Urgent! ! Outline of the tenth and eleventh compulsory political courses in senior one! !

In industrial development, industrial agglomeration often occurs in some factories with industrial ties.

The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen mutual information exchange and technical cooperation, reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products, and finally reduce production costs, improve profits and obtain economies of scale.

3. Industrial Zone

(1) The concept of industrial area

The area formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial zone.

(2) the formation of industrial areas

According to different formation processes, industrial areas can be divided into two categories:

(1) Spontaneous industrial zone.

It is mainly formed by the spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output relationship in production;

(2) Planning and construction of industrial zone.

There are not only the same types as the former, but also the formation of different industries under the same infrastructure conditions.

(3) the nature of industrial regions

Industrial zones are divided into two categories according to the degree of development:

(1) Underdeveloped industrial areas.

(such as food industry), mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industry, with simple industrial links, small scale and few factories.

(2) Industrial zones with high development level.

(such as iron and steel industrial zone), with complex industrial links, large area, many cooperative enterprises and large production scale, highly specialized industrial cities can often be formed. Many famous "steel city", "oil city" and "automobile city" in China and even in the world.

Second, the geographical relationship between industrial dispersion and industry

In recent years, some industries with high technology content and complex technology (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industry) have begun to show a trend of decentralization. Multinational enterprises look for the best location conditions around the world, reduce costs, and finally get the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.

4.3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones

I. Traditional industrial areas

1, mainly distributed in Ruhr, central England, industrial zone in northeast America, industrial zone in south-central Liaoning, China, etc.

2. Characteristics of traditional industrial areas

(1) Generally, it is based on rich coal and iron resources, with textile, coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and other traditional industries as the main industries;

(2) Take large enterprises as the axis, and gradually develop;

3. History:

In the 1950s, especially after the 1970s, it began to decline, and then many countries underwent long-term transformation.

Second, the development, decline and transformation of Ruhr (see textbook map)

Location characteristics of 1. development

Abundant coal resources

Near the iron mine

Abundant water sources

Convenient traffic

A vast market

Ruhr area is based on coal industry, mainly iron and steel industry, and a few heavy industries are highly concentrated.

2. The main reasons for the decline

After the 1950s, the economy began to decline because:

(1) Single production structure

Five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr District: coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry.

(2) The energy status of coal is declining.

(3) the world steel surplus

(4) the influence of the new technological revolution

(5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution.

3. Comprehensive improvement measures

In 1960s, Ruhr began to implement the general rules of comprehensive transformation, mainly from five aspects.

First, adjust the industrial structure

B, adjust the industrial layout

C. Developing the tertiary industry

D, optimize the environment

Third, the concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones

1. Concept: Emerging industrial zone refers to the industrial zone dominated by flexible small and medium-sized enterprises in some rural areas of developed countries after 1950s.

2. Main distribution: in northeast and central Italy, southern Germany, "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).

Fourth, the new industrial zone in Italy (see the map in the textbook)

1. Main conditions for developing new industrial zones in Italy

(1) A large number of cheap labor is the condition for local development;

(2) The sharp rise in the prices of raw materials and energy in 1970s was an international condition for development;

③ Developed credit system

④ Italy's highly open economy.

⑤ Strong support from the government.

2. Development characteristics

Industrial zone Italy emerging industrial zone traditional industrial zone

The production scale is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises.

Main industrial sectors: light industry and heavy industry

The production process is decentralized and centralized.

Low degree of capital concentration

Industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas.

3. Unique development mode-industrial community

(1) concept

Refers to the small and medium-sized enterprises in a region (between production enterprises and production enterprises, between production enterprises and non-production enterprises), taking a business activity as the center, and according to the needs of modern management, gradually establishing mutual trust and relatively stable cooperative relations and production, supply and marketing systems.

(2) Function

It is helpful to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

Five, the United States "Silicon Valley" (see the textbook map)

1. feature

Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technology content have developed rapidly.

(1) Talent: The level of employees is high.

(2) products: high research and development costs;

(3) rapid growth and renewal;

(4) The products are geared to the international market.

2. Reasons for the rise

(1) has an excellent geographical location and a beautiful environment.

(2) The climate is pleasant. Here belongs to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid.

(3) Institutions of higher learning. Stanford University

(4) Convenient transportation and quick access. Mainly road and air transportation.

(5) Military orders: special conditions!

Compulsory 2 Chapter 5 Traffic Layout and Its Influence

I. Main modes of transportation and their characteristics:

Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode

Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, high construction cost, large consumption of metal materials, wide geographical area and high short-distance transportation cost.

Highway transportation is the fastest developing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.

Waterway transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, which has the advantages of large capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and is greatly influenced by natural conditions such as waterway hydrology and meteorology.

Air transportation is the fastest modern mode of transportation because of its high speed and high efficiency.

Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high freight, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.

A new mode of transportation in which pipeline transportation tools and lines are integrated. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large. Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.

Second, the formation and development trend of traffic network:

A transportation network formed by one mode of transportation, a transportation network formed by more than two modes of transportation and a comprehensive transportation network in different regions. (See P80 in the textbook)

Development trend: transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized (the world's two major Eurasian continental bridges and four major shipping routes), but also increasingly high-speed, large-scale and specialized (container transportation saves packaging costs, facilitates the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ensures the safety of cargo transportation).

Three. Location factors of traffic lines and stations:

A. Location factors affecting railway construction: economic and social factors become decisive factors. Take the Beijing-Kowloon Railway as an example (1, rational transportation network layout, 2, promoting economic development along the route, 3, maintaining long-term stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, and 4, advanced science and technology as a guarantee).

B. Location factors affecting highway construction: to build a highway, 1. We should make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions. 2. Try to occupy less cultivated land and handle the relationship with urban development.

E. Conditions for port construction: The port location is not only affected by water conditions (such as navigation conditions and berthing conditions), but also by land conditions (such as port construction conditions and hinterland conditions). The location factors of Shanghai Port mainly include: First, Shanghai Port is the estuary port of the Yangtze River Delta and also the seaport. The main port areas are distributed along Huangpu River, and the delta is flat and open, which provides conditions for port construction. On the one hand, the Yangtze River provides fresh water for the port, on the other hand, it ensures the navigation space for ships, but the delta slope is small, and sediment is easy to deposit and block the river. Second, the economic hinterland of Shanghai Port is the most developed area in China. Third, Shanghai Port is based in Shanghai.

Chapter VI Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment

6. 1 Evolution of the thought of man-land relationship

Historical review of the relationship between man and land;

During this period, human beings thought about the relationship between man and land.

Basic Coordination of Hunting Civilization Worship Natural People

The use of nature in agricultural society is more antagonistic and the environment is destroyed.

The industrial revolution conquered nature, and the relationship between man and land was completely uncoordinated.

With the new technological revolution, human beings seek coordinated development and take the road of sustainable development.

Second, face up to environmental problems.

1, environmental problems

The environment has a certain ability to contain and remove human production and living excreta (environmental self-purification ability). When the speed at which human beings ask for resources from the environment exceeds the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, environmental problems will occur.

2, the performance of environmental problems:

Environmental problems in today's world are mainly manifested in two categories: environmental pollution (including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, solid waste pollution, marine pollution and radioactive pollution) and ecological damage (including soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, increased carbon dioxide content and ozone destruction, resource depletion and decreased biological species). city

3, the distribution of environmental problems:

Urban areas are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed regions (the reasons are: the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; Backward economic and technical level; Industrial transfer with serious pollution in developed countries).

Third, sustainable development.

1, prevention and control of environmental problems:

The main causes of environmental problems (population pressure, unreasonable utilization of resources, one-sided pursuit of economic growth); Generally speaking, the essence of environmental problems is development, which is produced in the process of development and must be solved in the process of development.

★2. Sustainable development

(1) The concept of sustainable development:

Sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Its connotation is summarized as: ecological sustainable development (foundation), economic sustainable development (condition) and social sustainable development (purpose), which are interrelated and mutually restricted to form a system together. (Textbook P96)

(2) Principles: fairness, continuity and * * * same sex.

6.2 China's sustainable development practice

First, inevitability:

1, population pressure is high.

2. Lack of resources

3. Deep environmental crisis

Two. Program:1994 In March, the State Council issued the China 2 1 Century Agenda-China 2 1 Century White Paper on Population, Environment and Development, and put forward the overall strategy, countermeasures and action plan for China to implement sustainable development. This is the world's first national agenda 2 1 century.

Third, the way

1, circular economy is an important way.

Circular economy takes environmentally sound technology as the means, takes improving ecological benefits as the core, and uses economic resources and environmental resources in an environmentally friendly way to realize the ecologicalization of economic activities.

2. The performance of circular economy in industry is cleaner production.

Cleaner production evaluates the impact of products on the environment from the whole process of raw material mining, manufacturing, consumption and waste treatment, and overcomes the disadvantages of traditional industrial production that only pays attention to terminal treatment. Can bring good environmental benefits and economic benefits.

3. Circular economy is mainly manifested in ecological agriculture.

Ecological agriculture brings agricultural production and ecological balance into a coordinated track. It simulates the structure and function of natural ecosystem, and forms the benign development of economy and ecology.

Liu Min village is "the first village of ecological agriculture in China".

The main measures taken are: adjusting industrial institutions, carrying out comprehensive utilization, expanding sources, and developing and utilizing new energy.

Interviewee: daisy 2008 2006- Beginner in Jianghu Level 2 6-28 12: 19.

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