How to carry out the general layout design of dairy farm?

The purpose of building a barn is to create a suitable living environment for cattle and ensure the normal operation of their health and growth. With less capital, feed, energy and labor, more milk, backup cows and higher economic benefits can be obtained. Therefore, it is best to invite professionals to design the cattle farm and follow the following principles. ① Try to create a suitable environment for cows. Generally speaking, the productivity of livestock depends on the breed 20%, the feed 40% ~ 50% and the environment 20% ~ 30%. Improper ambient temperature can reduce the productivity of livestock 10% ~ 30%. At the same time, the uncomfortable environment will also affect the feed utilization rate. Therefore, when designing a dairy farm, we must meet the physiological needs of dairy cows and the requirements of various environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, ventilation, light, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide content in the air, and try our best to create a comfortable environment for dairy cows. (2) The design of cattle farm should meet the requirements of production technology, and ensure the smooth production and the implementation of technical measures for animal husbandry and veterinary. The production technology of dairy cows includes herd composition and turnover mode, forage transportation, feeding, drinking water, feces removal and so on. And technical measures such as measurement, weighing, sperm collection and fertilization, milking, disease prevention, and production care. The design of cattle farm must be combined with the production technology in this field. ③ Strict sanitation and epidemic prevention to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases. Epidemic diseases will threaten cattle farms and cause economic losses. By designing standardized cattle farms and barns and creating a suitable environment for dairy cows, the occurrence of epidemic diseases will be prevented or reduced. In addition, special attention should be paid to hygiene requirements when building cowshed, which is convenient for veterinarians to carry out epidemic prevention. According to the requirements of epidemic prevention, site planning and building layout should be carried out reasonably, the orientation and spacing of cowshed should be determined, the location of milking table should be determined, disinfection facilities should be set up, and sewage treatment facilities should be arranged reasonably. (4) The economy is reasonable and the technology is feasible. On the premise of meeting the above three requirements, the cowshed construction should also use local materials to reduce the project cost and equipment investment as much as possible to reduce the production cost. Therefore, the construction of cowshed should make full use of natural favorable conditions (such as natural ventilation and natural lighting). ), adopt local building construction habits, and appropriately reduce the area of affiliated buildings.

The planning of cattle farm should save land on the basis of meeting the needs and leave room for future development; Make full use of natural conditions to do epidemic prevention and health, and create convenience for production and operation; Finally, we should consider environmental protection. According to the management mode and intensive degree of cattle farms, cattle farms are generally divided into living areas, management areas, production areas, livestock manure treatment areas and sick cattle isolation treatment areas. (1) The living area should be located in the thunder and high terrain of the cattle farm, and the distance from the production area should be more than 100 meters to ensure a good sanitary environment in the living area. ② Management area includes office, financial office, reception room, file reference room, activity room and laboratory. The management area should be strictly separated from the production area to ensure a distance of more than 50 meters. ③ Production area includes production area and auxiliary production area. The production area mainly includes cowshed, playground, manure field, etc. This is the core of the cattle farm. It should be located in a low-lying position on the site to control off-site personnel and vehicles to ensure the safety and quiet of the production area. The cowshed should be kept at an appropriate distance, neatly arranged and convenient for epidemic prevention and fire prevention. However, it is also necessary to concentrate properly, save water and electricity lines and pipelines, shorten the transportation distance of forage and manure, and facilitate scientific management. The auxiliary production area includes feed warehouse, feed processing workshop, silage pool, mechanical vehicle depot, semen collection and insemination room, liquid nitrogen production workshop, hay shed, etc. Feed depot, hay shed, processing workshop and silage pool should be close to the cowshed and located in a moderate position, which is convenient for vehicles to transport forage and reduce labor intensity. However, it is necessary to prevent cowshed and playground from polluting forage due to sewage infiltration. The production area and the auxiliary production area shall be isolated from the outside world by fences or fences. And set up guard reception room, disinfection room, dressing room and vehicle disinfection pool. Non-production personnel are strictly prohibited from entering or leaving the site, and personnel and vehicles must be disinfected. ④ The livestock manure treatment area should be located downwind of the production area and as far away from the cowshed as possible. ⑤ The isolation treatment area of sick cattle should be more than 0/00 meters away from the production area/kloc-to facilitate isolation, separate passage, disinfection and sewage treatment. At the same time, strictly control the contact between sick cattle and the outside world to avoid the spread of pathogens.

The building layout of cattle farm should be adapted to local conditions, which is convenient for management, production, epidemic prevention and safety. Unified planning, reasonable layout, neatness and compactness, high land utilization rate, low investment, economy and practicality. Under the premise of ensuring sanitation and epidemic prevention, fire prevention, lighting and ventilation, all buildings should have a certain sanitary spacing, and the routes of power supply, water supply, feed delivery and milking of cows should be shortened as much as possible.

The specific layout is related to the local climate. The cowshed design in the three northeastern provinces, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and other places is mainly cold-proof, and the south of the Yangtze River is mainly heatstroke-proof. The form of cowshed depends on the scale and mode of feeding. Generally speaking, each adult cow should have a sports ground of more than 20 m2, young cows and mature cows of more than 15 m2, and calves of more than 10 m2. The construction of cowshed should be convenient for feeding management, lighting, heatstroke prevention in summer, cold prevention and epidemic prevention in winter. When building multiple cowsheds, the long axes should be arranged in parallel. When there are more than four cowsheds, they can be arranged in two rows in parallel, aligned front and back, and the spacing is greater than 15m.

The construction position of feed bank should be selected at a moderate position from each cowshed, and the position is slightly higher, which is not only dry and ventilated, but also conducive to the transportation of finished materials to each cowshed. Hay sheds and barns should be located in downwind areas as far as possible, and the distance from the surrounding houses should be at least 50 meters. They should be built separately, so as to prevent loose grass from affecting the beautiful environment of the cowshed and achieve fire safety. The site selection principle of silo or silo is the same as that of feed bank. The location is moderate and the terrain is high, so as to prevent sewage such as feces and urine from invading and polluting, and at the same time, it is necessary to consider convenient transportation and reduce labor intensity when discharging.

Veterinary room and sick cowshed should be located in the downwind of the cattle farm and in a relatively remote corner, which is convenient for isolation and reduces the spread of air and water pollution. The artificial insemination room should be located on one side of the cattle farm, close to the adult cowshed, not far from the veterinary room for convenience, but with a separate entrance and exit.

The layout of the cowshed should be carefully considered and arranged according to the overall planning of the cowshed. Generally, the cowshed should be placed in the downwind position parallel to the main wind direction. It is necessary to pay attention to cold and warmth in winter when building cowshed in the north, and to prevent heatstroke and moisture in the south. Pay attention to natural lighting when determining the orientation of the cowshed, so that the cowshed can have enough sunshine. Cowshed should be higher than septic tanks, sports fields and sewage drainage channels. In order to facilitate the work, feed warehouse, feed preparation room, cowshed, septic tank, etc. It can be set from high to low according to the slope, which is convenient for transportation and prevents pollution.