Classical Chinese from ancient times to the present

1. History of classical Chinese from ancient times to the present. Since the Shang Dynasty produced mature characters, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it can be said that the history of classical Chinese began.

We know that the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters are changing from ancient times to the present. Although we don't know how to pronounce a word in ancient times, we can still identify its meaning according to its shape, which is the characteristic of ideographic writing.

Therefore, people who use different dialects in different places can understand the meaning of sentences according to their glyphs. Some people think that Chinese characters have strong cultural cohesion, and Chinese civilization has lasted for thousands of years. It can be said that Chinese characters have contributed a lot.

According to the history of ancient Chinese development and ancient literature, classical Chinese in middle schools can be divided into four categories. One is prose, the other is ci fu, the third is poetry, and the fourth is ancient vernacular.

The following is a description of dynasties and writers' works. (1) Prose in the pre-Qin period, including The Analects of Confucius and Mozi recorded in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period; By the mid-Warring States period, it gradually developed from a recorded style to dialogic argumentative essays and monographs such as Mencius and Zhuangzi. Xunzi, Han Feizi, Lv Chunqiu.

There is also the Book of Rites, one of the Confucian classics. Philosophers' essays are mostly philosophical works, so they are also called philosophical essays and belong to the category of argumentative essays.

Ideologically, everyone insists on independent thinking and expresses their opinions. For example, Confucius advocated benevolence, righteousness, propriety and music, Mozi advocated universal love for sages, Zhuangzi advocated natural inaction, and Han Feizi advocated magic power. From the perspective of stylistic development, the essays of pre-Qin philosophers first established a system of discussing essays.

Prose of pre-Qin philosophers had a far-reaching influence on China's political system, culture and art for thousands of years. Confucius Confucius (55 BC1~ 479 BC), his name is Zhong Ni.

The word Zhong Ni. Ranked second, Lu Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Confucius was a great thinker and educator in ancient China, the founder of Confucianism and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. China's first chronological history book Spring and Autumn Annals was compiled.

According to relevant records, Confucius was born in Changping Township, Joy, Lu State (now Luyuan Village, Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, where Kong Lin is now located. Confucius' thoughts on words and deeds are mainly contained in The Analects of Confucius, a collection of essays, and historical books preserved in the pre-Qin and Qin and Han dynasties. Confucius family.

He took it as his duty to help the world and love the people, and with a huge political and philosophical gap with the rulers, he reformed and updated the traditional philosophical foundation of "harmony between man and nature", formed a whole set of Confucian theoretical system with "benevolence" as the core and "ceremony" as the form, truly constructed the core order of ancient China, and cast the essence of China's traditional humanistic spirit and the soul of the Chinese nation. Mencius lived in the pre-Qin period (372-289 BC), and his name was Ke, and the word (to be tested, the word or Zi Ju).

During the Warring States Period, Lu was a descendant of Lu Guoqing's father. China was a famous thinker and educator in ancient times and a representative of Confucianism in the Warring States Period.

He is the author of Mencius. Mencius inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts and became a generation of Confucian masters second only to Confucius. He is called "the sage of Asia" and is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius.

Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue, and developed it into the theory of benevolent governance, which became the core of his political thought. Mencius closely combined ethics with politics, emphasizing that moral cultivation is the basis of doing politics well.

Mencius' thoughts are reflected in the book Mencius. "Benevolence is king" is the core content of his political thought.

He advocated "serving people with virtue" and opposed violence in governing the country. He believes that only virtue can make people "completely convinced". "Paying more attention to the people than the monarch" is an important part of his theory of "benevolent government". "People first, country second, monarch second", putting people first.

The Book of Rites is an anthology of Confucian scholars' articles from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and a compilation of Confucian thoughts. It is also an important law book in ancient China and one of the Confucian classics.

There is more than one author of The Book of Rites, and the time for its completion also follows. Most of the chapters may be the works of 72 closed disciples of Confucius and their students, as well as other classics in the pre-Qin period. The Book of Rites was compiled by Dade, a ritual scientist in the Western Han Dynasty, and his nephew Dai Sheng.

