What's the difference between yurts and yurts?

Mongolian yurts are called "yurts" in Mongolian, which means Mongolian houses. In the vast northern Xinjiang, it starts from the snow peak in Altai in the west and the green forest in Xing 'an Mountains in the east. It starts from Lake Baikal in the north and reaches the Great Wall of Wan Li in the south. DuDu used to be a big stage for northern nomads to ride horses, March and graze freely, and the most suitable room for this lifestyle is Mongolian yurts. Therefore, Mongols are sometimes called "people of felt tents", and yurts are also called vaults and felt tents. "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu" records that "Xiongnu father and son lie in the same dome". In Wang Zhaojun's Yuefu poem, Sui Daoheng also wrote the sentence "Qiu, Qiu, carpet and curtain are also open". Notes on Heilongjiang in Qing Dynasty: "The national language of Qionglu (Manchu) is called Mongolian Bo, and the popular pronunciation of Bo is Bao. Chinese is transliteration and free translation.

1. There were two kinds of early yurts.

One is a vehicle-mounted movable yurt. The other is that the yurt can be disassembled and placed directly on the grass. The yurts carried in the car vary in size. The small ones can be driven by cattle or horses, and the big ones need a lot of livestock to pull.

After thousands of years of exploration, the Mongols finally formed a residence suitable for nomadic migration in the four seasons and resisting the cold climate in the northern plateau on the basis of shacks, and found a living form that can stand the test of nature.

2. The characteristics of yurts

(1) is suitable for natural environment.

The overall style of yurts is round, without edges and corners, and streamlined. The top of the bag is arched, which has the strongest bearing capacity. The bag body is approximately cylindrical, forming a solid whole from top to bottom. Therefore, sandstorms and snow on the grassland will not make yurts fall into disaster. Strong yurts can withstand the ten winds in winter and spring. Because the top of the yurt is round and can't hold water, when it rains and snows, the top felt of the yurt is covered, forming a spherical closed body. So it can bear the heavy rain on the grassland. After several days and nights of heavy rain, the house collapsed, but it was safe and sound, and no matter how heavy the rain, it would not leak into the bag.

Mongolian yurts are warm in winter and cool in summer. Mongolia has been extremely cold since ancient times. The severe cold on March 9 will crack the horns of a three-year-old cow. Mongolian yurts, who have lived for generations, have never heard of freezing a person to death, because, first, there is fire in the yurt and a lot of cattle and sheep dung in the pastoral area. As long as the fire lasts for a lifetime, the heat wave will come immediately. Secondly, in winter, the felt bag is thickened outside, and a layer of felt is tied inside, which has better windproof performance. Third, when sleeping, warm up the house, cover the quilt, close the door, cover the sheepskin quilt and fur robe. Why is it cold? Fourth, you can also put a warm kang in your bag and burn the fire from the outside. If the bag is too hot, you can also use the top felt to mediate; In the hot summer, people sit on the vast highland, drinking and singing. It's really floral, cool and creamy, no less than the Forbidden City. Because the yurt is shaped like a sphere, with white as the main color, it has a good reflective effect. You can open the skylight at the back, lift the edge of the felt, and let the wind around you, such as sitting in a gazebo. Especially suitable for making milk food, because it won't be too sour. Now some yurts are deserted, and they are specially used for making milk food in summer.

(2) Adapt to nomadic life

Rapid erection: It is not necessary to choose a strict site to erect yurts, as long as the surrounding water plants are good. A yurt is a combined house, and all the components are separated. When you build it, you don't need many people to participate, just two people can. When you arrive at a new place, unload them from the car. Just make a fire to cook milk tea and a yurt will be set up. It's still a picnic when making tea. Here we are.

When I was drinking tea, I was already sitting in the yurt.

Easy to disassemble: The yurt is much easier to disassemble than to cover. It only takes ten minutes for two people to open it. The rope and belt are movable buckles, which are easy to untie. As soon as the belt is untied, the felt and the frame will automatically separate. Hannah, Wu Ni and Tao Tao are all divided into small pieces, which can be opened and folded soon.

Easy to load and move: yurts are made of wood and felt, without metal, brick, tile, cement, etc. At the same time, it is assembled from various parts. Nothing that is removed is heavy, so a woman can lift it and put it in the car.

