A study on parental rearing patterns.

"Parental rearing pattern", also known as "family rearing pattern", refers to the parenting concept, attitude and behavior reflected by parents in the process of raising and educating their children, which is stable and continuous. No matter in which historical period or country, children's first teacher is their parents, so they can't choose at will. They have the natural characteristics of younger age and consanguinity, and have a more lasting and profound influence than other education. Therefore, parental rearing patterns have a far-reaching impact on children, even with their whole lives, which is why educational and psychological circles regard it as an important research topic.

According to the research at home and abroad, parental rearing patterns can be divided into four types: authoritative parenting patterns mean that parents establish authority, understand and respect their children, and often communicate with and help them; Arbitrary parenting means that parents ask their children to obey, protect and supervise all their behaviors; Spoiling parenting means that parents actively affirm their children and will try their best to meet their needs, but lack the necessary control; Neglect parenting style refers to parents' lack of love for their children, but also lack of emotional and positive response to behavioral requirements and control.

The different choices of parental rearing patterns are mainly influenced by parents' subjective factors and children's objective factors. This paper intends to analyze the influencing factors of parental rearing patterns from the perspective of parents.

First, the educational level of parents.

The higher the educational level of parents, the easier it is to consciously adopt positive parenting methods such as warmth, understanding and partiality. The lower the education level, the easier it is to adopt negative parenting methods such as rejection, denial and severe punishment [1]. After investigating the educational consciousness of mothers in Beijing and Tokyo, Zhang Su came to the conclusion that the way and expectation of raising children by mothers reflect her educational consciousness. Relatively speaking, most families in China ignore the cultivation of children's self-reliance ability and pay more attention to the cultivation of learning ability. By comparing the educational background of Chinese and Japanese mothers, it is found that Japanese mothers generally have higher educational background, which is conducive to the implementation of family education; Chinese mothers generally have low academic qualifications, so it is difficult to improve their children's education. From the existing research, we can draw the following conclusions: the higher the education level of parents, the more favorable it is to form a positive parenting style; On the contrary, parents' education level is low, and their parenting style is relatively negative.

Second, parents have a happy marriage.

The level of parents' marital happiness plays a direct and important role in family atmosphere. Parents with low marital happiness usually create a tense and cold family atmosphere, accompanied by more quarrels and contradictions, and have more negative emotions for their children. Most of them control children's activities by command and coercion, so children will show more attacks and criminal behaviors, and peer relations will also develop poorly. Families whose parents have a high degree of marital happiness will create a warm and harmonious family atmosphere, adopt a more consistent parenting style and praise and encourage their children, reason with their children and get along with them on an equal footing. Therefore, parents' marital happiness has a great influence on children, and even affects children's concept of mate selection after adulthood.

Third, the growth experience of parents from families.

According to the existing research in psychology, we know that family background plays an irreplaceable role in individual growth. The experience of parents growing up in family of origin has a subtle influence on the parenting style they will choose after forming a new family. To some extent, the parenting style of parents reflects the parenting style they accepted from childhood, and the experience of parents being punished affects the behavior of parents punishing their children. This intergenerational transmission is manifested in early childhood. However, in recent years, some studies have pointed out that parents' educational experience in childhood affects their parenting style through their "internal strength model", and the degree of change of this model determines the extent to which parents' behavior is influenced by previous experiences.

Fourth, parents' personality and psychological characteristics.

The relatively stable part of an individual in social activities, including the individual's ability, temperament and personality, is the personality characteristic, and its formation is relatively stable. Different individuals have different personality characteristics. Bad-tempered parents usually lack patience and tolerance, tend to adopt authoritarian upbringing to their children, and even have violence against them; Mild-tempered parents also tend to be democratic, persuasive and persuasive in their upbringing. Parents with low levels of depression and anxiety have better role adaptation, are more sensitive to their children's reactions and have a more positive attitude. However, parents' own mental health problems can not bring sensitive and appropriate parenting behavior to their children.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Parents' occupation and work pressure

The research on occupations shows that there are obvious differences in parenting styles in different occupations of parents. Parents who work in business services or the tertiary industry tend to be more indulgent, autocratic, undemocratic and neglected than those who work in other occupations. Generally speaking, the higher the education level of parents, the higher their academic qualifications, and the more stable their occupations, such as teachers, doctors, civil servants, etc. The division of occupational groups is basically determined by the level of education. Groups engaged in stable and superior occupations are basically highly educated people, so their upbringing is similar. Similarly, parents with low education level are basically a group with parents who are business service personnel and workers, and their parenting styles are similar [2]. In addition, different occupations bring different work pressures. Parents of civil servants and institutions generally face less work pressure than other occupations. Therefore, they also have more time and energy to devote to their children's growth.

Six, parents' own gender roles

Traditional parenting styles have obvious division of labor for gender differences between parents-strict father motherly type means that mothers mainly educate children gently, communicate with children more than fathers, and pay more attention to children's health and daily life, while fathers pay more attention to children's learning and strictly control them. For example, Li's research (200 1) shows that mothers use encouragement and understanding more than fathers, have a more harmonious relationship with their children and pay more attention to their self-education. The differences in parenting styles caused by parents' gender roles are fundamentally influenced by China's cultural background and educational expectations. With the transmission of culture, the image of "loving mother strict father" has remained unchanged from ancient times to the present. When families, schools and society educate men and women, they also invisibly shape the role of men being strong and women being weak. In family roles, parents continue the different role characteristics of men and women in traditional culture and educational expectations, which also affects the differences in parental rearing patterns.