Eighty-five pieces of Selected Works of Great Virtue were called "Dai Dai Li Ji", but in the later circulation process, only thirty-nine pieces were left in the Tang Dynasty. Dai Shengxuan's forty-nine articles are the Book of Rites of Little Dai that we see today.

These two books have their own emphases and choices, and each has its own characteristics. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a famous scholar, made an excellent interpretation of The Book of Rites of Little Dai. Later, this book became popular, and gradually became a classic from the works explaining scriptures. It is listed as one of the "Nine Classics" in the Tang Dynasty and one of the "Thirteen Classics" in the Song Dynasty, and it is a must-read book for scholars.

Mozi Mozi (about 468 BC ~ 376 BC), named Zhai, born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, Han nationality, was a famous thinker and founder of Mohism during the Warring States Period in China. He once put forward the views of "universal love", "non-aggression" and "saving money for burial", and founded the Mohist theory. A book called Mozi was handed down from generation to generation.

Mohism had a great influence at that time. It is also called "outstanding learning" with Confucianism.

The so-called universal love contains the meaning of equality and fraternity, which is contrary to the Confucian lover ("kissing is skillful, respecting the virtuous, etc."). Mozi asked the monarch, ministers, father and son and brothers to love each other on the basis of equality. "Love yourself if you love yourself", Mozi believes that the phenomenon of being strong against the weak, rich against the poor, and arrogant is caused by people all over the world not loving each other.

At the same time, Mozi also saw that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the biggest drawback was war. Therefore, starting from the idea of universal love, he extended that he would not attack, oppose war and advocate peace. Love without attacking is Mozi's most famous thought.

It is a very important viewpoint of Mohism. They criticized the extravagance and waste of monarchs and nobles, especially opposed the custom of long burial and rebury valued by Confucianism, and believed that long burial and rebury were not conducive to society. People think that monarchs and nobles should live a clean and thrifty life like three generations of ancient sages.

Mozi asked Mohism to practice in this respect. Xunzi Xunzi (about 3 13- 238 BC) was a thinker, educator and writer in the Warring States Period.

Zhao Guoren. At that time, people called him Xun Qing. In the Han Dynasty, he wrote Sun Qing because he avoided Xuan Di.

I studied in Qi State in my early years.

2. The author of classical Chinese in junior middle school has been ranked 1 Confucius (55 1- 479) since ancient times, and his real name is Qiu, who was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) in the Spring and Autumn Period.

2. Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Mencius (372-289 BC) was born in Zou during the Warring States Period.

Mozi was born in the Warring States Period.

5. Liu Xiang, a native of Han Dynasty.

6. Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period.

7. Sima Qian, a native of the Western Han Dynasty.

8. Tao Yuanming Distinctive characters, Xunyang Chai Sang people. Poet and essayist in Eastern Jin Dynasty.

9, Liu Yiqing, word JiBo, writer.

10, Wang Wei: Mozi, an outstanding poet and painter in the Tang Dynasty.

1 1, Li Bai: word Taibai,no. Qinglian lay. Known as the "Poet Fairy", he was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty.

12, Du Fu: Beautiful words, known as the "poet saint", a realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty.

13, Bai Juyi: the word Lotte,no. Xiangshan layman.

14, Liu Yuxi: Dream of Ci, writer and poet.

15, Liu Zongyuan: Zihou, known as Liu Hedong, was a writer in the Tang Dynasty.

16, Du Mu (803~852), Fan Chuan, a lay poet in the Tang Dynasty.

17, Fan Zhongyan: Zi Xiwen, a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty.

18, Wang Anshi, a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty.

19, Su Shi: Zi Zizhan,No. Dongpo layman, writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, representative poet of the bold school.

20. Ouyang Xiu: The word Yongshu,no. Drunken Weng,no. Laishi in his later years, was a writer and historian in the Song Dynasty.

2 1, Li Qingzhao: Hao Yi, an outstanding graceful poet in Song Dynasty.

