zhangdi Yuanhe two years (85 years), "the" Taichu Calendar "implementation of more than a hundred years, the calendar a little after the day. On the order of the calendar editor, Li Fan and other comprehensive school of its status, made the "four points of the calendar"; February, A Yin, began to implement." The court ordered the stem and branch chronicle auxiliary chronicle, as a specific expression of the summer calendar row group, such as "Nuclear Boat" "Tianqi non戌秋日, Yushan Shuji Yuanfu carving", such as the author of Yun Nantian hometown of the ancient bridge on the store stone carving "age Hongzhi non戌孟春吉旦", etc., in the national After the implementation of the increasingly perfect. The stem-and-branch calendar, the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, and the twenty-four solar terms have become the traditional features of the lunar calendar and an important supplement to the Gregorian calendar. There is a simple conversion between the Gregorian calendar and the Stem and Branch calendar: take the number of years in the Gregorian calendar, for example, 2022 minus 3 divided by 10 to get the remainder of 2, and 2 corresponds to the second of the above Heavenly Stems, which is B (which corresponds to the last place, Dec), and then 2022 minus 3 divided by 12 to get the remainder of 8, which corresponds to the eighth of the Earthly Branches, which is Wei (which corresponds to the last place, Hei), and then you can know that 2022 is the year of the Stem and Branch, which is "B Wei." However, the two are only the year of the Stems and Branch. "But the two are not equal.

The Gregorian calendar, or "Gregorian calendar" for short, is a common dating system. The first year of the Gregorian calendar is the year of the birth of the Chinese Emperor Pingdi (平帝) in the Western Han Dynasty (西汉), which is equivalent to the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year. The starting point of the Gregorian calendar is the year 1 A.D. There is no "0 A.D.", and the history of China before A.D. is calculated by the backward calculation method. The actual use of the Gregorian calendar in China began after the Xinhai period, when it was officially called the "Western Calendar", for example, the Chinese and foreign yearly comparisons in the Chinese Diplomatic Yearbook for the 24th year were called the "Western Calendar"; it was also called the "Xiyuan" in the literary world. Xiyuan", such as the "North New Living Leaf this anthology": "Guangxu sixteen years, the age of gengyin, when Xiyuan 1o years"; commonly known as the "solar calendar". Established, announced the use of the Gregorian calendar, first published in the "" date column: "September 30, 1949".

Jiyi (also known as the state name Jiyi), is the establishment of the Jiyi. Qing Xuantong three years summer calendar Xinhai year August 19 (October 10, 1911) and other people Wuchang, China's more than 2,000 years, opened up a new history of China, known as "Xinhai". Xinhai year November 13 (January 1, 1912), held in the provincial governors, announced the establishment of the swearing-in of the Provisional Grand, and in order to "line of the summer is, in order to comply with the agricultural affairs, from the Western calendar, in order to statistics", decided to use the Gregorian calendar year. On the following day, he issued a circular to change the calendar to the new year ("Municipal Records"): "Changing to the solar (Gregorian) calendar, with the 13th day of the 11th month of the 4th year of Emperor Huangdi's 4,609th year (Xinhai) as the New Year's Day of the first year." In July 1913, Yuan Shikai approved the "proposed request" of the Chief of the Interior, Insa, to set the lunar New Year's Day as the first day of the Chinese New Year. The first day of the first month of the summer calendar was called "New Year's Day" (Wu Zimu (吳自牧), Song Dynasty, Mengliang Lu (梦梁錄): "The first day of the first month of the first month of the Chinese calendar was called New Year's Day, and it was called New Year in common usage").

III. Status of the current Chinese calendar

As seen above, China uses the AD calendar, supplemented by the traditional summer calendar. On September 21, 1949, China, together with representatives of all and none, convened one of the plenary sessions of China in Peking, proposing in the opening speech "to adopt the same year number as most of the world." On the afternoon of the 27th, Ma Shulun, a representative of the "Program Committee" and head of the Promotion Committee, reported to the General Assembly: "The majority of the delegates agreed to adopt the Gregorian calendar, the calendar used by most of the world." Therefore, the second item adopted in the resolution was: "To adopt the Gregorian calendar", and after the resolution was carried out, it was declared: "From now on, the Gregorian calendar will be used, and the current year will be 1949." Considering the Chinese calendar tradition, which has long been based on the summer administrative calendar, assisted by the stem and branch, together with cultural practices, agricultural guidance and acceptance of the process and other factors, the "summer calendar and the stem and branch" to assist the administrative calendar. 1 October 1949 "the calendar date column at the same time under the table note:" summer calendar ji jiu The first day of the first month of the summer calendar is called "Spring Festival", and January 1 of the Gregorian calendar is designated as "New Year's Day", in order to distinguish between the summer calendar and the Gregorian calendar.