Convenient maintenance: the materials used in yurts are all adapted to local conditions. Any part that is broken or old can be replaced. Mongolian yurts can be expanded or shrunk. But psychologically and habitually, Mongolians don't like to shrink back. There is a saying that "shrinking the belly is better than shrinking the felt house".

3. The composition of yurts

The yurt is mainly composed of three parts: wooden frame, felt (cover) and rope belt.

(1) Jia Mu

The overall framework of the yurt is a wooden structure, which consists of Taonao, Wuni, Hana and doors. Taonao is the head of the wooden frame and the skylight of the yurt. The size of pottery brain determines the length and quantity of black mud. The canopy is a circular arch, such as an umbrella, which is generally composed of three circular wooden rings with neat specifications and four curved wooden beams. A square socket is chiseled on the outside of the largest circular wood ring.

Translated as rafters, Wunitong is a wooden pole connecting Taonao and Hana. The length of the wooden pole is about 1.5 times the diameter of the peach brain, and the upper end is thinner and the lower end is thicker. The upper end is inserted into the square mouth of the log, and the lower end is perforated, which is the same as Hannah and connected with Hannah by rope.

Hana is a net that sews wicker into a diamond mesh with a leather rope. Connect several hanas to form a circular grid frame, which is the wall of the yurt. The size of a yurt is generally determined by the number of yurts in Hana. Ordinary yurts are mostly four, five or six Hanas, and there are also eight or ten big yurts of Hanas. Hana has three magical characteristics: First, it is flexible and its height can be adjusted relatively, unlike the fixed size of Tanau and Unni. The second is that it has great support. After the head of Hana bears the gravity from Wuni evenly, it spreads evenly to Hana's legs through the grid. This is the secret that wicker with thick fingers can withstand two or three thousand kilograms of pressure. The third is beautiful appearance. The wood used to make Hana is generally red willow, which is light but not broken, not cracked by nails, not deformed by moisture, uniform in thickness, equal in height and mesh number. The felt bag made in this way not only meets the mechanical requirements, but also has a symmetrical and beautiful appearance.

The gate is called "Halaga" in Mongolian. It consists of a door frame, a threshold and a lintel. The height of the door frame is equal to Hana, and the door is framed. So the door of the yurt should not be too high. Generally, it is about three feet five inches high and two feet five or six inches wide, and people have to bend down to get in. The door faces south or southeast to avoid the northwest wind. In winter, doors are usually double-decked, and the two doors inside are called air doors, both of which are open. The outer door is a single door, which opens from left to right and is called a closed door. In addition, the door curtain (called "Ude" in Mongolian) is also an integral part of the yurt. Mongolian yurts usually use two kinds of door curtains: one is made of felt, with two sides and various patterns. Usually white, blue and red, hanging on the door. The other is made of reed or white wicker, which is usually used in summer.

(2) Carpets

Felt consists of top felt, ceiling, surrounding felt, outer cover, felt wall root and felt curtain. The yurt is covered with one layer in summer, two layers in spring and autumn, and three layers in cold winter, with curtains hanging inside. The felt on the cover of Tao nao is called top felt, and in Mongolian it is called "forehead". It is a square felt covered on the peach brain, and it is covered with buckle ropes all around. Covered in a square at night, half exposed during the day becomes a triangle. It has the function of adjusting the old and new air, the cold and warm inside the bag and the intensity of light. Top felt, also known as felt-wrapped hats and top ornaments, has always been valued. When disassembling the felt bag, you should first remove the felt on it and put it away from people's feet to prevent trampling and crossing. Because it covers the highest position of the set of nao, the fireworks go out, so pay attention to it when moving, put it together with the Buddha statue and walk in front of the car.

(3) Belt and wool rope

Although these things are fragmentary, they are very useful. Keep the shape of the yurt; Prevent Hana from exploding; In this way, the ceiling and carpet will not slide down and will not be lifted by the wind. In a word, it has a lot to do with maintaining the stability of yurts and prolonging their life.

The cover of the yurt is relatively simple. First, choose the right position, fix the whole frame after slightly trimming the ground, then wrap it with felt and tie it with wool rope.