22. Xin Qiji: The word You 'an, No.Jiaxuan, was a patriotic poet and general in the Southern Song Dynasty, and a representative poet of the uninhibited school.

23. LU You: The concept of words and things,No. Weng Fang, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.

24. Ma Zhiyuan: Yuan Dynasty dramatist.

25. Wu Cheng'en was born in Ming Dynasty.

26. Shi Naian, Ming Dynasty.

27. Song Lian was a writer in the early Ming Dynasty.

28. Pu Songling, a native of Zichuan, Shandong Province, was a writer in the Qing Dynasty.

29. Wu: a writer in the Qing Dynasty.

30. Luo Guanzhong (about 1330—— about 1400) was a famous novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

3. What does Congcong mean in ancient Chinese? Conformity: obedience. Follow blindly. Take good advice.

2, take, according to: discount.

3. Follow: I am willing to follow.

4. entourage: entourage. Servant.

5. Participation: Employment. Go into politics. Throw the pen into the army.

6. from, since: from ancient times to the present. Start with me.

7. Secondary: master equipment and slave equipment. attachment

8. Relatives next to the closest relatives in the clan: from the father (uncle, uncle).

9. China's ancient official products after Wei and Jin Dynasties (there are "authentic products" and "subordinate products", and the scholars of Longtuge in Song Dynasty are subordinate products).

10, last name. From the last name. [ 1]

Other meanings

1, ancient "vertical", vertical, straight. 2, the ancient "vertical", inaction.

4. There have never been two experts in classical Chinese translation since ancient times.

Translation:

Since ancient times, no one has ever been able to specialize in a certain cause because of half-heartedness.

original text

Farming is good for farmland, but not for farmland division and Jiashan city, but not for city division and equipment division. Some people, too, can't use these three skills to govern the three officials. Yue: Those who are good at Tao are also good at deeds. Those who are good at things use things, and those who are good at Tao have both. Therefore, a gentleman sticks to the Tao and praises things. One is right in the Tao, and the other is right in praise. If you test the theory with the right will, everything will be official.

In the past, Shun ruled the world and had no faith in everything. In a crisis, it is full of glory; It is glorious and unknown to raise a little. Therefore, Tao Jing said: "The danger of human heart is very small." There are some dangers, but only gentlemen can know.

Therefore, people's hearts are like swimming, right and wrong don't move, see an eyebrow and see its truth. If the breeze is too light, it will be turbid, and if it is clear, it will be chaotic, and it will not be conformal. So is the heart. Therefore, to guide it with reason, to raise it with clarity, and to lean on it with things is enough to determine right and wrong and doubt. If a small thing leads to it, it is easy to be weak in the outside, and its heart is introverted, which makes no sense. Therefore, there are many good books, but Cang Xie's "Lonely Biography" is also one; There are many good harvesters, and Hou Ji's "Lonely Biography" is also one; There are many musicians, and those who preach alone are also; Although there are many righteous people, only one preaches. Make a bow, float as a vector, and shoot well; Xi Zhong is a driver, Du keeps horses, and Zhao Fu is good at riding horses. Throughout the ages, no two people have ever been free from vulgarity.

Ceng Zi said, "Can his court beat mice and sing evil with me?"

translate

Farmers are good at farming, but they can't be officials in charge of agriculture; Businessmen are good at buying and selling, but they can't be officials who manage the market; Workers are good at making utensils, but they can't be officials who manage the manufacture of utensils. Some people, who don't know these three skills, can let them manage these three occupations. So there are people who are good at Tao and people who are good at concrete things. Those who are good at specific things can only control this specific thing, while those who are good at Tao can control all kinds of things comprehensively. Therefore, a gentleman concentrates on Tao and uses Tao to help him look at everything. If you focus on the Tao, you can be right. If you use it to help yourself check everything, you can see very clearly. With the right thinking to deal with very clear findings, then everything can be governed.