Later, the "summer calendar" renamed the "lunar calendar", is the New Year's Day in 1968, "the" first to change its name, continue to this day (as early as its name, the author has seen the 1963 lunar calendar "calendar book). Over the past hundred years, the lunar calendar has a variety of titles: such as when the Hankou Daily News, Northeast Daily News, etc., called "lunar calendar"; "Daily News", "Daily News" (Shaanxi Province), etc., called "the old calendar"; Song Jiaoren advocated the reign of Emperor Huangdi for the year of the first year of the year 1904 AD. Song Jiaoren advocated the year of Huangdi's reign as the first year, and projected 1904 CE as the 462nd year of Huangdi, which was adopted by the Minbao, an organ of the Allied Communist Party, and was therefore called the "Yellow Calendar". According to this calculation, 2022 AD is the 4,711th year of the Yellow Emperor's calendar.

The Gregorian calendar is called the year of the Earth's revolution around the Sun (the scientific understanding of which should be after the "heliocentric theory", which is approximately equal to the year of return), so it is also known as the "solar calendar" and "solar calendar". Therefore, it is also called "solar calendar" and "solar calendar". Since the anniversary is 365 days, 48 minutes and 46 seconds, February of the equal year is 28 days (the year is 365 days), and the remainder of the number of days in the fourth year (the extra hundred years less than a leap) is placed in February of the leap year, so February of the leap year is 29 days (the year is 366 days). So the calendar year can be divided by 4 years called "calendar leap year", such as 2012, 2022 and so on.

China's lunar calendar, since ancient times, the moon's lookout (round and round) cycle for the month, to the Earth's rotation week for the day, the moon is called Taiyin, so it is called the "lunar calendar", but also the cycle of the Earth's orbit around the sun for the year, the essence of the so-called combined calendar (the dry branches and festivals that is, the components of its solar calendar). The moon orbits the earth for 29.53 days, in order to coordinate the difference in the number of days between the return year, the ancients used "19 years 7 leap", that is, in the 19 lunar years in 7 years plus a leap month, a year with a leap month is also known as the leap year, the rest of the year is called a flat year. Therefore, there are 383 days to 385 days in a leap year, and only 353 days to 355 days in a leap year. For example: the year of the lunar calendar A Wu Ma (leap September) from the calendar year 2022 January 31, to February 18, 2022 end, 384 days; lunar B Wei Sheep year (flat) from the calendar year 2022 February 19, to February 7, 2022 end, 354 days.

Due to the simultaneous use of Chinese lunar calendar, the 365, 366 days of the Gregorian calendar, and the lunar calendar 353, 354, 355, 383, 384, 385 days to form a cross-relationship (and occasionally there is a relationship), the Logic of the two concepts of the extension of only a part of the same, so in order to ensure that the two calendar years against the conversion between the two. Therefore, in order to ensure the accuracy of the conversion between the two calendar years, it is necessary to clarify the logical relationship between them.

Fourth, the annual relationship between the Gregorian calendar and the Lunar Calendar

Before the establishment of the (1912), the reign of emperors and dynasties, supplemented by the Lunar Calendar with the stem and branch chronology, the introduction of the Gregorian Calendar, especially with regard to the births and deaths of major or historical figures, the projections of the ancient and modern contrasts and the modern chronology of the expression of the problem, in particular, the month and day around the end of the year are more likely to be the same, but not the same. It is easier to get the month and day wrong before and after the New Year's Eve. At present, the annual and monthly calendars are all labeled with stem and branch chronology, such as 2022 Lunar Year A Wu, 2022 Lunar Year B Wei, etc.; tools such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary, as well as some recently renewed genealogies are also accompanied by the same kind of chronology table (for example, there are more than 20 new genealogies of nearly 300 existing in the Wujin Library that have been set up to compare with the table). However, the above table can only reflect the overlapping part of the two years of Gongnong, and when it comes to the month and day, it will be "wrong", which makes people confused. There are several scenarios.

