Who knows the three types and characteristics of comedy, thanks in advance!

One of the main genres of drama. Refers to a category of drama characterized by ridiculousness as an outward expression. Distinguished from tragedy and drama.

Comedy, as a dramatic genre, first arose in ancient Greece. Its Greek word Komoidia (meaning Carnival Song and Dance Theater), is a synthesis of Komos (meaning song of the carnival procession) and aeidein (meaning singing). It originated from the carnival procession of the farmers during the grape harvest in honor of the god of wine, in which the processionists, disguised as birds and animals, sang and danced and called it Komos, which was evolved into a burlesque by the Megarians of the Hellenistic part of the country in the beginning of the 7th century B.C.E., and became the predecessor of the comedy. Since then, it has gradually matured as a theater genre and gave birth to the great comedian Aristophanes.

In China, it was only in the 12th century that the mature art of comedy emerged. But its origins are very early, the prototype can be traced back to the Qin and Han dynasties, when haiku (i.e., haiku), is to music and dance banter for the business of entertainers. To the Tang and Song dynasty popular military theater, mainly by the senator, the migratory birds two roles to perform, through the comical dialog and action, to attract people to laugh, in fact, is also a kind of flirtation with the main form of witty performances. It was not until after the Song Dynasty that these forms of performance had a complete plot content, giving rise to comedy in the sense of drama.

The main features Aristotle already talked about the features of comedy in "Poetics", he thinks: comedy imitates "people who are worse than we are today", "the so-called 'worse', not in the general sense of 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad', 'bad'. 'bad,' but as having a form of ugliness, i.e., laughable (or comic), where what is laughable is a kind of ugliness or perversity that does no harm to the bystanders and does not cause pain." After him, someone wrote "An Outline of Comedy," which formulated a definition of comedy by applying Aristotle's definition of tragedy, emphasizing that "comedy is a parody of a ludicrous, flawed action of considerable length," and that its parody is "the action of the character by "the actions of the characters" and "gives vent to these emotions by causing pleasure and laughter". It clearly puts forward the conclusion that comedy comes from laughter, summarizes the most important characteristics of comedy, and is generally accepted by later theorists. But what exactly causes laughter and ludicrousness? It is generally believed that Hegel's view that ludicrousness comes from contradiction deserves more attention. In a nutshell, the basic characteristic of comedy is that it follows the artistic law of burlesque, uses all kinds of laughter-inducing expressions and methods of expression, and ridicules all aspects of drama, such as language, action, appearance and gesture of the characters, the relationship between the characters, the storyline, etc., so as to make the essence and the phenomenon, the content and the form, the wish and the action, the purpose and the means, the motive and the effect contrary to each other, and to the effect, which produces a comic banter. The effect of this is that it produces a comical and playful effect.

Comedy as an aesthetic category, its essence lies in the ridiculousness, the main form of expression is slapstick and humor. Chernyshevsky said when talking about comedy: ugly is the root and essence of comedy. Ugly is a kind of negative value of life, in reality there is no longer any reason for existence, but when the ugly cover up their original face with the illusion, and use the beauty to show off, the ugly will be transformed into the funny. Funny is a kind of deformation of ugliness, a kind of reversal of ugliness and beauty. On the contrary, humor is a kind of deformation of beauty, an inversion of beauty and ugliness. Beauty is inverted and distorted into ugliness, which is humor. Those who are sure of their own intrinsic value of self-deprecation of shortcomings, can also constitute humor. Funny and humor, although the same is a kind of upside down, was distorted, changed the value of life, but there are qualitatively different.

This artistic style of comedy is a very wide range of expression of life, it can show the life of the ugly, corrupt things, but also can eulogize the beautiful things, the performance of brilliant dream ideal, express praise and joy, but also reflect the life of grief, suffering side. Due to the different objects of comedy performance, the different attitudes of the artists, it caused by the laughter also has a different nature, thus giving the comedy with different aesthetic properties and aesthetic value, divided into different types.

Satirical comedy and humorous comedy Generally speaking, satirical comedy takes the negative things in social life as the object. Comedy characters through the activities of the purpose of the pursuit of the single-minded, or is already obsolete, outdated, no longer reasonable, or to achieve the purpose of the activities engaged in itself is illusory, the more the characters are active activities, the more it accelerates the purpose of the reality of the failure. The more active the characters are, the more they accelerate the failure of their purpose in reality. Comedic activities that have lost their historical authenticity and realistic significance are comical and can be called satirical. For example, Molière's "The Nobleman's Enthusiasm" ridicules the vulgar bourgeoisie's endeavor to admire the lifestyle of the aristocratic upper class; "The Hypocrites" satirizes religious worship, which has lost any real content. Another example is N.V. Gogol's "The Chinaman", which is directed at the bureaucracy under the dark rule of the Tsar. In comedy humor, the purpose pursued by the comedian is justified, reasonable, even noble and positive, but the activities he undertakes in order to achieve his purpose are in themselves contrary to it, and his actions defeat it. Most of the comedies that have come down to us from Aristophanes belong to this category, such as The Arcanists and The Land of Women. The famous comedic character Don Quixote, with his frail body, wants to eradicate injustice for the world, and Don Quixote leaves the world with the impression of being ridiculous and honorable. Li Kui's Bauhinia in classical Chinese opera is a successful comedy of humor, while Watching the Money Slave is the first surviving satirical comedy in China.