Shun used to rule the world and did nothing without saying hello. The reason lies in Shun's adherence to the principle of concentrating on the Tao and reaching the realm of constant fear, and his brilliance will fill his side; Cultivating the moral character of concentration has reached the point of subtle influence, and then it will unconsciously become noble. Therefore, Tao Jing said: "The thoughts of ordinary people can only reach the state of awe, and the thoughts of those who gain the Tao can reach the subtle state." Only a wise gentleman can understand this fear and subtle signs.

A man's mind is like water in a plate. If you keep upright and don't stir, then the settled dirty slag is below and the clear and transparent water is above, which can be used to look at the beard and eyebrows and see the skin texture clearly. However, if the breeze blows through it, the sediment and dirt below will rise, and the clear and transparent water above will be disturbed, so it is impossible to get a correct image of the human body through it. Such is the human mind. If we guide it with correct truth and cultivate it with noble morality, foreign objects can't tilt it, so it can be used to judge right and wrong and doubt. If a little thing holds him back, then his correct expression will change in appearance, his thoughts will tilt in his chest, and even the simplest things can't be decided. In ancient times, many people liked writing, but only Cang Xie's reputation survived because he was absorbed in it. There are many people who like to grow crops, but only Hou Ji's reputation survived because he was single-minded; There are many people who love music, but only one person's reputation has survived because he is single-minded; There are many people who love morality, but Shun's reputation survived because he was single-minded. Xu made a bow, Upright made an arrow, and Yi was good at archery. Xi Zhong made cars to the extent that he invented four horse-drawn cars, while Zhao Fu was proficient in driving. Since ancient times, no one has ever been able to specialize in a certain cause because of half-heartedness.

Ceng Zi said, "You look at that beating stick and think that you can use it to beat mice. How can you sing with me?"

There is an old saying in China, which means "This is the general principle from ancient times to the present". What is this classical Chinese? Do you mean "the combination of monarch and minister, the thoroughfare of ancient and modern times, and the natural trend"? This is the text of Book 19 of Hanshu, Volume 26 of Zi Tong Zhi Jian. The original text is: "Ban Gu praised: the ancient name must be from the elephant, far from everything, near everything.

Therefore, "respect" means that the monarch is the head of state and the minister is the thigh and arm. It is also clear that they treat each other as one. Therefore, the monarch and the minister are in harmony, the ancient and modern ways are common, and the trend of nature is also.

Looking closely at the Han Dynasty, Gao Zu rose up and Xiao and Cao were crowned. Filial piety proclaims zhongxing, and C and Wei have voices. It's time to be orderly, to fix all posts, to call officials, and to be polite at home.

Look at its movements, how can it be empty! Ban Gu praised: In ancient times, the names of things were determined from similar things, from other things far away, and from themselves nearby. Therefore, in Confucian classics, the king is compared to the head, and the courtiers are compared to the thighs and arms, which shows the complementary relationship between the monarch and the courtiers.

Therefore, the close cooperation between monarch and minister is a universal principle and a natural trend. Looking closely at the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu started his inheritance, and Xiao He and Cao Can achieved the first place. Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di revived the Han Dynasty, among which Bingji and Wei Xiang were the most famous.

At that time, there were corresponding standards for the demotion and promotion of officials at all levels, various institutions were sound and appropriate, most ministers and ministers performed their duties, and the wind of comity rose in China. By observing what they have done, we can know that their achievements and reputation are not accidental.