Usually the year of the Gregorian calendar is more than a month before the end of the last lunar year, and more than ten months before the last lunar year. Such as the year 2022 AD against the lunar calendar is the year B, in fact, from New Year's Day to February 18, is the year of the A Wu November 11 to the end of December 49 days; and February 19 is the first day of the first month of the year B, to December 31 is just the year of the B Wei November 21, the subsequent 38 days to 2022 C Shen year to go. Such as Yue Fei was killed in "Song Gaozong Shaoxing eleven years Xin You December 29", chronology table against the Shaoxing Xin You year is 1141 AD, so some of the information mistakenly note Yue Fei died for 1103-1141 years, some of them wrote "Shaoxing eleven years (1141) Lunar Lunar Lunar month, the first day of the first month of the year. 1141) Lunar Lunar month 29" and so on, in fact, "Shaoxing Xin You December 29" has crossed the 1141 years, continued to the beginning of the next year of the Gregorian calendar, so Yue Fei Lunar calendar date of murder corresponds to the "January 27, 1142 A.D. ".

Sometimes the calendar year will cross three lunar years. For example, January 1, 18 AD, is Wang Mang (the December as the first month) Tianfeng four years Ding Chou December 25, to January 5, 5 days is Ding Chou year; January 6 is the start of the Tianfeng five years Wuyin the first day of the first month; December 27 is the start of the Tianfeng six years, to December 31, 5 days that is, the year of the hexadecimal. That is to say, in addition to the year 18 years AD in the lunar calendar e Yin year, but also e Yin year before and after the ding chou, hex d two years of each 5 days.

Individuals also have the first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, the first day of the first month of the lunar year, such as January 1, 13 AD that Wang Mang began to build the country in five years dibs on the first day of the first month of the first month of the first year. If it is a lunar year, the first day of the next year will appear at the end of the Gregorian calendar; if there is a leap year, the end of the lunar year will be extended to the beginning of the next Gregorian calendar.

In the above three cases, in a leap year, there are two identical lunar months in a calendar year; if it is a flat year, there are 9-12 identical lunar days in a calendar year. For example: January 1, 1893, is the Guangxu Nongchen November 14, December 31 of the same year is the Guangxu nineteen years decree November 24, during the period of November fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four and other eleven of the same month, that is, was born in the year November nineteen, according to Ye ZiLong and others to check the "shaoshan four repair genealogy" records: "Qing Guangxu nineteen years decree November nineteenth eons born." Against the Gregorian calendar, is the end of the year November 19, thus approved Mao's birthday for the Gregorian calendar December 26, 1893, and then said wryly: "Oh, my bowl of noodles, after that do not eat on the 19th day of the 11th month in the lunar calendar, change in the solar calendar on December 26 to eat!" Later, the public know its exact birthday is so .

The complex intersection between the above two calendars, determines the modern compilation of history, the square and the genealogy of the inevitable requirements of strict precision, the chronology is not strict, the calendar conversion will not be accurate, the historical data will lose its significance.

Fifth, the expression of the contents of the chronicle

The expression of the chronicle is mainly time, time is reflected in the number. Since the introduction of the Western calendar into China, there have been a variety of expressions, such as "the Western calendar one thousand nine hundred and twenty-four years" (Chinese Diplomatic Almanac), etc. In order to unify the use of numbers, the Language and Literature Work Committee and other seven units, on December 13, 1995 issued the 1995 "Regulations for the Usage of Numbers in Publications", and in 2011, updated Standards. According to its requirements: calendar centuries, years, years, months, days use numbers, such as: 841 BC, the 1980s, April 12, 2022 AD, etc.; non-calendar chronology with Chinese characters digital, such as: the 26th year of the 26th year of the Qing dynasty Qianlong Xin Si November 26, Nian three years on October 6, and so on. In the vertical (such as genealogy, etc.) calendar can be expressed in Chinese characters, but should be clearly defined.