While the comedic characters are in the midst of conflicts, and the characters themselves are a huge contradiction, the fundamental characteristic of the comedic characters is that they have no self-awareness of this, and they are totally unaware of their own ridiculous situation, and they do not have any doubts about the external world, much less about their own selves. Comic characters are either eagerly pursuing their own petty profits and snail's horns, and are satisfied with their meaningless and worthless gains, or they have unrealistic and illusory actions as their serious goals, which in fact defeat their purpose. Even so, the comic character is not pained by this and does not reflect y on himself. In "The Fluffer", Abagon has a conflict with his son, and when he meets his son again later, he takes the conflict between father and son lightly, and does not take it seriously and look y into it, which is the typical attitude of comedic characters. The comedian realizes himself in the subjective illusion, realizes the reconciliation of contradictions, thinks that he dominates the environment and manages his own destiny in the self-enclosure, and thus becomes self-sufficient and self-pleasing, and achieves the harmony of life and the balance of the mind. As a result, comedies often have happy endings. But the comedic happy ending is always fictional, non-realistic, and people can easily see the error between the essence and the illusion from the lively harmony. Aristophanes' comedies are all characterized by this. In the play "Peace", people salvage the goddess of peace from a well, and the wish for peace is realized. In The God of Fortune, bad people became poor and good people became rich because people healed the blind God of Fortune.

Comedy of Joy, Positive Comedy Emphasizing the value of human beings, advocating the liberation of individuality, and opposing asceticism formed a powerful ideological trend in the European Renaissance. In this era, W. Shakespeare created a number of comedies, the main theme of which was to express the free and easy life, the sweetness of life, the happiness of youth, and the unrestrained enjoyment. These works can be called comedies of joy. The representative works are A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, The Windsor's Merry Wives, The Taming of the Shrew and so on. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, the bizarre scenes of misadventure constitute a dreamy atmosphere, and the arrows of the god of love, Chubitt, are quietly shot out, and the hearts of those who are hit by the arrows are blindly impulsive under the encouragement of the magical power of love. Misunderstandings, teasing and pranks in Twelfth Night are neither hurtful nor malicious, and people are just having fun and enjoying the good old days. Shakespeare created Falstaff, known as "the most perfect comic character", he has entered the twilight of the absurd stupidity, he is poor but extravagant, he is both witty and stupid, he spends his life in the pursuit of fun, he is free and easy to teach people to make fun at any time. Such a perfect comic character could only have arisen in that age when the old social relations were broken down, and the new had not yet had time to be established. In the treasury of the world's comedies, Shakespeare's joyous comedy stands alone and occupies a special place.

Positive comedy is different from other comedies in that it is characterized by the following: from showing the negative aspects of life to showing the affirmative aspects of life, laughter is no longer used to pinpoint people's vices, shortcomings, and meanness, but is mainly used to extol people's virtues, talents, and self-confidence. 18th-century Italian dramatist C. Goldoni's "One Servant, Two Masters," "Shopgirl," French dramatist P. de Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, all belong to this category. The Chinese Yuan dynasty theater writer Guan Hanqing's "Saving the Wind and Dust" can also be included in the positive comedies. In this kind of comedies, although there are also objects of jest and ridicule, such as the bad habits of the first night right of the nobles and the nobility lord's indecision in "The Marriage of Figaro", and the debauchery and thinness of love in "Saving the Wind and Dust", etc., the main theme of the whole play is to show the wit and bravery of the main character, his fidelity to friendship and love, and his hatred of evil and its struggle. The Chinese opera The Jade Hairpin is one of the more successful works of positive comedy. Positive comedy is closer to positive drama, and if the ludicrousness is diminished, the nature of positive drama is enhanced.

The Comedy of the Absurd In modern Western society, the ultimate distortion of life's deepest suffering and death into the upside-down realm of comedy constitutes the comedy of the absurd, or the comedy of the grotesque. In F. Dürrenmatt's The Old Woman Returns Home, the aging, dismembered noblewoman returns to her native city of Gülen in order to avenge the death of her lover, who had abandoned her earlier in life. In exchange for a donation of one billion pounds to the city of Gülen, she wants the inhabitants to violate human decency and kill her past lover. Il finally becomes a victim on the altar of gold worship.S. Beckett's Waiting for Godot can be seen as a masterpiece of absurd comedy. On a stage as bare as a desert, the characters make a series of inexorable and inexplicable movements and speak unintelligible words, waiting for Godot. However, Godot does not come, and they do not know when he will come, and they do not know who Godot is, but they can only wait like this. In this theater work, the tragedy in people's hearts is turned into a comical situation, which is used as a metaphor for the embarrassing situation of people in the real society.

Farce Farce comes from the French farce and Latin farcio, the former meaning meat, or filling, and can be translated as a laughing stock. It generally belongs to the ranks of vulgar comedy, that is, through the amusing behavior and stupid banter to attract laughter, and the lack of deeper meaning of the purpose of interest. The characters have only one highly exaggerated feature, but not a rich character and psychological analysis. This form of comedy arose in the French medieval popular civic theater, mostly performed by urban craftsmen. Its main theme is mostly against religious asceticism, mocking monks and prominent figures, praising the joy of the world. The most famous of these is the Bartram Farce (1486), which mainly shows the lawyer Bartram cheating a cloth merchant out of his cloth and helping a shepherd boy to win a lawsuit against him, and then, in the end, the shepherd boy gets rid of the lawyer's blackmail and teaches him a lesson. Moliere's comedy also contains certain elements of farce. In Chinese theater, too, there are often scenes interspersed with gags to make people laugh, which can arouse the interest of the general audience. Later generations tend to call those dramatic works that win with gags, are full of vulgar banter, caricatured characters, ignore the plausibility of the plot, and pursue only external comedic effects, farces.

Bibliography

Bergson: Laughter - On the Meaning of Funny, China Theater Press, Beijing, 1980.

Chernyshevsky: On the Sublime and the Funny, Chernyshevsky on Literature, Middle Volume, Shanghai Translation and Literature Publishing House, Shanghai, 1979.<

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