There are many ethnic patterns on the yurt, and its decoration is mainly on the road, forehead, felt and door curtain. It is usually decorated with letters, palindromes, scrolls and other striking ethnic patterns.

Mongolian yurts fully embody the aesthetic culture of Mongolian people. The color of the yurt is white, and the whole shape is round. Taonao is connected with Wuni and shines like the sun and the moon, which is the aesthetic psychological expression of Mongolian people's respect for the sun and the moon.

4. The furnishings of the items in the yurt

The interior furnishings of yurts are also unique. All kinds of articles have a fixed position, centered on the stove, that is, the fire branch. Fire occupies a very important position in the family. Fire is an important symbol of the existence and continuation of a family and a symbol of its prosperity. The northwest side of the yurt is a place to worship gods, shrines and ancestors. Because Mongols have always respected the northwest, ancient sacred objects have always been enshrined in the northwest. After liberation, after atheism education, the improvement of herdsmen's cultural quality and the renewal of their concepts, most of the worshippers in the bags are gone now, replaced by radios and televisions. Going to the southwest in turn is mainly to put tools for men to graze and hunt. Such as saddle, whip, bow and arrow, shotgun, etc. There is a quilt table in the north of the yurt, and next to the northeast of the quilt table, there is a woman's box. In the East, vertical cabinets painted with various patterns are used to place bowls, lamps, pots, spoons, tea, milk and furniture. Cooking utensils, milk utensils, etc. Was placed in the southeast.

5. Sit in a yurt.

Mongolians have a clear distinction between carrying a bag since ancient times. In ancient times, men sat in the west and women in the east. It was then a throne in the East. Ancient Mongols had a patriarchal society. At that time, people worshipped the sun and regarded the rising direction of the sun as particularly sacred. Therefore, the East was ceded to the dominant women. When the society developed to the age of male chauvinism, it regarded the west as an honorary position. In this way, although the seats of men and women have not changed, the relationship between seniority and seniority has actually been reversed. Men in the family, according to their seniority and age, sit in the west from upper (north) to lower (south). The same is true of women in the East. There is a special division between the north and the south: the felt-covered north is called golden land, where the head of the family is located. Even your own children can't sit facing west. Only when he becomes the head of the family or establishes a new family can he inherit or replace his father's seat. If the father is old, he should hand over the power of the family to his married son and let him sit alone in the front (north) and northwest. If the father dies young, regardless of the size of the son, the mother should let him sit in the front. Generally speaking, there is no one at the entrance of the yurt, especially guests, but sometimes there are many people at home, and children can sit there temporarily.

The seating of the guests in the yurt is the same as that of the one above. Ordinary guests and young people can't cross the north side of the crossbar in the pottery brain, but the elderly must cross the crossbar and sit down. If the host asks to be seated, it is a respect for the guests, who should sit in the northwest or due north. But generally don't sit in front of the Buddha table or box in the northwest, on the top of the stove fire, to show respect for the gods, ancestors, incense and family. The female guest bypassed the stove fire from the east and sat in the northeast. The east side is usually reserved for the hostess to make a fire and cook. When the guests are seated in the bag, they should be arranged from top to bottom according to their age, family background and relatives.

A folk proverb says, "Learn to sit even if you don't study". How to get into a yurt has always been regarded as a matter of learning and great importance. No matter what guests come to other people's homes, they should sit cross-legged. If Bao Xi sits, he should bend his left knee. If Dongbao sits, he should bend his right knee. Not only the guests should sit like this, but also the host should sit like this after seeing the guests come in, which is disrespectful to each other. In front of the guests, women often take the posture of squatting and kneeling to show their respect and friendliness to the guests. Mongolians sleep at home on weekdays, the host and wife sleep in the north and the elders sleep in the west. If you can't sleep, you need to sleep in the east, usually for women. After the guests come, give them the best place (north or west) to sleep.

When sleeping, no matter the guest's family, you can't put your feet on the Buddha statue and the stove. Those who sleep in the west face north, those who sleep in the north face west and those who sleep in the east face north. When sleeping, cover the visitors with new blankets, prepare pillows and bedding, and invite everyone to sleep. After the guests, elders and hosts sleep, the rest of the family members choose to sleep in the interval and shall not sleep before the guests.