The larger unit of chronology currently used is the century. The 100-year calendar is called a century, and since there is no year 0, it is common to refer to the year 1 to the end of 100 as the century, and the year after the year divisible by 100 as the next century, e.g., 2001 as the 21st century (or 99 years for the 1st century, and 2000 as the first year of the 21st century, by this definition). The next century is the 10th year, which is called "era", and it has become a common practice to call 2001-2022 the beginning of the 21st century, and 2022 the beginning of the 20th century, and so on. Next to the age of the year, month, day, hour, commonly known as years, years, months, dates and so on. History also refers to the period before the War of 1840 as the "Ancient Period", then to 1919 as the "Modern Period", then to the establishment of 1949 as the "Modern Period", and then to the "Contemporary Period". The "modern era" was then followed by the "contemporary era".

The Gregorian calendar is simple and clear in numerical terms, such as April 12, 2022 AD ("Day" is commonly known as "No."). Twelve hours a day in the name of the Earth's branches. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Western clocks and watches as gifts and commodities began to enter China, the world called the clock points for the hour also known as the point, said the hour for the big time, the name of the big time has been faded. Hours of the day first son, equivalent to today's time 23:00 to 1:00 the next day, the ugly time for 1:00 to 3:00, and so on, the time is 1 hour later than the Earth's branch hours to the day, at the end of the month, the end of the year when there is a difference between the month, the year.

The lunar year is about half a month long, divided into spring, rain, hibernation, spring equinox, Qingming, rain, summer, small full, mango, summer solstice, small summer, summer, autumn, summer, white dew, autumn equinox, cold dew, frost, winter, snow, snow, winter solstice, small cold, cold, 24 festivals, of which the first half of the month is called the festival (referred to as the festival), the second half of the month is called the middle of the day (referred to as the qi), the Western Han Dynasty, "Huai Nan Zi", the first half of the month is called the festival, and the second half of the month is called the middle of the day (referred to as the qi), the western Han Dynasty, the "Huai Nan Zi". Huainanzi" contains 24 festival names in the same order. The Lunde Calendar, compiled by Li Chunfeng during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, stipulated that the month without a mid-qi would be the leap month of the previous month. For example, in September 2022, there will be only winter in the latter month, but no mid-air in the month of snow, so it will be designated as the leap month of September. The festival basically corresponds to a certain date in the Gregorian calendar, and the celestial phenomenon guides the agricultural affairs, which is the reason why the lunar calendar has been used in various dynasties and flourished, and also the reason for the name of "Lunar Calendar". It is said that the Spring Festival was originally the first day of the year for the Dry Branches Calendar.

Determination of the head of the year. Stem and branch chronicle at the beginning of the spring for the first year, history has been the beginning of spring, so it is also called the Spring Festival, but in the summer leap year, the beginning and end of the year are the Spring Festival weather, which is the above mentioned "two spring" of the chaos, the Han Emperor set things right, in the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the second year of the first year of the second year of the second year of the first year of the first year of the first year of the calendar to establish In the first year of the Tai Chou calendar (104 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set the "Tai Chou Calendar" to establish "Xia Zheng", taking the first month of the summer calendar as the first year. For more than two thousand years, the administration and customs have been recognized the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar for the beginning of the new year (New Year's Day), in a subordinate auxiliary position of the stem and branch chronology, as well as according to the twelve branches of the earth's zodiac corresponds to the animal phases of the Chinese Zodiac, but also with the "Xiazheng" change of the year, which is in the "History of the Yuan Dynasty," "Ming Shilu," "Qing Shilu," and so on, have records, the information since the more informative! Since the more informative information, history, records, genealogy, and the ruling are recorded as such. The Si Ma Qian believed that "people should be cautious and fearful" of fortune-telling, divination and fortune-telling through the ages, but they are still practicing Lichun as the first day of the year. Qin Lunshi, an expert of Shuyang nationality, insisted in his 2013 compilation of the I-Chi Palm Perpetual Calendar that "the lunar calendar must be set up for the Spring Festival in order to be counted as the beginning of the second year. the beginning of the second year. For example, in 2004...the year Jiashen could not be counted until after the first day of spring." In my opinion, Mr. Qin's point of view as one of the historical tradition and culture can be said, and let the world "must" change more than 2,000 years to comply with the development of the established customs, it seems rather nonsensical.