6. Changes in the genre of the article from ancient times to the present. Literary genres do not exist singly, but coexist. Starting with the Book of Songs, let's read the earliest recorded poems in ancient times. Songs of the South opened a new chapter in literary genre. Later, a hundred schools of thought contended, which made the ancient prose reach a mature stage. Because the Book of Songs is a four-character poem, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, five-character poems became popular and gradually replaced four-character poems. From the Liang Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, seven-character poems gradually increased, and in the Tang Dynasty, seven-character poems and metrical poems reached their peak. This style handed down from generation to generation became popular in the Song Dynasty. Yuan dynasty music, Ming and Qing novels. The illiteracy rate in ancient times was relatively high for two reasons. One is that traditional Chinese characters are difficult to write, and the other is that classical Chinese is difficult to understand. In order to adapt to modern society, all this was reversed until the late Qing Dynasty. At that time, foreign forces were powerful and the country was ill-fated At first, China people's cultural self-confidence was shaken, which is the premise and fundamental reason for the cultural changes in China in the future. It is this mentality that makes China people put tradition in the dock for the first time and count its crimes, and classical Chinese, as the main carrier of traditional culture, is bound to bear the brunt. So Huang Zunxian wanted to "write my mouth by hand", while Qiu advocated "respecting vernacular Chinese and abandoning classical Chinese", which can be said to be a precedent for the vernacular movement. We must have a clear understanding of this situation. Originally, the reflection on history in every era is a normal reaction and an inevitable step for the development and progress of traditional culture. However, it is an extremely irresponsible historical attitude to shirk the responsibility of national decline in tradition, and it is even more absurd to put this sin in classical Chinese. However, due to the possible danger of national subjugation, rational treatment of traditional culture has become the most unacceptable behavior of China people, and any calm thinking will be dismissed as reactionary thinking, while radicalism, which represents patriotism, has gradually become the mainstream trend of thought in China society.

So in the new culture movement of 19 17, the vernacular movement was pushed to the extreme. In June 5438+that year 10, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement" in New Youth. Although it is from the perspective of improving literature, its main purpose is to advocate vernacular literature. He believes that "vernacular literature is the authenticity of China literature". Later, he wrote a history of vernacular literature to demonstrate this view. Chen Duxiu also published "On Literary Revolution" in February, echoing Hu Shi's "Eight Propositions" with "Three Principles". This tandem really opened the curtain of the vigorous Cultural Revolution, and there was never a quiet moment in China. 19 18 all the articles in "new youth" were written in vernacular Chinese, and then various vernacular magazines such as trendy and weekly review were published like mushrooms after rain, and vernacular Chinese became a common practice. 1920 In September, the Ministry of Education ordered schools across the country to use Putonghua for one or two years from this fall. At this point, the vernacular Chinese has achieved an officially recognized legal status.

7. Can anyone recommend me some historical books about China from ancient times to the present, or recommend them to China? The most famous historical books are Sima Qian's Historical Records and Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian, which are called "History of the Second Sima".

At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were historical records in various vassal states in China, such as the success of Jin State, the branch of Zheng State, the Xiongnu of Chu State, and the Spring and Autumn Period of Lu State. In Mozi, it is said that Mo Zhai has seen hundreds of countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. Early history books all existed in the form of chronicles, and the chronicles of bamboo books unearthed in central Hebei during the Taikang period of Jin Dynasty were also chronicles.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xun Yue wrote "Han Ji", which created a chronicle. Sima Guang wrote Zi Tongzhi Jian in the Northern Song Dynasty, which began in the 23rd year of Zhou Weilie (403 BC) and ended in the 6th year of Zhou Shizong's virtue in the Five Dynasties. The advantage of chronological style is that it is convenient to inspect the specific time of historical events, understand the relationship between historical events, and avoid duplication of narrative. The success of Zi and Jian created the precedent of annals.

Chen Yinque once said: "China historiography flourished in the Song Dynasty." .

Chronological style became popular, resulting in outline style and chronological style. Liang Qichao thought: "Gai Ji's biography is mainly about people, the chronicle is mainly about years, and the chronicle is mainly about events." The reason why my husband asked for monuments is that it is useful to learn ancient times, and it is important. "

When Ye Fan wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, he made a comparison between biographical style and chronological style. He said: "The Spring and Autumn Annals is short because it is always short and pithy, and it has a good rapid formation. Today, people plan to write them. Ji Chuanti, the change of Shi Ban, also caught a generation, and it is appropriate to learn after learning. This is excellent, so I will do it. "

Zhang Fu evaluated the author according to the number of words in Records of the Historian and Hanshu, saying that "move with work, promise with promise, and act with deeds", so he thought Records of the Historian was superior to Hanshu. Gan Bao's "Jin Ji", "Its book is concise, straightforward and graceful, and salty as a good history."