Abbreviations and omissions. Calendar dating form has a unique character, so "AD" two words, in addition to the strict public political instruments, most have been omitted; if necessary, "year, month and day" can also be omitted, in the digital intervals with a stop sign, such as the time of the "World Knowledge" that is, use For example, "World Knowledge" at that time used the words "1946, 5, 23"; B.C. can be abbreviated as "the year before x". When the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar are used together, for example, on April 12, 2022, the 24th day of the 2nd month of the year BW on the lunar calendar, it can be simplified as follows: April 12, 2022, the 24th day of the 2nd month of the year BW. It can be abbreviated as "x year, min x year, min time". Founded, is a milestone in history, the frequency of use is particularly high, in a session to determine the name of the country, the founding of the National Assembly representatives such as Huang Yanpei proposed to use "" for short, Li Da (a representative of the First Congress) proposed the use of "China" for short, was rejected by the majority of delegates, and as a geographic concept At present, both Chinese and foreigners are using "China" as the abbreviation; some people also suggested using " " as the abbreviation, replacing the colorful "before and after" with "before and after the establishment", or "before and after", or "before and after". It has also been suggested to replace the colorful "before and after" with "before and after the establishment" or "before and after the founding of New China", which, in the author's opinion, should be indicated in the rules. The neutral word "dingge" can also be used to express the meaning of change of dynasty, for example, Epitaph of Yuan Gong, Counselor of Henan Province, Ming Dynasty: "When Zeng Dafu was buried, it was the time of dingge, and the chaos of the four directions was not yet suppressed."

Sixth, the scientific expression of the number of calendars

In history, there have been many changes to the calendar, such as the Xia Dynasty set the month of Mengxi (January) for the correct summer calendar, the Shang Dynasty set the month of Lunar (December) for the correct Yin calendar, the Zhou Dynasty set the month of winter (November) for the correct weekly calendar, the Qin Dynasty after the unification of China to build the month of Yangchun (October) for the correct, the Han Dynasty began to adopt the summer calendar (the later Zhangdi began to be matched with the stem and branch of the chronicle) continued to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The end of the Qing Dynasty. Abolition of the year to use the country name of the year, the month and day order with the Western calendar (actually the same calendar with a different name), although the administration are replaced by the new calendar expression, but it is difficult to change the old customs, in the country name of the year at the same time still using the summer calendar date, such as "25 December 25". From this beginning, the date of the expression of a variety of forms, due to the calendar and the lunar calendar between the three aforementioned cross-cutting cases, resulting in contemporary history of the genealogy, especially in the renewal of genealogy, often resulting in ambiguity.

In the author's opinion, there are mainly the following situations worth exploring.

First, the annual conversion. Chronology and the Gregorian calendar chronology with the calendar, plus 1911 is the exact date of the Gregorian calendar. The lunar calendar date control, the current only expressed to the year, for example, 2022 AD usually corresponds to the lunar calendar year B Wei, in fact, 2022, the precise corresponding date is "the lunar calendar A Wu year November 11 to B Wei year November 21," and B Wei year corresponds to "2022 AD". February 19, 2022 to February 7, 2022". Therefore, the author believes that the current version of the comparison table can only be used as a reference.

The second is an orderly presentation. Usually described contemporary characters or, the calendar before the lunar calendar bracketed in the back, before the lunar calendar in the front of the calendar bracketed in the back, such as the "Jinling Zhang Village Lu clan genealogy" recorded "June 25, 1952 (nonconventional leap in May, the fourth), XuanTongYuanYuanYiJiYouOctober 12, 1909 (November 24, 1909)".

Third, the uniform expression. For example, "twenty, twenty, twenty, read" and other common words or names, the same text should be unified as appropriate, such as the "Vilings in front of the cemetery dang Zhang clan genealogy" recorded "Daoguang 28 November 29th," as well as the "Vilings Xie's genealogy," recorded the twenty-fifth Yinqing "...the first daughter of Yun Xueqian, who lived in Shangdian, moved to Shangdian." (Shangdian and Shangmai are different names for the same place) is inappropriate.

Fourth, the precise expression. The purpose is to avoid ambiguity and mislead the future generations. Some of the old spectrum only with the chronology of the year is prone to error, such as the Shien Tang "Zhang's genealogy" recorded Zhang Huiyin (founder of the Changzhou school of lyricism) birthday, this is the twenty-sixth year of the Qianlong period, due to the unclear woodcut, when the successor to the repair of the sixteen years was a mistake, dinghai again when the repair of the evolution of the sixteen years of the Qianlong period, the author examined the lineage of its had many twists and turns. Contemporary new genealogies (including some) are often dated by the Gregorian calendar, for example, the Provincial Zhuang Han Clan Genealogy: Jianfu was born on August 11th, 1957 AD; the other is to add stems and branches between the Gregorian calendar year and month, for example, Yun's Family Records records that Yun Yiquan (an outstanding warrior of the Chinese culture and journalism sector) "He died in Ning on December 10, 1978, after a long illness". Without the character "又", the first example would be mistaken for the 11th day of the eighth month of the Gregorian calendar, while the second example is often recognized as the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Lunar Calendar. In addition, there are a variety of other forms of expression that are prone to ambiguity.

In my opinion, to avoid ambiguity or error, there are mainly the following: first of all, it is a unified way of expression and explained in the examples, such as the number of the Gregorian calendar, the number of the Chinese lunar calendar, as well as other abbreviations, omissions and other items. Secondly, as in the above mentioned "Jinling Zhangcun Lu Clan Genealogy", the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar are expressed separately. Once again, the former year number plus the dry branch chronicle, do not have to add to the conversion bracket note calendar year; after the attention of the lunar calendar after the date of the first half of November, if in the next year of the calendar to be bracketed, such as the above after the example can be changed to "Yun Yigun December 10, 1978 (wu eleven November 11) died of illness in the Ning" (Note: Some say that in the early hours of the next morning), the above The previous example can be changed to "Jianfu was born on October 4, 1957 (Ding You and August 11)"; another example is the "Xiao Liu Xu Clan Genealogy", which states that Zhuang Le Tian (the mother of Xu Bo Xin, the executive vice president of the Democratic Progressive of China) "died on December 27 of the thirty-first year of the year rennewal, when it was the eleventh month of the summer lunar calendar". ", "nonwu" two words should be after the summer calendar; and then "December 19, 1904 lunar calendar", compared to change to "January 24, 1905 (A Chen December 19) "to be free of ambiguity.

Seven, the selection and preparation of reference materials.

The choice of reference materials also have to pay attention to, there are high-tech tools can be twice the effort. At present, bookstores or libraries have a variety of calendars, in addition to the above-mentioned Qin Lun Shi, there are Shanghai Science and Technology Press, August 2007 edition of the "New Practical Calendar", edited by Wang Pinghui, August 2009 edition of the "New Chinese Folklore Calendar", edited by Fan Lanlan 2022 January edition of the "New Practical Calendar", "Chinese Traditional Calendar" and so on. I recommend by Guo Shizai, Zhang Zhengxiang, edited by the November 2002 edition of the "almanac", characterized by the Gregorian calendar against the dates of ancient calendars, in the table after the stem with the Gregorian calendar December 31 corresponding to the lunar year of the day of the month, so that you can project the lunar year continues to the next year's date, for example, December 31, 2022 (the first ten of the first month of November, A Woo).

In addition, there are a variety of electronic almanacs available on the Internet. I commonly used is the "Han Dian almanac (choose auspicious old calendar)", which is characterized by: First, the operation is simple, as long as the year and month to check the box on the number of points that is clear; Second, the information is tolerant, vertical up to any year before and after the date of the horizontal basic coverage of the content; Third, the reality is objective, its own note statement: good and bad luck, taboos, etc., "no scientific basis".

In the official history, square records, genealogical text attached to the chronological table, can facilitate readers to consult the comparison, it is worth promoting. Suggested by Guo, Zhang compiled the "almanac", as in the Gregorian calendar year after the addition of a column, that is, the Gregorian calendar December 31 corresponds to the lunar calendar month (should be in the case of the description), you can avoid the intersection of the two calendars and misunderstandings.

For the Changzhou City Genealogy and Ancestral Hall Culture Research Association vice president, Changzhou City, Wujin District Genealogy Culture Research Association vice president

The above is related to the practical almanac query table 2022 Dashu related content, is about the stem and branch of the day to share. After reading the clear version of the 2022 calendar table, I hope this is helpful!