When talking about writing motivation, Justin said: "I was tired of reading the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, but I couldn't sleep and had a rest, so I compiled a collection called the Book of the Later Han Dynasty." Yuan Songshan wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. He concluded: "There are five difficulties in the book: annoying and incomplete, difficult; Vulgar but not classical, two difficult also; If books are not recorded, it will be difficult; There are four difficulties in rewarding and punishing the lost; There are five difficulties in writing without quality. "

After Du You published General Canon, the canon system was added to the history books, and the essentials system was also derived. Zhang Taiyan advocates writing history in five styles: table, canon, collection, textual research and other records. Liang Qichao advocated four writing methods in China: Chronology, Record, Record and Biography.

In the New History, Liang Qichao divided the historical records into ten kinds and twenty-three categories, namely, official history (official books, special history), chronology, chronicle background (complete book, special book), political book (complete book, special book, small book), miscellaneous history (comprehensive record, trivial notes, imperial edict memorial) and biography (complete book, special book II). Liu Zhiji divided historical documents into six categories: "Throughout the ages, the quality of literature has changed gradually, while historical works have not changed.

On the other hand, there are six schools: Shangshu, Chunqiu, Zuozhuan, Guoyu, Shiji and Hanshu. Ruan Xiaoxu's seven records are divided into twelve categories, namely, national history, annotated calendar, past events, official history, ritual system, legal system, false history, miscellaneous biography, ghosts and gods, land, genealogy and calligraphy records.

Sui Shu is divided into thirteen types of history books, namely, official history, ancient history, miscellaneous history, historical accounting, citing and annotating, old events, official history, miscellaneous biography, Yi Zhu, geography, genealogy, book catalogue and secretary. The catalogue of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty is divided into fifteen categories, namely, official history, chronicle, chronicle, other history, miscellaneous history, imperial edict, biography, historical notes, factual records, seasons, geography and official history.

Official history: A historical book that records the achievements of emperors, the history of dynasties, biographies of people, economy, military affairs, culture and geography by biographies and chronicles, which is called official history. Such as the so-called twenty-four histories.

Except for a few personal writings (such as Sima Qian's Historical Records, Ye Fan's History of the Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms and Ouyang Xiu's History of the New Five Dynasties), most official histories are compiled by officials. Other history: it mainly refers to miscellaneous historical books that record historical facts of past dynasties or generations, such as Dong Guan Han Ji, A Brief History of Du Dong, Da Jin Guo Zhi and Tong Zhi.

It can be seen that other history is actually an important supplementary part of the official history and still a branch of the official history. Therefore, there is a saying that there are many branches of official history in the catalogue of the History Department of Sikuquanshu. Created by famous scholars, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish it from miscellaneous history.

Such as Hanshu Jin Chunqiu. Miscellaneous History: A history book with anecdotes, which only records the whole story, temporary experiences or private records of the family.

It is different from the official history with complete style, such as discipline, biography, expression and ambition, and it is also different from other histories that have been in power for a time. Not limited by style. Although miscellaneous and superficial, it can make up for the omissions and shortcomings of official history books, including family history, foreign history, mini-history, unofficial history, unofficial history, anecdotes and other categories.

Unofficial history: Historical books written by the people are different from the official history. The history of barnyard grass: usually refers to the historical records that record the customs of alley, folk trivia and old news, such as Pan Yongyin's Song Barnyard Grass Banknote in Qing Dynasty and Qing Barnyard Grass Banknote in modern times.

Sometimes it is also used to refer to "unofficial history". Twenty-five histories are the general name of China's twenty-five biographical history books.

Including Historical Records, History of Han, History of Later Han, History of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Jin, Book of Song, Book of Nanqi, Liang Shu, Book of Chen, Book of Wei, Book of Beiqi, Book of Zhou, Sui Shu and History of Nan. It started from the legendary Yellow Emperor and ended in Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty for three years. It is written in a unified genre such as biography, tables and records.